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Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

  • Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
  • Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
  • Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
  • Book: What have reviews said about it?
  • What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
  • Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
  • Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
  • Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
  • Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
  • Are there ads?
  • When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
  • Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
  • Does the source even have a date?
  • Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
  • If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

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How do I cite NCBI services and databases?

To acknowledge NCBI services in your writing, you can refer to (1) publications that NCBI staff publishes in peer-reviewed journals or (2) to the NCBI web site (internet) and individual services/records within the site.   1. Publications describing NCBI services in peer-reviewed journals:

  • As a general reference, use the Database Resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information article published in Nucleic Acids Research (NAR). Use the Citation link on the right side of the PMC view of this article to obtain the citation in the desired format.
  • Check through this PubMed listing to locate citations/papers on individual NCBI services of your interest.
  • For the BLAST® services, use these BLAST references .

2. Citing the NCBI internet site and individual web pages and records:

  • To cite the entire NCBI site, use this format:

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; [1988] – [cited 2017 Apr 06]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (The date within the square brackets represents your date of citing the site.)

  • To cite an individual service or database, format your citation according to this example:

Gene [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2004 – [cited YYYY Mmm DD]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/

  • To cite an individual record, format your citation according to this example:

Nucleotide [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; [1988] – . Accession No. NM_001349333.1, Homo sapiens FYN binding protein (FYB), transcript variant 4, mRNA; [cited YYYY Mmm DD]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001349333.1 Pay attention to the correct accession format when citing individual records. For more details also see:

  • examples for citing some of the popular NCBI services
  • additional guidance on citing GenBank and RefSeq records
  • Chapter 24 Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet in the Citing Medicine guide.

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Citation Format: ICMJE/NLM Style

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NLM Citation Style refers to the citation style from the National Library of Medicine and used by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) . Use the information and examples provided on this page to properly format in-text and reference list citations. 

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The Reference List

Your reference list should begin on a new page following the text of your paper. here, you will include complete citations for the resources you've used in your writing. , tips for formatting your reference list:, do not indent if the citation extends to a second line., authors are listed with the surname first followed by the first and middle initials without periods. (e.g.: skinner bf), list all authors, regardless of the total number, separate author names by a comma and a space, journal titles abbreviated according to the nlm catalog of ncbi journals ., in journal or book titles, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns., when urls are used, ensure that they are as direct as possible and the link still functions as close to publication as possible., in-text citations, you must also cite your references within the text of your paper., icmje/nlm allows for variation in the in-text citation style.  use the examples below to learn more about in-text styles and how they impact your reference list.  ensure that you stay consistent between your in-text and reference list citation decisions. , sequence system , in this system, in-text citations are denoted by superscript numbers that correspond to the order in which your references appear in the text. .

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References are numbered in consecutive order in the text, tables, or figures., use superscript arabic numerals (see example below).  the first reference used in the documents should be listed first on the reference list., where to insert superscript numbers:, immediately next to the fact, idea or quotation being cited., outside periods and commas., inside colons and semi-colons, if a reference is used multiple times in the same paper, use the same number throughout., when more than two references are cited at one give place, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of the series; use commas without space to separate other parts of multiple citations 1,4-7,19,24., you may refer to the author's name (last name only) in the text of your paper, as long as these are accompanied by a numbered citation., citation-name system , in this system, in-text citations are denoted by superscript numbers that correspond to the order in which your referenences appear in your alphabetized reference list. .

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References are numbered alphabetically according to author's last name.

Use superscript arabic numerals (see example above)., arrange references by the same author in order of the most recent publication date., immediately next to the fact, idea, or quotation being cited., name-year system , in this system, in-text citations are denoted by the surname of the author(s) and document's year of publication enclosed in parentheses..

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Where to insert parenthetical citation:

Learn more:, icmje recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals  , nlm samples of formatted references, citing medicine, 2nd edition , quick guide for citing in nlm - usc libraries, cite a record.

citation national library of medicine

Items in  Discovery@RML  search results include buttons to Cite, Link, Email, Save. These buttons appear on the results list, and in the detailed record.

"cite a record" displays two options:,  export a citation to endnote, to refworks if you have access to these services. if you use a different citation management software, such as easybib, mendeley, or zotero, choose export to ris which creates a file of tagged data., copy a citation by selecting a style from the drop/down list of 10 citation styles then copying the formatted citation to your document., ►it is still your responsibility to proofread the citation for accuracy  pay close attention to capitalization and the formatting of names and pages. the citation may indicate missing data that you need to insert to complete your citation. copying and pasting may result in the loss of indentation or formatting..

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NLM Style: Citing Your Sources

  • Citing Material on the Internet
  • Citing Print Documents
  • References Within Your Paper

What is NLM Style?

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of references for their publications, to editors in revising such lists, to publishers in setting reference standards for their authors and editors, and to librarians and others in formatting bibliographic citations in Citing Medicine . Citing Medicine supercedes National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation (1991, 2001).

NLM Style does not include any manuscript styling, including placing citations within text. If you are directed to write a paper using NLM Style, select an in-text system used by a different style and be consistent in your application of this. Use NLM Style to format the list of references at the end of your paper.

  • Citation Guide This guide collects the Libraries' and other resources on incorporating and citing sources in your work. Use the tabs along the top to see resources and guides for individual citation styles.

Find the Manual at NLM

Helpful websites.

  • NLM's Catalog: Journals referenced in the NCBI Databases This link opens in a new window Searchable list of journals indexed by the National Library of Medicine. An excellent source for looking up journal abbreviations.
  • Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals

Cheat Sheet (PDF)

  • Quick Guide for Citing NLM Style Created by Norris Medical Library

Help from Norris Medical Library

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Citing Sources: NLM (National Library of Medicine)

  • CMOS (Chicago Manual of Style)
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  • Citing AI as a Source

NCC Library NLM Handouts

  • NLM Citation Overview This guide provides in depth explanations of the format for the citation pieces. It includes an explanation on how to determine if an article is print or online.
  • NCC Dental Hygiene Dept NLM and APA Writing Guide This guide includes examples of NLM citations and formatting for professional papers.

Citing Medicine: the NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers

citation national library of medicine

Citing Medicine , 2nd edition by  Karen Patrias; Dan Wendling, Technical Editor. Publication Date: 2007- Find the current edition online at  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256

Additional Resources

Visit our  DENH: Dental Hygiene research guide for more information and help for working with NLM citation style. 

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Nlm style guide.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) documentation style is used for writing and citing works in the field of medicine.

The current 2nd edition of the NLM style guide Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers is available online.

Also Helpful:

  • NLM Citation Machine
  • NLM: “Samples of Formatted References for Authors of Journal Articles”

Formatting Elements

Date formats.

Journal article dates are listed as [year][month][date]. Months are abbreviated using the first three letters (Jan, Feb, Mar, etc.).

Example: 2017 Oct 17

Volume/Issue numbers

If there is a volume or issue number following the date, end it with a semicolon. Put the issue number in parentheses; end issue information with a colon.

Example: 2017 Oct 17; 47(4):

Page Numbers

Write the beginning and end page numbers of the article. Do not include the letter “p”. Page numbers should be abbreviated (i.e., 200-9 instead of 200-209).

Example: 2017 Oct 17;47(4): 599-603.

  • List all authors, regardless of the number.
  • Names are listed as last, first initial and middle initial with no periods.
  • Separate author names using a comma and a space.
  • End the author list with a period.

Example: Paules CI, Marston HD, Eisinger RW, Baltimore D, Fauci AS. The pathway to a universal influenza vaccine. Immunity. 2017 Oct 17;47(4):599-603.

Journal Titles

NLM style uses journal abbreviations in a citation instead of a full journal title. Search PubMed to find the accepted journal abbreviation . Single word journal titles are not abbreviated.

Example: “Int J Oncol” is the abbreviation for the  International Journal of Oncology .

Article Titles

  • Capitalize only the first word of a title, then any proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms and initials.
  • Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless there is some other form of punctuation such as a question mark or exclamation point.

Online Sources

  • Use [Internet] in square brackets following the title.
  • Include a date of citation in square brackets after the publication date.
  • Include the source’s URL after the citation date.
  • If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), PubMed ID (PMID), or PubMed Central ID(PMCID) is available, include this as the last citation element.

In-Text Citations

There are three different methods for formatting in-text citations in NLM style. See the Council of Science Editor’s Scientific Style and Format for details of each system and check with your professor or publisher to see which style is most appropriate for your assignment or paper.

Citation-Sequence

Use a superscript number immediately following cited material to refer to the source listed in the reference list. If used at end of a sentence, superscript number should go after the period.

Example: The investigational drug was approved as an experimental treatment for patients. 1 Though the drug had not been tested over a long period, the review board approved its emergency use. 2

Reference List

Number references in the order they first appear in the text.

  • Zimmerman AB…
  • Brown CD…

Citation-Name Sequence

Use a superscript number immediately following cited material to refer to the reference list. If used at the end of a sentence, the superscript number should go after the period.

Example:  The investigational drug was approved as an experimental treatment for patients. 2   Though the drug had not been tested over a long period, the review board approved its emergency use. 1

REFERENCE LIST

References are numbered in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name, rather than by order of appearance in the paper.

  • Zimmerman AB…

Include the last name of the author and the year of publication in parentheses.

Example: The investigational drug was approved as an experimental treatment for patients (Zimmerman 2015). Though the drug had not been tested over a long period, the review board approved its emergency use (Brown 2017).

List references in alphabetical order by first author’s last name. If you are citing more than one source by authors of the same name, list in order of publication.

Reference List Examples

The sources you cite in your paper should be listed on a separate numbered page with the heading, “REFERENCES,” centered at the top of the page.

See Citing Medicine chapter 1 for print journal articles and chapter 23 for online articles.

Print Journal Article

Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch Neurol. 2005 Jan;62(1):112-6.

With Multiple Authors (include all)

Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, Hardisty R, Erven A, Gray IC, Voeling S, Isaacs A, Tsai H, Strivens M, Washbourne R, Thornton C, Greenaway S, Hewitt M, McCormick S, Selley R, Wells C, Tymowska-Lalanne Z, Roby P, Mburu P, Rogers D, Hagan J, Reavill C, Davies K, Glenister P, Fisher EM, Martin J, Vizor L, Bouzyk M, Kelsell D, Guenet JL, Steel KP, Sheardown S, Spurr N, Gray I, Peters J, Nolan PM, Hunter AJ, Brown SD. Towards a mutant map of the mouse–new models of neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.

Online journal article

Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S, Rasmus D, Gerdts N, Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. Risk factors for groin wound infection after femoral artery catheterization: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ICHE/journal/issues/v27n1/2004069/2004069.web.pdf

With DOI provided

Harrison JJ, Ceri H, Yerly J, Stremick CA, Hu Y, Martinuzzi R, Turner RJ. The use of microscopy and three-dimensional visualization to evaluate the structure of microbial biofilms cultivated in the Calgary Biofilm Device. Biol Proc Online [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 8];8(1):194-215. Available from: http://www.biologicalprocedures.com/bpo/arts/1/127/m127.pdf doi: 10.1251/bpo127

From PubMed Central

Le L, Lee E, Schulten K, Truong TN. Molecular modeling of swine influenza A/H1N1, Spanish H1N1, and avian H5N1 flu N1 neuraminidases bound to Tamiflu and Relenza. Version 4. PLoS Curr [Internet]. 2009 Aug 27 [revised 2011 Mar 14; cited 2011 Jun 8];3:RRN1015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762416/?tool=pubmed PubMed PMID: 20029609; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2762416.

Newspaper Article

See Citing Medicine chapter 8

Gaul G. When geography influences treatment options. Washington Post (Maryland Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Sect. A:12 (col. 1).

Online newspaper article

Carey B. Psychiatrists revise the book of human troubles. New York Times [Internet]. 2008 Dec 17 [cited 2008 Dec 19];Health:[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/health/18psych.html?_r=1&em

See Citing Medicine chapter 2

Jenkins PF. Making sense of the chest x-ray: a hands-on guide. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005. 194 p.

Book Chapter

Riffenburgh RH. Statistics in medicine. 2nd ed. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Academic Press; c2006. Chapter 24, Regression and correlation methods; p. 447-86.

Also applies to other individual online titles. See Citing Medicine chapter 22

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/.

See Citing Medicine chapter 25

  • [Internet] to indicate format a date cited
  • A date cited (the date you accessed the webpage)
  • In place of page numbers, list the document length as viewed on a screen in square brackets.
  • Website URL or other internet address

Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for  Chlamydomonas  [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections; [modified 2006 Jan 25; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html

See Citing Medicine chapter 17

Friedman AC. Acute pancreatitis [film image]. Bethesda (MD): Uniformed Services University; 2001. 1 film image: black and white. Available from: https://medpix.nlm.nih.gov/case?id=4eb5daeb-5b52-475e-8a89-815c2b263839 

Conference Publications

See Citing Medicine chapter 3

van Pelt J, Kamermans M, Levelt CN, van Ooyen A, Ramakers GJA, Roelfsema PR, editors. Development, dynamics, and pathology of neuronal networks: from molecules to functional circuits. Proceedings of the 23rd International Summer School of Brain Research; 2003 Aug 25-29; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005. 385 p. (Progress in brain research; vol. 147).

Questions & Help

If you have questions on this, or another, topic, contact a librarian for help!

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Citation & Style Guide

  • Chicago/Turabian

Who uses National Library of Medicine (NLM) style?

What's unique about nlm, what's essential in nlm, print book example, e-book example, book chapter example, journal or magazine example, online-only journal or magazine, newspaper example, website example.

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Need More Help with NLM?

Citing Medicine: NLM Style Guide

Find examples online at:

  • Citing Medicine  - From the puublisher (2nd edition).
  • Sample paper  - Characteristics of Chiropractic Patients...
  • Neuroscience
  • If you aren't sure which citation style to use, be sure to ask your professors which style they prefer for assignments.
  • Bibliography heading: Use "References" as the page heading.
  • If you use citation software that does not include NLM format, use the Vancouver format instead
  • In-text citations: NLM provides three options for the formatting of in-text citations. Ask your professor which format they prefer, and consult the examples below from USC Libraries.
  • NLM: References within your paper Examples of in-text citations using NLM style from USC Libraries.

NLM style may seem complicated, but there is some flexibility in the finer points of formatting. The main goal is to allow readers to find your sources as they appeared when you consulted them.

At Middlebury, your professors will likely be strict in their adherence to these essential rules:  

  • Author names:  There should be no punctuation in first and middle name initials, and no accent marks or diacritics
  • Journal titles: Use abbreviations rules specified below in  Journal or Magazine Examples ; don’t use periods

Surname First-and-Middle-Initials, Surname First-and-Middle-Initials. Title. [Edition.] Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication. [Language.]

Sacks OW. The man who mistook his wife for a hat and other clinical tales. New York: Perennial Library; 1987. 

  • Indicate the edition when a book is published in more than one edition.
  • Provide the language if not English. 
  • Pagination is optional.
  • If there is no author, only an editor, provide the name of the editor and follow it with a comma and the word “editor” (spelled with a lowercase “e”).
  • More info: Books (from Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers)

Surname First-and-Middle-Initials, Surname First-and-Middle-Initials. Title [Internet]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Citation]. Availability.

Brodsky MC. Pediatric neuro-ophthalmology [Internet]. New York: Springer Science + Business Media; 2016 [cited 2020 May 5]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3384-6.

  • Provide the language if not English.
  • More info: Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet (from Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers)

Chapter Author’s Surname First-and-Middle-Initials. Chapter Title. In: Book Editor’s Surname First-and-Middle-Initials. Book title. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication. Pagination. 

Osakada F, Takahashi M.  Stem cells in the developing and adult nervous system. In: Steinhoff G, editor. Regenerative medicine:  From protocol to patient. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; 2013. p. 129-152. 

Note: 

  • More info: Citing Contributions to Books   (from Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers)

Surname First-and-Middle-Initials, Surname First-and-Middle Initials. Article Title. Journal Title. Date of Publication;Volume(Issue):Pagination.

Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB. Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry and Its Effects on Cognition. Nat Rev Neurol [Internet]. 2010 May;6(5):267-75.

  • In citations to journals and magazines that are published in print (or, in print with an online version), titles are abbreviated.
  • Use the abbreviations you find in PubMed . If a journal abbreviation is not included in PubMed, follow the rules in the Abbreviation for Journal Titles  section of the NLM Style Guide and use the word abbreviations defined in this  List of Title Word Abbreviations (LTWA) , which is based on ISO 4, an an international standard for the abbreviation of serial titles.
  • More info: Chapter 1: Journals (from Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers)

Surname First-and-Middle-Initials, Surname First-and-Middle Initials. Article Title. Journal Title [Type of Medium]. Date of Publication [date of citation];Volume(Issue):Pagination. Availability.

Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB. Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry and Its Effects on Cognition. Nat Rev Neurol [Internet]. 2010 May [cited 2020 May 2];6(5):267-75. Available from: https://www-nature-com.ezproxy.middlebury.edu/articles/nrneurol.2010.30. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.30.

  • In citations to journals and magazines that are published only online, with no print equivalent, journal titles are not abbreviated.
  • Include any date of update/revision and a date of citation in square brackets following the date of publication.
  • When the pagination of the article is not provided, calculate the length of the article using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes.
  • If more than one URL can be used to locate the article, provide the URL that you used.
  • If a DOI is provided then place it after the URL.
  • More info: Journals on the Internet (from Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers)

Surname First-and-Middle-Initials. Article Title. Newspaper Title [Type of Medium] (Edition). Date of Publication [date of revision, date of citation]:Section;Volume(Issue):Pagination. Availability.

McCright J. New COVID-19 testing sites to pop up in Middlebury. Addison Independent [Internet] (Middlebury, Vermont). 2020 May 22;Sect. A:1 [cited 2020 May 29]. Available from: https://addisonindependent.com/news/new-covid-19-testing-sites-pop-middlebury

  • In citations to newspaper articles, newspaper titles are not abbreviated.
  • Add the location where a newspaper is published if the newspaper title does not indicate it
  • Provide section information, if it exists
  • Include only the beginning page number.
  • More info: Newspaper Articles (from Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers)

Surname First-and-Middle-Initials. Webpage Title [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [date of revision, date of citation]. Availability.

NIH Office of Communications and Public Liaison. Positive Emotions and Your Health [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2015 August [cited 2020 March 19]. Available from: https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2015/08/positive-emotions-your-health .

  • Sometimes it is impossible to determine dates of publication and revision, authorship and/or publishing responsibility. Do your best to work with the information provided.
  • It is not sufficient to provide only a URL.
  • More info: Web Sites (from Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers)
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  • Last Updated: Feb 19, 2024 9:21 AM
  • URL: https://middlebury.libguides.com/citation

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock Locked padlock icon ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

National Institutes of Health

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Citing MedlinePlus

Citing an individual page on medlineplus.

If you wish to cite an individual page on MedlinePlus, the National Library of Medicine recommends the citation style below, based on Chapter 25, "Web Sites," in Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition, 2007) .

This style, like many other citation styles, requires that for online references you include the date you accessed the information. In the following examples, replace the date after the word “cited” with the latest date you saw the information online. You will also need to indicate the date that the page was last updated and the date it was last reviewed. These dates are available at the bottom of each applicable page on MedlinePlus.

MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated Jun 24; cited 2020 Jul 1]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/.

Health Topic page

Begin by citing the MedlinePlus homepage, then add information about the topic being cited:

MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2020 Jun 24]. Heart attack; [updated 2020 Jun 10; reviewed 2016 Aug 25; cited 2020 Jul 1]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/heartattack.html

Genetics page

Genetic condition, gene, chromosome, or Help Me Understand Genetics page

MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2020 Jun 24]. Noonan syndrome; [updated 2020 Jun 18; reviewed 2018 Jun 01; cited 2020 Jul 1]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/noonan-syndrome/ .

Drug Information

Begin by citing the AHFS Patient Medication Information database, then add information about the drug being cited:

AHFS Patient Medication Information [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc.; c2019. Protriptyline; [updated 2020 Jun 24; reviewed 2018 Jul 5; cited 2020 Jul 1]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a604025.html

Encyclopedia

Begin by citing the A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, then add information about the entry being cited:

A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia [Internet]. Johns Creek (GA): Ebix, Inc., A.D.A.M.; c1997-2020. Nail abnormalities; [updated 2019 Jul 31; reviewed 2019 Apr 16; cited 2020 Aug 30]; [about 4 p.]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003247.htm

Herb and Supplement Information

Begin by citing Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version, then add information about the entry being cited:

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version [Internet]. Stockton (CA): Therapeutic Research Faculty; c1995-2018. Clove; [updated 2020 Jun 4; reviewed 2020 May 21; cited 2020 Jul 1]; [about 4 p.]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/251.html

Linking to MedlinePlus from XML Files or Web Service

If you are linking to MedlinePlus or using data from our XML files or web service, please cite, attribute, or otherwise clearly indicate that the content or link is from MedlinePlus.gov. You can use the following text to describe MedlinePlus:

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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National Library of Medicine Citation Style: In-Text Citations

  • Introduction
  • In-Text Citations
  • NLM Examples
  • Citing OATS
  • Citing Techniques
  • Citation Generators

Scholarly Papers

General rules for in-text citations.

Do not list a reference that you have not seen 1    

Cite only directly pertinent references. 2 

Identify methods, procedures and equipment in sufficient detail to allow for reproducibility of results. For specific equipment, give the manufacturer's name and address in parentheses. 2  

Provide references and brief descriptions for methods that have been published but are not well-known. Give reasons for using them and evaluate their limitations. 2

  • In-text citations are in the format of a number in superscript. Example:  …a   recent study shows a decline in prevalence. 17     To format superscript in MS Word for Windows: type the number in normal font, highlight it, right click and then check the box “Superscript.”
  • Assign a number to the reference when it is cited. Use this number even if the author’s name is included in the sentence. Example:   ...Smith reports that incidence rates are declining. 29
  • Cited works appear in the reference list in the order in which they were cited, NOT alphabetized by first author.
  • Use the number originally assigned to the reference each time you cite the work. 
  • Place reference numbers outside periods and commas and inside colons and semi-colons.

1.  Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 [cited 2018 May 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/

2.  International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) . Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals [Internet].  ICMJE. Updated December 2017 [cited 2018 May 10]. Available from: http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/.

Slide Presentation

The ICMJE Recommendations does not offer advice on how to cite within a PowerPoint, however one can assume that like an article this format needs citations. 

General Rules:

  • Cite pertinent references
  • List the references on the last slide
  • Remember to use the National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation format

Scientific Poster

Examples are forthcoming.

Recommended Resources

  • Example of Applying In-Text Citations in a Case Report
  • Example and Tutorial: In-Text Citations in a Feasibility Study
  • Comparison of Print and Online Journal Citations
  • Single Citation Matcher for PubMed
  • Citing Medicine from NLM (ebook)
  • ICMJE Recommendations "Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals" from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. more... less... Its purpose is to provide best practice and ethical standards to help authors, editors, and others involved in peer review and biomedical publishing create and distribute accurate, clear, reproducible, unbiased medical journal articles.
  • << Previous: Introduction
  • Next: NLM Examples >>
  • Last Updated: Feb 8, 2023 1:37 PM
  • URL: https://libguides.lifewest.edu/citation-format

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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.

Cover of Citing Medicine

Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.

Chapter 25 web sites.

Created: October 10, 2007 ; Last Update: August 11, 2015 .

A. Homepages

  • Sample Citation and Introduction
  • Citation Rules with Examples

B. Parts of Web Sites

  • A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Homepages

The general format for a reference to a homepage, including punctuation:

Illustration of the general format for a reference to a
homepage.

  • Examples of Citations to Homepages

A homepage is the first or introductory page of a Web site ( NISO Z39.29). It usually provides a table of contents or index to the contents of the site. Homepages are placed on the Internet by both organizations and individuals for purposes ranging from an effort to provide information about a government agency, a company, an association, or a specific subject, to a means of providing a forum for a personal point of view. Homepages vary greatly in size and complexity, reflecting the Web site which they introduce. A citation to a Web site is made primarily from the information found on a homepage.

The rules for citing homepages are similar to those for Internet books. Locate the author or organization with responsibility for the homepage, a title, a place of publication, a publisher, and a date of publication. Simply adding a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other electronic address to a title is not sufficient. Internet sites disappear with great frequency, and users of a citation must be given some other identifying information if they are to locate sites in the future.

Some elements, however, are more difficult to locate when citing homepages. For example, some poorly constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or publishing responsibility may be unclear or absent. The title may also be difficult to discern from a collage of graphics. The person doing the citing can only work with the information provided.

Some elements require expansion for an Internet citation to provide needed information. For example, the date of publication is required in a citation, but most homepages are updated or otherwise modified numerous times after the date of publication, i.e., the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet. The latest date of update/revision should therefore be included along with the date cited, i.e., the date the person doing the citing saw the homepage on the Internet. This is necessary in the volatile Internet environment, where changes can be easily made and a site seen one day may not be the same when viewed the next day. Producing a print or other copy of crucial pages for future reference is strongly recommended.

Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) . Each of these bodies has its own Web site with a homepage; the NIA site is not considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on the NLM site stands alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL only reflects server location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate relationships for citation purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable site used.

To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions below. To cite only one component of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine whether or not the component can stand alone and be cited separately. A book or other monograph, a journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according to the instructions for the particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to Chapter 22 , a journal according to Chapter 23 , and a database according to Chapter 24 .

To use the NLM Web site as an example of components that can be cited separately:

  • Metagenomics: sequences from the environment [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biomedical Information; 2006 [cited 2007 Apr 20]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=metagenomics.TOC
  • Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Mar 26]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
  • ChemIDplus Lite [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Specialized Information Services Division. [2003] - [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
  • A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Cite components of Web sites that cannot stand alone according to Chapter 25B Parts of Web Sites . Examples of these include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site and a press release from the AMA site. Never cite as parts those components with authorship distinct from the authors of the site as a whole. If in doubt about the status of a component, cite it separately using the instructions in the appropriate chapter.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages .

Continue to Examples of Citations to Homepages .

  • Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)

Author for Homepages (required)

General rules for author.

  • List names in the order they appear on the site
  • Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author
  • Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
  • Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each surname
  • Give all authors, regardless of the number
  • Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space
  • End author information with a period
  • See Editor and other Secondary Authors below if there are no authors but editors are named

Specific Rules for Author

  • Determining the author
  • Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them
  • Other surname rules
  • Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle
  • Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name
  • Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III
  • Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
  • Organizations as author
  • No author can be found
  • Options for author names

Determining the author.

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Other surname rules.

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Organizations as author.

No author can be found.

Options for author names.

Examples for Author

1. standard citation to a homepage, 2. homepage with author(s), 3. homepage with full author name(s), 4. homepage with author role indicated, 5. homepage with an organization(s) as author, 6. homepage with no authors or editors, 24. homepage with author and publisher the same, author affiliation for homepages (optional), general rules for author affiliation.

  • Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
  • Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
  • Use commas to separate parts of the address
  • Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
  • Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
  • Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless the affiliation is for the last author, then use a period

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

  • Abbreviations in affiliations
  • E-mail address included
  • Organizational names for affiliations not in English
  • Names for cities and countries not in English

Abbreviations in affiliations.

E-mail address included.

Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

Names for cities and countries not in English.

Examples for Author Affiliation

7. homepage with author affiliation, title for homepages (required), general rules for title.

  • Reproduce the title of a homepage as closely as possible to the wording on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, punctuation, and special characters when possible
  • Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
  • Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets
  • End a title with a space

Specific Rules for Title

  • Determining the title
  • Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
  • Titles not in English
  • Titles in more than one language
  • Titles ending in punctuation other than a period
  • No title can be found

Determining the title.

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Titles not in English.

Titles in more than one language.

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

No title can be found.

Examples for Title

8. homepage with title having a subtitle, 9. homepage with upper/lower case/special characters in the title, 10. homepage with title ending in punctuation other than a period, 11. homepage in a language other than english, 12. homepage published with parallel text in two or more languages, 13. homepage published with optional content type, 22. homepage with title and publisher the same, 23. homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated, content type for homepages (optional), general rules for content type.

  • Use a content type to tell the user the format of the Internet item being cited
  • Begin type information with a left square bracket
  • Enter the words "homepage on the"
  • End content type with space

Specific Rules for Content Type

Examples for content type, type of medium for homepages (required), general rules for type of medium.

  • Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Content Type , if present)
  • End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
  • Add location information (URL, etc) according to the instructions under Availability below

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

  • Both a content type and a type of medium

Both a content type and a type of medium.

Examples for Type of Medium

Edition for homepages (required), general rules for edition.

  • Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium (and Content Type , if present) when a homepage is published in more than one edition or version
  • Abbreviate common words (see Abbreviation rules for editions below)
  • Capitalize only the first word of the edition statement, proper nouns, and proper adjectives
  • Express numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. For example: second becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.
  • End the edition statement with a period

Abbreviation rules for editions.

Specific Rules for Edition

  • Abbreviation rules for editions
  • Non-English words for editions
  • Both an edition and a version

Non-English words for editions.

Both an edition and a version.

Examples for Edition

14. homepage with an edition or version, editor and other secondary authors for homepages (optional), general rules for editor and other secondary authors.

  • A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, translators, producers, and illustrators.
  • Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium and any Edition statement
  • Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author above
  • Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
  • End secondary author information with a period

Specific Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors

  • More than one type of secondary author
  • Secondary author performing more than one role
  • Non-English names for secondary authors
  • Organization as editor

More than one type of secondary author.

Secondary author performing more than one role.

Non-English names for secondary authors.

Organization as editor.

Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors

15. homepage with editor(s), place of publication for homepages (required), general rules for place of publication.

  • Place is defined as the city where the homepage is published
  • Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
  • Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D ), when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)
  • Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wein
  • End place information with a colon

Specific Rules for Place of Publication

  • Locating the place of publication
  • Non-US cities
  • Joint publication
  • Multiple places of publication
  • No place of publication can be found

Locating the place of publication.

Non-US cities.

Joint publication.

Multiple places of publication.

No place of publication can be found.

Examples for Place of Publication

16. homepage with well known place of publication, 17. homepage with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity, 18. homepage with place of publication inferred, 19. homepage with unknown place of publication, publisher for homepages (required), general rules for publisher.

  • A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the homepage
  • Record the name of the publisher as it appears on the homepage or opening screens, using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there
  • Abbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoid confusion. For example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley"
  • When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
  • End publisher information with a semicolon

Specific Rules for Publisher

  • Determining the publisher
  • Abbreviated words in publisher names
  • Non-English names for publishers
  • Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher
  • Multiple publishers
  • No publisher can be found

Determining the publisher.

Abbreviated words in publisher names.

Non-English names for publishers.

Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher.

Multiple publishers.

No publisher can be found.

Examples for Publisher

20. homepage with publisher having subsidiary division, 21. homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher, 25. homepage with joint publication, 26. homepage with unknown publisher, date of publication for homepages (required), general rules for date of publication.

  • Use the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet
  • Always give the year
  • Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
  • Include the month, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
  • Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
  • End date information with a space

Specific Rules for Date of Publication

  • Locating the date of publication
  • Multiple years of publication
  • Non-English names for months
  • Seasons instead of months
  • Date of publication and date of copyright
  • No date of publication, but a date of copyright
  • No date of publication or copyright can be found
  • Options for date of publication

Locating the date of publication.

Multiple years of publication.

Non-English names for months.

Seasons instead of months.

Date of publication and date of copyright.

No date of publication, but a date of copyright.

No date of publication or copyright can be found.

Options for date of publication.

Examples for Date of Publication

27. homepage with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication, 28. homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication, 29. homepage with multiple years of publication, 32. homepage with no date of publication or copyright, date of update/revision for homepages (required), general rules for date of update/revision.

  • Homepages are frequently updated or revised after publication dates or copyright dates
  • Begin update/revision information with a left square bracket
  • Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated, modified
  • Always give the year of update/revision
  • Include the month and day of update/revision, if provided, after the year, such as 2006 May 5
  • End update/revision information with a semicolon and a space

Specific Rules for Date of Update/Revision

  • Locating the date of update/revision
  • Both a date of update and a date of revision

Locating the date of update/revision.

Both a date of update and a date of revision.

Examples for Date of Update/Revision

30. homepage with update/revision date, 31. homepage with a date of update and a date of revision, date of citation for homepages (required), general rules for date of citation.

  • Always include the date the homepage was seen on the Internet
  • Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
  • If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right square bracket
  • If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets
  • End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

Specific Rules for Date of Citation

  • Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation

Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation.

Examples for Date of Citation

Availability for homepages (required), general rules for availability.

  • Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
  • Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in its entirety; do not omit http://, www, or other beginning components
  • End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation

Specific Rules for Availability

  • Breaking long URLs
  • Multiple URLs
  • URLs not directly addressable

Breaking long URLs.

Multiple URLs.

URLs not directly addressable.

Examples for Availability

33. homepage with multiple urls, language for homepages (required), general rules for language.

  • Give the language of publication if not English
  • Capitalize the language name
  • Follow the language name with a period

Specific Rules for Language

  • Homepages appearing in more than one language

Homepages appearing in more than one language.

Examples for Language

Notes for homepages (optional), general rules for notes.

  • Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
  • Complete sentences are not required

Specific Rules for Notes

  • System requirements
  • Web master name
  • Other types of material to include in notes

System requirements.

Web master name.

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

34. homepage with optional system requirements, 35. homepage with web master named, 36. homepage with supplemental note included.

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/.

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.

with optional content type

AMA: helping doctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.

Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet]. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; 1999 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.

D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.

Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

Fugh-Berman A. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.

D'Alessandro, Donna M.; D'Alessandro, Michael P. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.

Clutterbuck J, compiler. The Aspergillus nidulans Linkage Map [Internet]. Glasgow (Scotland): University of Glasgow, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics; [updated 2006 Nov; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.

Gene Ontology Consortium. the Gene Ontology [Internet]. [place unknown]: the Gene Ontology; c1999-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.geneontology.org/.

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Recommendations on Biochemical & Organic Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology etc. [Internet]. London: University of London, Queen Mary, Department of Chemistry; [updated 2006 Jul 24; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Tactical Programs Division, Office of Emergency Management. Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management: CHEMM [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2011] -   [cited 2015 Apr 2]. Available from: http://chemm.nlm.nih.gov Produced in cooperation with the National Library of Medicine Division of Specialized Information Services and many medical, emergency response, toxicology, and other types of experts.

Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma [Internet]. New York: Early, Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mesothelioma.com/.

StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/.

Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 -   [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov

American Indian Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services, Outreach and Special Populations Branch; 2004 -   [updated 2011 Jul 8; cited 2011 Jul 29]. Available from: http://americanindianhealth.nlm.nih.gov/.

Uijtdehaage S (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA. [email protected]), Dennis S (Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. [email protected]). HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/.

NursingWorld : Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/.

Care2Learn.com : continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL): HealthNow, Inc.; [updated 2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02 or higher.

growthhouse.org : improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House, Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.

American Academy of Pain Medicine : The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/.

Women's Health Resources : Women's Health Research from NIH [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services, Office of Outreach and Special Populations; 2009 May 1 -   [updated 2010 Sep 1; cited 2011 Jul 13]. Available from: http://www.womenshealthresources.nlm.nih.gov/. Created in partnership with the National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, Office of Research on Women's Health.

familydoctor.org [Internet]. Leawood (KS): American Academy of Family Physicians; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://familydoctor.org/.

BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1999-2006 [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/.

National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11]. Available from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.

E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA Secretariat; c2000 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.

OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/.

Med Connect : an online resource for medical professionals [Internet]. Monmouth Junction (NJ): Medical Network Inc.; c1995-2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.medconnect.com/.

Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for Chlamydomonas [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/.

Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!; c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.

Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.em.mpg.de/site/. German.

MedlinePlus®: Informacion de Salud para Usted [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://medlineplus.gov/spanish/. Spanish.

with translation included

Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.

Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical Mycology] [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Feb 8; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/. English, French.

Mange Bien, Mange Saintaire = Eat Well, Eat Safe [Internet]. [Guelph (ON)]: Doug Powell; c2003-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.eatwelleatsafe.ca/frfiles/frindex.htm French, English.

The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp English, Spanish.

Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature [exhibit on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), History of Medicine Division; 1998 Feb 13 [updated 2010 Oct 29; cited 2011 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/frankenstein/index.html

National Jewish Medical and Research Center [homepage on the Internet]. Denver: The Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.njc.org/.

Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing Limited; c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.

Alternative Nature Online Herbal [Internet]. Bergeron K, editor. Erin (TN): Alternative Nature; 1997 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://altnature.com/.

PedsCCM.org: The Pediatric Critical Care Website [Internet]. Markovitz B, Weigle C, Pon S, editors. [place unknown]: PedsCCM; 1995 [updated 2007 Mar 9; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://pedsccm.org/.

Psychology in the News [Internet]. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://psycport.apa.org/.

HDCN: Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm

Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn; c1995-2004 [updated 2004 Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.

ToxMystery [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services; 2006 -   [updated 2011 Feb 1; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/ ; http://toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/espanol.html English, Spanish.

CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee (BMIC). Common Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18 [updated 2013 Jan 3; cited 2015 Apr 28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/.

MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1998 Oct] -   [updated 2015 May 6; cited 2015 May 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. English, Spanish.

National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm

Healthy People [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.healthypeople.gov/.

PhysOrg.com [Internet]. [place unknown]: PhysOrg.com; c2003 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.physorg.com

cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/.

United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993 Oct 10 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.

Johns Hopkins University [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): The University; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.jhu.edu/.

International HIV/AIDS Alliance [Internet]. Brighton (UK): The Alliance; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.aidsalliance.org/.

The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 16; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.

Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan Double; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm

Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. Joint publication with the University of Utah and the University of Oklahoma.

Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet]. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; 1999 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/. Jointly published by the University of Alabama School of Law and the Alabama Department of Mental Health & Mental Retardation.

Digital Collections [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2010 Sep 27] -    [cited 2013 Jan 25]. Available from: http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/. All of the content in Digital Collections is freely available worldwide and, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain.

enc: egg nutrition center [Internet]. Washington: The Center; c2004 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.enc-online.org/.

APS net : Plant Pathology Online [Internet]. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; c1994-2006 [cited 2006 Dec 4]. Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/.

Lab Tests Online ® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c2001-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/index.html

United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993 Oct 10 [updated 2007 Mar 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.

NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/.

Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US); [modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?tax_level=1&info_center=4

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/.

EPERC: End of Life / Palliative Education Resource Center [Internet]. Milwaukee (WI): Medical College of Wisconsin; [updated 2007 Feb; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/.

growthhouse.org: improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House, Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/ ; www.neonatology.net ; www.neonatology.com

Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL): HealthNow, Inc.; [updated 2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02 or higher.

PHA: Pulmonary Hypertension Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): The Association; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.phassociation.org/. System Requirements: PC Windows running Internet Explorer 5.5 or higher or Macintosh Internet Explorer 5.2 or higher; Macromedia Flash Player; Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 or higher.

Tox Town [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services Division, Environmental Health and Toxicology; [2002 Oct] -   [updated 2013 May 10; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/. English, Spanish. System requirements: Windows Media Player or Apple QuickTime to view multimedia files, Adobe Flash Player to view Flash content, and Adobe Acrobat Reader to view PDF files.

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/. Ray Duncan, Web master.

Arctic Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services; 2002 Jul 12 -   [last updated 2015 Jan 16; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://www.arctichealth.org/. Maintained by the University of Alaska Anchorage’s Alaska Medical Library.

Asian American Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services, Office of Outreach and Special Populations; [2003] -   [updated 2013 Sep 30; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://asianamericanhealth.nlm.nih.gov/. Web site is a collaborative effort between the Division of Specialized Information Services and the Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations (AAPCHO) to identify and provide specific resources for the Asian American Community.

Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. This project made possible by grants from the National Science Foundation, DUE-0085660 and DUE-0226314, and from the National Library of Medicine, 1 G08 LM007877-01 and 1 G08 LM008054-01.

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/. Some content available in Spanish and Chinese.

StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/. Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.

  • B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Web Sites

The general format for a reference to part of a Web site, including punctuation:

Illustration of the general format for a reference to part of a Web
site.

  • Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions in Chapter 25A . To cite only one component of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine whether or not the component can stand alone and be cited separately. A book or other monograph, a journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according to the instructions for the particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to Chapter 22 , a journal according to Chapter 23 , and a database according to Chapter 24 .

Components of Web sites that cannot stand alone should be cited according to the instructions presented here. Examples include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site and a press release from the AMA site. Never cite as parts components with authorship distinct from the authors of the site as a whole. Also, be sure that the part is to the Web site as a whole and not to a book or other separately citable component on a site. If in doubt about the status of a component, cite it separately using the instructions in the appropriate chapter.

Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) . Each of these bodies has its own Web site with a homepage; the NIA site is not considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on the NLM site stands alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL in reality only reflects server location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate relationships for citation purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable site used.

Because a reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a Web site with information about the entire site; follow it with the information about the part.

When citing a part of a print book, the location (pagination) of the part is shown as the numbers of the pages on which the part resides, such as p. 34-6. When citing a part of a Web site, unless the part is in PDF (Portable Document Format), standard page numbers are not available. For non-PDF parts:

  • Give location as the total extent of the part.
  • Calculate extent by the best means possible, in terms of the number of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes, and place the total in square brackets. Screen size, font used, and printers vary greatly, but the purpose is to give an indication of the length of the part.
  • Use the word "about" before the length indicator when the number is calculated.

Web sites frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using these instructions. Consult the original publication and cite the particular item from there.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites .

Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites .

  • Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites

Homepage (R) | Title (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)

Homepage on the Internet (required)

  • Cite the homepage according to Chapter 25A Homepages but omit the Date of Citation (unless there is no Date of Publication or Date of Update/Revision ) and the Availability (URL)

Title for a Part of a Web Site (required)

  • Enter the title of the part as it appears on the Web site
  • Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
  • Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle unless some other form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
  • Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
  • End title information with a semicolon and a space
  • Titles for parts not in English
  • Titles for parts in more than one language
  • Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
  • Titles preceded by a name and number
  • Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast
  • No title appears

Titles for parts not in English.

Titles for parts in more than one language.

Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Title proceeded by a name and number.

Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast.

No title appears.

1. Standard part of a Web site

2. part of a web site with name and number, 3. part of a web site with name added, 4. part of a web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period, 5. part of a web site not in english, 6. part of a web site with equal text in two or more languages, date of publication for parts of web sites (required).

  • Include if the date differs from the date of the Web site as it appears on the homepage
  • Date of copyright

Date of copyright.

7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate from the date of the Web site

Date of update/revision for a part of a web site (required).

  • Parts of Web sites may be updated or revised after initial publication
  • Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated and modified

8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision

Date of citation for a part of a web site (required).

  • Always include the date the part of a Web site was seen on the Internet
  • End date information with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket

9. Part of a Web site with date of citation only

Location (pagination) for a part of a web site (required), general rules for location (pagination).

For parts with standard page numbers such as those in PDF:

  • Begin location with "p." followed by a space
  • Enter the page number or numbers on which the part appears. Examples: p. 438 and p. 663-4.
  • Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example: 126-127 becomes p. 126-7, but p. 126A-127A is correct.
  • Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number. For example: p. S10-8.
  • End location with a period

For parts without page numbers:

  • Give location as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes of the part, whichever is most practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
  • If the part is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 10 p.]
  • End location information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)

  • Roman numerals for page numbers
  • No page numbers appear on the pages of the part

Roman numerals for page numbers.

No page numbers appear on the pages of the part.

Examples for Location (Pagination)

10. part of a web site with traditional page numbers for location (pagination), 11. part of a web site with location (pagination) estimated as page numbers, 12. part of a web site with location (pagination) estimated as number of screens, 13. part of a web site with location (pagination) shown as number of paragraphs, 14. part of a web site with location (pagination) shown as number of bytes, 15. part of a web site with hyperlinks so location (pagination) cannot be provided, 16. part of a web site that is a video clip, availability for a part of a web site (required).

  • Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for the part in its entirety; do not omit http://, www, or other beginning components
  • Use the URL for the homepage if the part does not have its own URL; check HTML file properties to be sure

17. Part of a Web site with URL not directly addressable

18. part of a web site with multiple urls, language for a part of a web site (required).

  • Parts appearing in more than one language

Parts appearing in more than one language.

Notes for a Part of a Web Site (optional)

19. part of a web site with optional system requirements, 20. part of a web site with supplemental note included.

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. AMA launches exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical professionals; 2007 Mar 26 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/17469.html

Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for Chlamydomonas [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections; [modified 2006 Jan 25; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Index to drug-specific information [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; [updated 2009 Jun 4]. Sleep disorder (sedative-hypnotic) drug information; [updated 2009 May 21; cited 2009 Jun 10]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm101557.htm

Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Mar 28]. Information update 2007-31, Health Canada's revised assessment of mercury in fish enhances protection while reflecting advice in Canada's Food Guide = Mise a jour 2007-31, Les normes revisees de Sante Canada sur le mercure dans le poisson assurent une meilleure protection et refletent les conseils du Guide alimentaire canadien; 2007 Mar 28 [cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_e.html ; http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_f.html English, French.

Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.

fruits & veggies - more matters™ [Internet]. [place unknown]: Produce for Better Health Foundation; c2007. [Chart], Ways to get more; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/?page_id=113&iCat=22

NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; 2004 Jun 10 [modified 2007 Feb 28]. [Table], Percent who drink beverage alcohol, by gender, 1939-2003; [updated 2004 Mar; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/AlcoholConsumption/PercentAlcoholGender.htm

NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging (US); 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease; 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Mar 12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html

NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Center; [modified 2007 Mar 22]. What is CAM?; [modified 2007 Feb 12; cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/.

Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de cancer de mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.

with translation

Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de cancer de mama hay? [What types of breast cancer are there?]; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.

Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind [Press release 2006 (159), When nerve cells can't make contact]; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.

CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee (BMIC). Common Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18 [updated 2013 Jan 3]. Summary Table for NIH CDE Initiatives; 2012 Nov 21 [updated 2015 Feb 5; cited 2015 Apr 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/summary_table_1.html

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2007 Mar 25]. Clinical resources for neonatology and perinatology: information about sick newborns for professionals and families; 1995 Oct 31 [modified 2006 Jul 1; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/neo.clinical.html

StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Hurricanes and your health; 2005 Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/?template=view_story.php&fs_id=20

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/noindex/category/11871.html

Lab Tests Online ® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/act/glance.html

cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003. Treating ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed 2006 Jul 1; modified 2006 Aug 31; cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treatment/Chemotherapy

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.

Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 -   . Visual Culture and Health Posters; [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/VC/.

the American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf

MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1988 Oct] -   . Heart attack; [updated 2015 May 4; cited 2015 May 6]; [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html

NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007. American Nurse Today; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/anajournal/.

AAMC: Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington: The Association; c1995-2007. Press release, U.S. medical school enrollment projected to increase by 17 percent; 2007 Feb 12 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.aamc.org/newsroom/pressrel/2007/070212.htm

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Energy therapies; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [3 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/cimer/dIndex.cfm?pn=7B632E4A-56B2-11D5-812100508B603A14

MedlinePlus: Trusted Health Information for You [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2007 Mar 26]. E. coli infections; [reviewed 2007 Feb 12; updated 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html

NHS in England [Internet]. London: NHS Connecting for Health; [updated 2007 Mar 27]. History of the NHS; [cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/england/aboutTheNHS/history/default.cmsx

OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007. Caregivers; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/coping/coping.cfm?c=1

BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1997-2006 [updated 2007 Mar 19]. Avian influenza; [updated 2005 Dec 30; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/OC/avianinfluenza.html

The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001. [Video], Animated heart; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by selecting heart from the menu. English, Spanish.

NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging (US); 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease; 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Mar 12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html System Requirements: Windows Media Player for PC or QuickTime Player for MAC.

The American Academy of Pain Medicine: the Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf Approved by the AAPM Executive Committee on January 14, 1999.

StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Hurricanes and your health; 2005 Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/?template=view_story.php&fs_id=20 Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.

  • Cite this Page Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Chapter 25, Web Sites. 2007 Oct 10 [Updated 2015 Aug 11].
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MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine ® (NLM ® ) journal citation database. Started in the 1960s, it now provides more than 31 million references to biomedical and life sciences journal articles dating back to 1946. MEDLINE includes citations from more than 5,200 scholarly journals published around the world. Publishers submit journals to an NIH-chartered advisory committee, the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC), which reviews and recommends journals for MEDLINE. The LSTRC considers the quality of the scientific content of a journal, including originality and the importance of the content for the MEDLINE global audience, using the guidelines found on Journal Selection for MEDLINE . The MEDLINE database is directly searchable from NLM as a subset of the PubMed ® database as well as through other numerous search services that obtain the data from NLM’s Data Distribution program. In addition to the comprehensive journal selection process, what sets MEDLINE apart from the rest of PubMed is the added value of using the NLM controlled vocabulary, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH ® ) , to index citations.

PubMed has been available since 1996. Its more than 36 million references include the MEDLINE database plus the following types of citations:

  • In-process citations, which provide records for articles before those records are indexed with MeSH or converted to out-of-scope status.
  • Citations to articles that are out-of-scope (e.g., covering plate tectonics or astrophysics) from certain MEDLINE journals, primarily general science and general chemistry journals, for which only the life sciences articles are indexed with MeSH.
  • "Ahead of Print" citations that precede the article's final publication in a MEDLINE indexed journal.
  • Citations that precede the date that a journal was selected for MEDLINE indexing (when supplied electronically by the publisher).
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  • Citations to author manuscripts of articles published by NIH-funded researchers.
  • Citations for the majority of books available on the NCBI Bookshelf (a citation for the book and in some cases each chapter of the book).

PubMed citations often include links to the full-text article on the publishers' websites and/or in PMC and the Bookshelf. MEDLINE is the largest subset of PubMed. You may limit your PubMed search retrieval to MEDLINE citations by restricting your search to the MeSH controlled vocabulary or by using the Journal Categories filter called MEDLINE.

PMC (PubMed Central) launched in 2000 as a free archive for full-text biomedical and life sciences journal articles. PMC serves as a digital counterpart to the NLM extensive print journal collection; it is a repository for journal literature deposited by participating publishers, as well as for author manuscripts that have been submitted in compliance with the NIH Public Access Policy and similar policies of other research funding agencies. Some PMC journals are also MEDLINE journals. For publishers, there are a number of ways to participate and deposit their content in this archive, explained on the NLM webpages,  Add a Journal to PMC and PMC Policies . Journals must be in scope according to the NLM Collection Development Guidelines . Although free access is a requirement for PMC deposit, publishers and individual authors may continue to hold copyright on the material in PMC and publishers can delay the release of their material in PMC for a short period after publication. There are reciprocal links between the full text in PMC and corresponding citations in PubMed. PubMed citations are created for content not already in the MEDLINE database. Some PMC content, such as book reviews, is not cited in PubMed.

In conclusion, PubMed citations come from 1) MEDLINE indexed journals, 2) journals/manuscripts deposited in PMC, and 3) NCBI Bookshelf. Both MEDLINE and other PubMed citations may have links to full-text articles or manuscripts in PMC, NCBI Bookshelf, and publishers' websites. If you limit your PubMed search to MeSH controlled vocabulary or the MEDLINE subset, you will see only MEDLINE citations in your results.

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  1. NATIONAL-LIBRARY-OF-MEDICINE Citation Generator

    Generate NATIONAL-LIBRARY-OF-MEDICINE citations in seconds. Start citing books, websites, journals, and more with the Citation Machine® NATIONAL-LIBRARY-OF-MEDICINE Citation Generator.

  2. Citing Medicine

    Citing Medicine provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of references for their publications, to editors in revising such lists, to publishers in setting reference standards for their authors and editors, and to librarians and others in formatting bibliographic citations.

  3. Introduction

    Three major sources are utilized in compiling Citing Medicine: the MEDLARS Indexing Manual of the National Library of Medicine (NLM); pertinent NISO standards, primarily ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 Bibliographic References ( http://www.niso.org/ ); and relevant standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), primarily ISO 690 ...

  4. Articles in Journals

    The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) offers guidance to authors in its publication Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (ICMJE Recommendations), which was formerly the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts.

  5. How do I cite NCBI services and databases?

    Citing the NCBI internet site and individual web pages and records: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; [1988] - [cited 2017 Apr 06].

  6. Journals

    Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. < Prev Next > Chapter 1 Journals Created: October 10, 2007; Last Update: May 18, 2018. Journals are a particular type of periodical. These same rules and examples can be used for magazines and other types of periodicals. A. Journal Articles

  7. National Library of Medicine

    Citations for biomedical literature MedlinePlus Reliable, up-to-date health information for you Open-i An experimental multimedia search engine MeSH Medical Subject Headings ClinicalTrials.gov A database of clinical studies, worldwide BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool News and Highlights Musings from the Mezzanine

  8. MEDLINE/PubMed Journal Article Citation Format

    Guidance on the NLM interpretation of this national standard can be found in Citing Medicine: the NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, available via the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Bookshelf. PubMed citations in the Summary (text) display format are compatible with ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 (R2010).

  9. ICMJE/NLM Style

    NLM Citation Style refers to the citation style from the National Library of Medicine and used by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Use the information and examples provided on this page to properly format in-text and reference list citations. Citing Medicine, 2nd Ed. by Patrias K, Wendling D.

  10. National Library of Medicine Citation Style: NLM Examples

    Citing Medicine from NLM (ebook) JOURNAL ARTICLE Print Article with one author Dossey L. Prayer, medicine, and science: the new dialogue. J Health Care Chaplain. 1998;7 (1-2):7-37. Print Article with more than one author (List up to three authors. If more, add and others) Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, and others.

  11. Research Guides: NLM Style: Citing Your Sources: Home

    Find the Manual at NLM Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers by Karen Patrias; Dan Wendling (ed) Helpful Websites NLM's Catalog: Journals referenced in the NCBI Databases Searchable list of journals indexed by the National Library of Medicine. An excellent source for looking up journal abbreviations.

  12. Citing Sources: NLM (National Library of Medicine)

    Citing Medicine: the NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers Citing Medicine, 2nd edition by Karen Patrias; Dan Wendling, Technical Editor. Publication Date: 2007- Find the current edition online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256 Additional Resources

  13. NLM Style Guide

    The National Library of Medicine (NLM) documentation style is used for writing and citing works in the field of medicine. The current 2nd edition of the NLM style guide Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers is available online. Also Helpful: NLM Citation Machine

  14. NLM

    Note: In citations to journals and magazines that are published in print (or, in print with an online version), titles are abbreviated. Use the abbreviations you find in PubMed.If a journal abbreviation is not included in PubMed, follow the rules in the Abbreviation for Journal Titles section of the NLM Style Guide and use the word abbreviations defined in this List of Title Word Abbreviations ...

  15. Books

    NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. ... A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Books. The general format for a reference to a book ...

  16. MedlinePlus: Citing MedlinePlus

    If you wish to cite an individual page on MedlinePlus, the National Library of Medicine recommends the citation style below, based on Chapter 25, "Web Sites," in Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition, 2007). This style, like many other citation styles, requires that for online references you ...

  17. National Library of Medicine Citation Style: In-Text Citations

    The ICMJE Recommendations does not offer advice on how to cite within a PowerPoint, however one can assume that like an article this format needs citations. General Rules: Cite pertinent references; List the references on the last slide; Remember to use the National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation format

  18. PubMed

    PubMed is a comprehensive database of biomedical literature from various sources, including MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. You can search for citations, access full text content, and explore topics related to health, medicine, and biology. PubMed also provides advanced search options and tools for researchers and clinicians.

  19. About this Book

    How to cite this publication: Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed. Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 - [updated 2015 Oct 2; cited Year Month Day]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine

  20. National Library of Medicine

    Citations for biomedical literature MedlinePlus Reliable, up-to-date health information for you Open-i An experimental multimedia search engine MeSH Medical Subject Headings ClinicalTrials.gov A database of clinical studies, worldwide BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool News and Highlights Musings from the Mezzanine

  21. Dataset Catalog at NLM

    National Library of Medicine . Dataset Catalog beta Search curated datasets. search. The Dataset Catalog is a catalog of biomedical datasets from various repositories for users to search, discover, retrieve, and connect with datasets to accelerate scientific research. This beta version aims to collect user feedback to inform future product ...

  22. Web Sites

    A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. ... reflecting the Web site which they introduce. A citation to a Web site is made primarily from the information found on a ...

  23. MEDLINE, PubMed, and PMC (PubMed Central): How are they different?

    MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine ® (NLM ®) journal citation database. Started in the 1960s, it now provides more than 31 million references to biomedical and life sciences journal articles dating back to 1946. MEDLINE includes citations from more than 5,200 scholarly journals published around the world.