Case Studies in Business, Management, and Organizations

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7 Favorite Business Case Studies to Teach—and Why

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  • Case Teaching
  • Course Materials

FEATURED CASE STUDIES

The Army Crew Team . Emily Michelle David of CEIBS

ATH Technologies . Devin Shanthikumar of Paul Merage School of Business

Fabritek 1992 . Rob Austin of Ivey Business School

Lincoln Electric Co . Karin Schnarr of Wilfrid Laurier University

Pal’s Sudden Service—Scaling an Organizational Model to Drive Growth . Gary Pisano of Harvard Business School

The United States Air Force: ‘Chaos’ in the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron . Francesca Gino of Harvard Business School

Warren E. Buffett, 2015 . Robert F. Bruner of Darden School of Business

To dig into what makes a compelling case study, we asked seven experienced educators who teach with—and many who write—business case studies: “What is your favorite case to teach and why?”

The resulting list of case study favorites ranges in topics from operations management and organizational structure to rebel leaders and whodunnit dramas.

1. The Army Crew Team

Emily Michelle David, Assistant Professor of Management, China Europe International Business School (CEIBS)

case studies of forms of business organisation

“I love teaching  The Army Crew Team  case because it beautifully demonstrates how a team can be so much less than the sum of its parts.

I deliver the case to executives in a nearby state-of-the-art rowing facility that features rowing machines, professional coaches, and shiny red eight-person shells.

After going through the case, they hear testimonies from former members of Chinese national crew teams before carrying their own boat to the river for a test race.

The rich learning environment helps to vividly underscore one of the case’s core messages: competition can be a double-edged sword if not properly managed.

case studies of forms of business organisation

Executives in Emily Michelle David’s organizational behavior class participate in rowing activities at a nearby facility as part of her case delivery.

Despite working for an elite headhunting firm, the executives in my most recent class were surprised to realize how much they’ve allowed their own team-building responsibilities to lapse. In the MBA pre-course, this case often leads to a rich discussion about common traps that newcomers fall into (for example, trying to do too much, too soon), which helps to poise them to both stand out in the MBA as well as prepare them for the lateral team building they will soon engage in.

Finally, I love that the post-script always gets a good laugh and serves as an early lesson that organizational behavior courses will seldom give you foolproof solutions for specific problems but will, instead, arm you with the ability to think through issues more critically.”

2. ATH Technologies

Devin Shanthikumar, Associate Professor of Accounting, Paul Merage School of Business

case studies of forms of business organisation

“As a professor at UC Irvine’s Paul Merage School of Business, and before that at Harvard Business School, I have probably taught over 100 cases. I would like to say that my favorite case is my own,   Compass Box Whisky Company . But as fun as that case is, one case beats it:  ATH Technologies  by Robert Simons and Jennifer Packard.

ATH presents a young entrepreneurial company that is bought by a much larger company. As part of the merger, ATH gets an ‘earn-out’ deal—common among high-tech industries. The company, and the class, must decide what to do to achieve the stretch earn-out goals.

ATH captures a scenario we all want to be in at some point in our careers—being part of a young, exciting, growing organization. And a scenario we all will likely face—having stretch goals that seem almost unreachable.

It forces us, as a class, to really struggle with what to do at each stage.

After we read and discuss the A case, we find out what happens next, and discuss the B case, then the C, then D, and even E. At every stage, we can:

see how our decisions play out,

figure out how to build on our successes, and

address our failures.

The case is exciting, the class discussion is dynamic and energetic, and in the end, we all go home with a memorable ‘ah-ha!’ moment.

I have taught many great cases over my career, but none are quite as fun, memorable, and effective as ATH .”

3. Fabritek 1992

Rob Austin, Professor of Information Systems, Ivey Business School

case studies of forms of business organisation

“This might seem like an odd choice, but my favorite case to teach is an old operations case called  Fabritek 1992 .

The latest version of Fabritek 1992 is dated 2009, but it is my understanding that this is a rewrite of a case that is older (probably much older). There is a Fabritek 1969 in the HBP catalog—same basic case, older dates, and numbers. That 1969 version lists no authors, so I suspect the case goes even further back; the 1969 version is, I’m guessing, a rewrite of an even older version.

There are many things I appreciate about the case. Here are a few:

It operates as a learning opportunity at many levels. At first it looks like a not-very-glamorous production job scheduling case. By the end of the case discussion, though, we’re into (operations) strategy and more. It starts out technical, then explodes into much broader relevance. As I tell participants when I’m teaching HBP's Teaching with Cases seminars —where I often use Fabritek as an example—when people first encounter this case, they almost always underestimate it.

It has great characters—especially Arthur Moreno, who looks like a troublemaker, but who, discussion reveals, might just be the smartest guy in the factory. Alums of the Harvard MBA program have told me that they remember Arthur Moreno many years later.

Almost every word in the case is important. It’s only four and a half pages of text and three pages of exhibits. This economy of words and sparsity of style have always seemed like poetry to me. I should note that this super concise, every-word-matters approach is not the ideal we usually aspire to when we write cases. Often, we include extra or superfluous information because part of our teaching objective is to provide practice in separating what matters from what doesn’t in a case. Fabritek takes a different approach, though, which fits it well.

It has a dramatic structure. It unfolds like a detective story, a sort of whodunnit. Something is wrong. There is a quality problem, and we’re not sure who or what is responsible. One person, Arthur Moreno, looks very guilty (probably too obviously guilty), but as we dig into the situation, there are many more possibilities. We spend in-class time analyzing the data (there’s a bit of math, so it covers that base, too) to determine which hypotheses are best supported by the data. And, realistically, the data doesn’t support any of the hypotheses perfectly, just some of them more than others. Also, there’s a plot twist at the end (I won’t reveal it, but here’s a hint: Arthur Moreno isn’t nearly the biggest problem in the final analysis). I have had students tell me the surprising realization at the end of the discussion gives them ‘goosebumps.’

Finally, through the unexpected plot twist, it imparts what I call a ‘wisdom lesson’ to young managers: not to be too sure of themselves and to regard the experiences of others, especially experts out on the factory floor, with great seriousness.”

4. Lincoln Electric Co.

Karin Schnarr, Assistant Professor of Policy, Wilfrid Laurier University

case studies of forms of business organisation

“As a strategy professor, my favorite case to teach is the classic 1975 Harvard case  Lincoln Electric Co.  by Norman Berg.

I use it to demonstrate to students the theory linkage between strategy and organizational structure, management processes, and leadership behavior.

This case may be an odd choice for a favorite. It occurs decades before my students were born. It is pages longer than we are told students are now willing to read. It is about manufacturing arc welding equipment in Cleveland, Ohio—a hard sell for a Canadian business classroom.

Yet, I have never come across a case that so perfectly illustrates what I want students to learn about how a company can be designed from an organizational perspective to successfully implement its strategy.

And in a time where so much focus continues to be on how to maximize shareholder value, it is refreshing to be able to discuss a publicly-traded company that is successfully pursuing a strategy that provides a fair value to shareholders while distributing value to employees through a large bonus pool, as well as value to customers by continually lowering prices.

However, to make the case resonate with today’s students, I work to make it relevant to the contemporary business environment. I link the case to multimedia clips about Lincoln Electric’s current manufacturing practices, processes, and leadership practices. My students can then see that a model that has been in place for generations is still viable and highly successful, even in our very different competitive situation.”

5. Pal’s Sudden Service—Scaling an Organizational Model to Drive Growth

Gary Pisano, Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School

case studies of forms of business organisation

“My favorite case to teach these days is  Pal’s Sudden Service—Scaling an Organizational Model to Drive Growth .

I love teaching this case for three reasons:

1. It demonstrates how a company in a super-tough, highly competitive business can do very well by focusing on creating unique operating capabilities. In theory, Pal’s should have no chance against behemoths like McDonalds or Wendy’s—but it thrives because it has built a unique operating system. It’s a great example of a strategic approach to operations in action.

2. The case shows how a strategic approach to human resource and talent development at all levels really matters. This company competes in an industry not known for engaging its front-line workers. The case shows how engaging these workers can really pay off.

3. Finally, Pal’s is really unusual in its approach to growth. Most companies set growth goals (usually arbitrary ones) and then try to figure out how to ‘backfill’ the human resource and talent management gaps. They trust you can always find someone to do the job. Pal’s tackles the growth problem completely the other way around. They rigorously select and train their future managers. Only when they have a manager ready to take on their own store do they open a new one. They pace their growth off their capacity to develop talent. I find this really fascinating and so do the students I teach this case to.”

6. The United States Air Force: ‘Chaos’ in the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron

Francesca Gino, Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School

case studies of forms of business organisation

“My favorite case to teach is  The United States Air Force: ‘Chaos’ in the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron .

The case surprises students because it is about a leader, known in the unit by the nickname Chaos , who inspired his squadron to be innovative and to change in a culture that is all about not rocking the boat, and where there is a deep sense that rules should simply be followed.

For years, I studied ‘rebels,’ people who do not accept the status quo; rather, they approach work with curiosity and produce positive change in their organizations. Chaos is a rebel leader who got the level of cultural change right. Many of the leaders I’ve met over the years complain about the ‘corporate culture,’ or at least point to clear weaknesses of it; but then they throw their hands up in the air and forget about changing what they can.

Chaos is different—he didn’t go after the ‘Air Force’ culture. That would be like boiling the ocean.

Instead, he focused on his unit of control and command: The 99th squadron. He focused on enabling that group to do what it needed to do within the confines of the bigger Air Force culture. In the process, he inspired everyone on his team to be the best they can be at work.

The case leaves the classroom buzzing and inspired to take action.”

7. Warren E. Buffett, 2015

Robert F. Bruner, Professor of Business Administration, Darden School of Business

case studies of forms of business organisation

“I love teaching   Warren E. Buffett, 2015  because it energizes, exercises, and surprises students.

Buffett looms large in the business firmament and therefore attracts anyone who is eager to learn his secrets for successful investing. This generates the kind of energy that helps to break the ice among students and instructors early in a course and to lay the groundwork for good case discussion practices.

Studying Buffett’s approach to investing helps to introduce and exercise important themes that will resonate throughout a course. The case challenges students to define for themselves what it means to create value. The case discussion can easily be tailored for novices or for more advanced students.

Either way, this is not hero worship: The case affords a critical examination of the financial performance of Buffett’s firm, Berkshire Hathaway, and reveals both triumphs and stumbles. Most importantly, students can critique the purported benefits of Buffett’s conglomeration strategy and the sustainability of his investment record as the size of the firm grows very large.

By the end of the class session, students seem surprised with what they have discovered. They buzz over the paradoxes in Buffett’s philosophy and performance record. And they come away with sober respect for Buffett’s acumen and for the challenges of creating value for investors.

Surely, such sobriety is a meta-message for any mastery of finance.”

More Educator Favorites

CASE TEACHING

Emily Michelle David is an assistant professor of management at China Europe International Business School (CEIBS). Her current research focuses on discovering how to make workplaces more welcoming for people of all backgrounds and personality profiles to maximize performance and avoid employee burnout. David’s work has been published in a number of scholarly journals, and she has worked as an in-house researcher at both NASA and the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.

case studies of forms of business organisation

Devin Shanthikumar  is an associate professor and the accounting area coordinator at UCI Paul Merage School of Business. She teaches undergraduate, MBA, and executive-level courses in managerial accounting. Shanthikumar previously served on the faculty at Harvard Business School, where she taught both financial accounting and managerial accounting for MBAs, and wrote cases that are used in accounting courses across the country.

case studies of forms of business organisation

Robert D. Austin is a professor of information systems at Ivey Business School and an affiliated faculty member at Harvard Medical School. He has published widely, authoring nine books, more than 50 cases and notes, three Harvard online products, and two popular massive open online courses (MOOCs) running on the Coursera platform.

case studies of forms of business organisation

Karin Schnarr is an assistant professor of policy and the director of the Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) program at the Lazaridis School of Business & Economics at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada where she teaches strategic management at the undergraduate, graduate, and executive levels. Schnarr has published several award-winning and best-selling cases and regularly presents at international conferences on case writing and scholarship.

case studies of forms of business organisation

Gary P. Pisano is the Harry E. Figgie, Jr. Professor of Business Administration and senior associate dean of faculty development at Harvard Business School, where he has been on the faculty since 1988. Pisano is an expert in the fields of technology and operations strategy, the management of innovation, and competitive strategy. His research and consulting experience span a range of industries including aerospace, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, health care, nutrition, computers, software, telecommunications, and semiconductors.

case studies of forms of business organisation

Francesca Gino studies how people can have more productive, creative, and fulfilling lives. She is a professor at Harvard Business School and the author, most recently, of  Rebel Talent: Why It Pays to Break the Rules at Work and in Life . Gino regularly gives keynote speeches, delivers corporate training programs, and serves in advisory roles for firms and not-for-profit organizations across the globe.

case studies of forms of business organisation

Robert F. Bruner is a university professor at the University of Virginia, distinguished professor of business administration, and dean emeritus of the Darden School of Business. He has also held visiting appointments at Harvard and Columbia universities in the United States, at INSEAD in France, and at IESE in Spain. He is the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books on finance, management, and teaching. Currently, he teaches and writes in finance and management.

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case studies of forms of business organisation

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Top 40 Most Popular Case Studies of 2017

We generated a list of the 40 most popular Yale School of Management case studies in 2017 by combining data from our publishers, Google analytics, and other measures of interest and adoption. In compiling the list, we gave additional weight to usage outside Yale

We generated a list of the 40 most popular Yale School of Management case studies in 2017 by combining data from our publishers, Google analytics, and other measures of interest and adoption. In compiling the list, we gave additional weight to usage outside Yale.

Case topics represented on the list vary widely, but a number are drawn from the case team’s focus on healthcare, asset management, and sustainability. The cases also draw on Yale’s continued emphasis on corporate governance, ethics, and the role of business in state and society. Of note, nearly half of the most popular cases feature a woman as either the main protagonist or, in the case of raw cases where multiple characters take the place of a single protagonist, a major leader within the focal organization. While nearly a fourth of the cases were written in the past year, some of the most popular, including Cadbury and Design at Mayo, date from the early years of our program over a decade ago. Nearly two-thirds of the most popular cases were “raw” cases - Yale’s novel, web-based template which allows for a combination of text, documents, spreadsheets, and videos in a single case website.

Read on to learn more about the top 10 most popular cases followed by a complete list of the top 40 cases of 2017.  A selection of the top 40 cases are available for purchase through our online store . 

#1 - Coffee 2016

Faculty Supervision: Todd Cort

Coffee 2016 asks students to consider the coffee supply chain and generate ideas for what can be done to equalize returns across various stakeholders. The case draws a parallel between coffee and wine. Both beverages encourage connoisseurship, but only wine growers reap a premium for their efforts to ensure quality.  The case describes the history of coffee production across the world, the rise of the “third wave” of coffee consumption in the developed world, the efforts of the Illy Company to help coffee growers, and the differences between “fair” trade and direct trade. Faculty have found the case provides a wide canvas to discuss supply chain issues, examine marketing practices, and encourage creative solutions to business problems. 

#2 - AXA: Creating New Corporate Responsibility Metrics

Faculty Supervision: Todd Cort and David Bach

The case describes AXA’s corporate responsibility (CR) function. The company, a global leader in insurance and asset management, had distinguished itself in CR since formally establishing a CR unit in 2008. As the case opens, AXA’s CR unit is being moved from the marketing function to the strategy group occasioning a thorough review as to how CR should fit into AXA’s operations and strategy. Students are asked to identify CR issues of particular concern to the company, examine how addressing these issues would add value to the company, and then create metrics that would capture a business unit’s success or failure in addressing the concerns.

#3 - IBM Corporate Service Corps

Faculty Supervision: David Bach in cooperation with University of Ghana Business School and EGADE

The case considers IBM’s Corporate Service Corps (CSC), a program that had become the largest pro bono consulting program in the world. The case describes the program’s triple-benefit: leadership training to the brightest young IBMers, brand recognition for IBM in emerging markets, and community improvement in the areas served by IBM’s host organizations. As the program entered its second decade in 2016, students are asked to consider how the program can be improved. The case allows faculty to lead a discussion about training, marketing in emerging economies, and various ways of providing social benefit. The case highlights the synergies as well as trade-offs between pursuing these triple benefits.

#4 - Cadbury: An Ethical Company Struggles to Insure the Integrity of Its Supply Chain

Faculty Supervision: Ira Millstein

The case describes revelations that the production of cocoa in the Côte d’Ivoire involved child slave labor. These stories hit Cadbury especially hard. Cadbury's culture had been deeply rooted in the religious traditions of the company's founders, and the organization had paid close attention to the welfare of its workers and its sourcing practices. The US Congress was considering legislation that would allow chocolate grown on certified plantations to be labeled “slave labor free,” painting the rest of the industry in a bad light. Chocolate producers had asked for time to rectify the situation, but the extension they negotiated was running out. Students are asked whether Cadbury should join with the industry to lobby for more time?  What else could Cadbury do to ensure its supply chain was ethically managed?

#5 - 360 State Real Options

Faculty Supervision: Matthew Spiegel

In 2010 developer Bruce Becker (SOM ‘85) completed 360 State Street, a major new construction project in downtown New Haven. Just west of the apartment building, a 6,000-square-foot pocket of land from the original parcel remained undeveloped. Becker had a number of alternatives to consider in regards to the site. He also had no obligation to build. He could bide his time. But Becker worried about losing out on rents should he wait too long. Students are asked under what set of circumstances and at what time would it be most advantageous to proceed?

#6 - Design at Mayo

Faculty Supervision: Rodrigo Canales and William Drentell

The case describes how the Mayo Clinic, one of the most prominent hospitals in the world, engaged designers and built a research institute, the Center for Innovation (CFI), to study the processes of healthcare provision. The case documents the many incremental innovations the designers were able to implement and the way designers learned to interact with physicians and vice-versa.

In 2010 there were questions about how the CFI would achieve its stated aspiration of “transformational change” in the healthcare field. Students are asked what would a major change in health care delivery look like? How should the CFI's impact be measured? Were the center's structure and processes appropriate for transformational change? Faculty have found this a great case to discuss institutional obstacles to innovation, the importance of culture in organizational change efforts, and the differences in types of innovation.

This case is freely available to the public.

#7 - Ant Financial

Faculty Supervision: K. Sudhir in cooperation with Renmin University of China School of Business

In 2015, Ant Financial’s MYbank (an offshoot of Jack Ma’s Alibaba company) was looking to extend services to rural areas in China by providing small loans to farmers. Microloans have always been costly for financial institutions to offer to the unbanked (though important in development) but MYbank believed that fintech innovations such as using the internet to communicate with loan applicants and judge their credit worthiness would make the program sustainable. Students are asked whether MYbank could operate the program at scale? Would its big data and technical analysis provide an accurate measure of credit risk for loans to small customers? Could MYbank rely on its new credit-scoring system to reduce operating costs to make the program sustainable?

#8 - Business Leadership in South Africa’s 1994 Reforms

Faculty Supervision: Ian Shapiro

This case examines the role of business in South Africa's historic transition away from apartheid to popular sovereignty. The case provides a previously untold oral history of this key moment in world history, presenting extensive video interviews with business leaders who spearheaded behind-the-scenes negotiations between the African National Congress and the government. Faculty teaching the case have used the material to push students to consider business’s role in a divided society and ask: What factors led business leaders to act to push the country's future away from isolation toward a "high road" of participating in an increasingly globalized economy? What techniques and narratives did they use to keep the two sides talking and resolve the political impasse? And, if business leadership played an important role in the events in South Africa, could they take a similar role elsewhere?

#9 - Shake Shack IPO

Faculty Supervision: Jake Thomas and Geert Rouwenhorst

From an art project in a New York City park, Shake Shack developed a devoted fan base that greeted new Shake Shack locations with cheers and long lines. When Shake Shack went public on January 30, 2015, investors displayed a similar enthusiasm. Opening day investors bid up the $21 per share offering price by 118% to reach $45.90 at closing bell. By the end of May, investors were paying $92.86 per share. Students are asked if this price represented a realistic valuation of the enterprise and if not, what was Shake Shack truly worth? The case provides extensive information on Shake Shack’s marketing, competitors, operations and financials, allowing instructors to weave a wide variety of factors into a valuation of the company.

#10 - Searching for a Search Fund Structure

Faculty Supervision: AJ Wasserstein

This case considers how young entrepreneurs structure search funds to find businesses to take over. The case describes an MBA student who meets with a number of successful search fund entrepreneurs who have taken alternative routes to raising funds. The case considers the issues of partnering, soliciting funds vs. self-funding a search, and joining an incubator. The case provides a platform from which to discuss the pros and cons of various search fund structures.

40 Most Popular Case Studies of 2017

Click on the case title to learn more about the dilemma. A selection of our most popular cases are available for purchase via our online store .

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Case studies have become powerful business tools. But what is a case study? What are the benefits of creating one? Are there limitations to the format?

If you’ve asked yourself these questions, our helpful guide will clear things up. Learn how to use a case study for business. Find out how cases analysis works in psychology and research.

We’ve also got examples of case studies to inspire you.

Haven’t made a case study before? You can easily  create a case study  with Venngage’s customizable templates.

CREATE A CASE STUDY

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What is a case study, what is the case study method, benefits of case studies, limitations of case studies, types of case studies, faqs about case studies.

Case studies are research methodologies. They examine subjects, projects, or organizations to tell a story.

Case Study Definition LinkedIn Post

USE THIS TEMPLATE

Numerous sectors use case analyses. The social sciences, social work, and psychology create studies regularly.

Healthcare industries write reports on patients and diagnoses. Marketing case study examples , like the one below, highlight the benefits of a business product.

Bold Social Media Business Case Study Template

CREATE THIS REPORT TEMPLATE

Now that you know what a case study is, we explain how case reports are used in three different industries.

What is a business case study?

A business or marketing case study aims at showcasing a successful partnership. This can be between a brand and a client. Or the case study can examine a brand’s project.

There is a perception that case studies are used to advertise a brand. But effective reports, like the one below, can show clients how a brand can support them.

Light Simple Business Case Study Template

Hubspot created a case study on a customer that successfully scaled its business. The report outlines the various Hubspot tools used to achieve these results.

Hubspot case study

Hubspot also added a video with testimonials from the client company’s employees.

So, what is the purpose of a case study for businesses? There is a lot of competition in the corporate world. Companies are run by people. They can be on the fence about which brand to work with.

Business reports  stand out aesthetically, as well. They use  brand colors  and brand fonts . Usually, a combination of the client’s and the brand’s.

With the Venngage  My Brand Kit  feature, businesses can automatically apply their brand to designs.

A business case study, like the one below, acts as social proof. This helps customers decide between your brand and your competitors.

Modern lead Generation Business Case Study Template

Don’t know how to design a report? You can learn  how to write a case study  with Venngage’s guide. We also share design tips and examples that will help you convert.

Related: 55+ Annual Report Design Templates, Inspirational Examples & Tips [Updated]

What is a case study in psychology?

In the field of psychology, case studies focus on a particular subject. Psychology case histories also examine human behaviors.

Case reports search for commonalities between humans. They are also used to prescribe further research. Or these studies can elaborate on a solution for a behavioral ailment.

The American Psychology Association  has a number of case studies on real-life clients. Note how the reports are more text-heavy than a business case study.

What is a case study in psychology? Behavior therapy example

Famous psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Anna O popularised the use of case studies in the field. They did so by regularly interviewing subjects. Their detailed observations build the field of psychology.

It is important to note that psychological studies must be conducted by professionals. Psychologists, psychiatrists and therapists should be the researchers in these cases.

Related: What Netflix’s Top 50 Shows Can Teach Us About Font Psychology [Infographic]

What is a case study in research?

Research is a necessary part of every case study. But specific research fields are required to create studies. These fields include user research, healthcare, education, or social work.

For example, this UX Design  report examined the public perception of a client. The brand researched and implemented new visuals to improve it. The study breaks down this research through lessons learned.

What is a case study in research? UX Design case study example

Clinical reports are a necessity in the medical field. These documents are used to share knowledge with other professionals. They also help examine new or unusual diseases or symptoms.

The pandemic has led to a significant increase in research. For example,  Spectrum Health  studied the value of health systems in the pandemic. They created the study by examining community outreach.

What is a case study in research? Spectrum healthcare example

The pandemic has significantly impacted the field of education. This has led to numerous examinations on remote studying. There have also been studies on how students react to decreased peer communication.

Social work case reports often have a community focus. They can also examine public health responses. In certain regions, social workers study disaster responses.

You now know what case studies in various fields are. In the next step of our guide, we explain the case study method.

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A case analysis is a deep dive into a subject. To facilitate this case studies are built on interviews and observations. The below example would have been created after numerous interviews.

Case studies are largely qualitative. They analyze and describe phenomena. While some data is included, a case analysis is not quantitative.

There are a few steps in the case method. You have to start by identifying the subject of your study. Then determine what kind of research is required.

In natural sciences, case studies can take years to complete. Business reports, like this one, don’t take that long. A few weeks of interviews should be enough.

Blue Simple Business Case Study Template

The case method will vary depending on the industry. Reports will also look different once produced.

As you will have seen, business reports are more colorful. The design is also more accessible . Healthcare and psychology reports are more text-heavy.

Designing case reports takes time and energy. So, is it worth taking the time to write them? Here are the benefits of creating case studies.

  • Collects large amounts of information
  • Helps formulate hypotheses
  • Builds the case for further research
  • Discovers new insights into a subject
  • Builds brand trust and loyalty
  • Engages customers through stories

For example, the business study below creates a story around a brand partnership. It makes for engaging reading. The study also shows evidence backing up the information.

Blue Content Marketing Case Study Template

We’ve shared the benefits of why studies are needed. We will also look at the limitations of creating them.

Related: How to Present a Case Study like a Pro (With Examples)

There are a few disadvantages to conducting a case analysis. The limitations will vary according to the industry.

  • Responses from interviews are subjective
  • Subjects may tailor responses to the researcher
  • Studies can’t always be replicated
  • In certain industries, analyses can take time and be expensive
  • Risk of generalizing the results among a larger population

These are some of the common weaknesses of creating case reports. If you’re on the fence, look at the competition in your industry.

Other brands or professionals are building reports, like this example. In that case, you may want to do the same.

Coral content marketing case study template

There are six common types of case reports. Depending on your industry, you might use one of these types.

Descriptive case studies

Explanatory case studies, exploratory case reports, intrinsic case studies, instrumental case studies, collective case reports.

6 Types Of Case Studies List

USE THIS TEMPLATE

We go into more detail about each type of study in the guide below.

Related:  15+ Professional Case Study Examples [Design Tips + Templates]

When you have an existing hypothesis, you can design a descriptive study. This type of report starts with a description. The aim is to find connections between the subject being studied and a theory.

Once these connections are found, the study can conclude. The results of this type of study will usually suggest how to develop a theory further.

A study like the one below has concrete results. A descriptive report would use the quantitative data as a suggestion for researching the subject deeply.

Lead generation business case study template

When an incident occurs in a field, an explanation is required. An explanatory report investigates the cause of the event. It will include explanations for that cause.

The study will also share details about the impact of the event. In most cases, this report will use evidence to predict future occurrences. The results of explanatory reports are definitive.

Note that there is no room for interpretation here. The results are absolute.

The study below is a good example. It explains how one brand used the services of another. It concludes by showing definitive proof that the collaboration was successful.

Bold Content Marketing Case Study Template

Another example of this study would be in the automotive industry. If a vehicle fails a test, an explanatory study will examine why. The results could show that the failure was because of a particular part.

Related: How to Write a Case Study [+ Design Tips]

An explanatory report is a self-contained document. An exploratory one is only the beginning of an investigation.

Exploratory cases act as the starting point of studies. This is usually conducted as a precursor to large-scale investigations. The research is used to suggest why further investigations are needed.

An exploratory study can also be used to suggest methods for further examination.

For example, the below analysis could have found inconclusive results. In that situation, it would be the basis for an in-depth study.

Teal Social Media Business Case Study Template

Intrinsic studies are more common in the field of psychology. These reports can also be conducted in healthcare or social work.

These types of studies focus on a unique subject, such as a patient. They can sometimes study groups close to the researcher.

The aim of such studies is to understand the subject better. This requires learning their history. The researcher will also examine how they interact with their environment.

For instance, if the case study below was about a unique brand, it could be an intrinsic study.

Vibrant Content Marketing Case Study Template

Once the study is complete, the researcher will have developed a better understanding of a phenomenon. This phenomenon will likely not have been studied or theorized about before.

Examples of intrinsic case analysis can be found across psychology. For example, Jean Piaget’s theories on cognitive development. He established the theory from intrinsic studies into his own children.

Related: What Disney Villains Can Tell Us About Color Psychology [Infographic]

This is another type of study seen in medical and psychology fields. Instrumental reports are created to examine more than just the primary subject.

When research is conducted for an instrumental study, it is to provide the basis for a larger phenomenon. The subject matter is usually the best example of the phenomenon. This is why it is being studied.

Purple SAAS Business Case Study Template

Assume it’s examining lead generation strategies. It may want to show that visual marketing is the definitive lead generation tool. The brand can conduct an instrumental case study to examine this phenomenon.

Collective studies are based on instrumental case reports. These types of studies examine multiple reports.

There are a number of reasons why collective reports are created:

  • To provide evidence for starting a new study
  • To find pattens between multiple instrumental reports
  • To find differences in similar types of cases
  • Gain a deeper understanding of a complex phenomenon
  • Understand a phenomenon from diverse contexts

A researcher could use multiple reports, like the one below, to build a collective case report.

Social Media Business Case Study template

Related: 10+ Case Study Infographic Templates That Convert

What makes a case study a case study?

A case study has a very particular research methodology. They are an in-depth study of a person or a group of individuals. They can also study a community or an organization. Case reports examine real-world phenomena within a set context.

How long should a case study be?

The length of studies depends on the industry. It also depends on the story you’re telling. Most case studies should be at least 500-1500 words long. But you can increase the length if you have more details to share.

What should you ask in a case study?

The one thing you shouldn’t ask is ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions. Case studies are qualitative. These questions won’t give you the information you need.

Ask your client about the problems they faced. Ask them about solutions they found. Or what they think is the ideal solution. Leave room to ask them follow-up questions. This will help build out the study.

How to present a case study?

When you’re ready to present a case study, begin by providing a summary of the problem or challenge you were addressing. Follow this with an outline of the solution you implemented, and support this with the results you achieved, backed by relevant data. Incorporate visual aids like slides, graphs, and images to make your case study presentation more engaging and impactful.

Now you know what a case study means, you can begin creating one. These reports are a great tool for analyzing brands. They are also useful in a variety of other fields.

Use a visual communication platform like Venngage to design case studies. With Venngage’s templates, you can design easily. Create branded, engaging reports, all without design experience.

A Business Organization Case Study

Betty can operate her business in various ways, which include a franchise, a sole proprietorship, a corporation, a limited liability company and a partnership. To start with, a limited liability (LLC) company is a business enterprise, which blends the characteristics of a partnership and a sole proprietorship.

This entity gives a limited liability to the shareholders of the company. In which case, if a business goes under during its existence, one can only sue the business as an entity without affecting the legal entity of the individual shareholders. This goes off as a major advantage for this entity (Harold 1983).

On the other hand, when two or more people come together to operate a business, they form a partnership. At start up, or during the operation of the business, each partner contributes an agreed share of the resources required to run the business.

This can be in terms of labor, money, land, and at the end gains a reward depending on an agreed formula. Under the current US laws, a partnership does not pay income tax. However, the shareholders of this entity must file their respective shares of the entity’s profits and losses in their individual tax returns (Cooke 1950).

On its part, a corporation is a legal entity incorporated through registration and with legal rights and liabilities. Corporations are on their own, entities with a board of directors heading them. The other business form, which Betty can undertake, is a franchise. In this business form, a franchisor allows the franchisee to use his trademark and distribute the trademarked goods or services (Cooke 1950).

For a start up business as Betty is intending to operate, a franchise is the most appropriate model to adopt. Here, Betty gets an already established brand name, which would help her a great deal in minimizing losses during the break-even period. As well, almost all franchisors provide business training and technical knowhow to their franchisees. She would access the much-needed knowhow for her startup venture (Gurnick 2011).

It would be necessary for Betty to join hands with other interested investors to operate the business. One of the interested investors is her husband only wants to contribute capital to the business. Another interested person is Erma a non-Christian. Erma, though not Christian, shares Betty’s vision of a “Christian coffee place”, and would provide an invaluable contribution to the business. It is important to point out that the vision of any organization is what drives it and as such, Erma would come in as an essential stakeholder in this venture.

On the other hand, Betty’s sister, Alice comes off as dispassionate and does not identify with the venture’s mission. She lacks the energy that would contribute to the success of the business. It would be suicidal for Betty to accept her solely on the reason that she wants to get out of the house. Betty should explain these reasons to her sister.

The name “The Gathering Place” is most appropriate for the coffeehouse. However, a search at the State of North Carolina’s registry reveals that the name is already in use by a nonprofit organization. For that reason, it would be illegal for her to use the name for trade marking purposes. However, most franchisors already have an established brand name. Betty could choose to use the franchisor’s name for her coffeehouse instead of dwelling on choosing a new one.

Cooke, C.A. (1950). C orporation, Trust and Company: A legal History. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gurnick, D. T. (2011). Distribution law of the United States. U.S.: Juris.

Harold, J. B. (1983). The Impact of Limited Liability and Control. Cambridge:Harvard University Press.

  • Chicago (A-D)
  • Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2020, July 3). A Business Organization. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-case-study-for-a-business-organization/

"A Business Organization." IvyPanda , 3 July 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/a-case-study-for-a-business-organization/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'A Business Organization'. 3 July.

IvyPanda . 2020. "A Business Organization." July 3, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-case-study-for-a-business-organization/.

1. IvyPanda . "A Business Organization." July 3, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-case-study-for-a-business-organization/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "A Business Organization." July 3, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/a-case-study-for-a-business-organization/.

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  • Business Studies
  • Class 11 Business Studies...

Class 11 Business Studies Case Study Questions

Table of Contents

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CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Case Study Questions are available on myCBSEguide App . You can also download them from our student dashboard .

For students appearing for grade 11 CBSE exams from the Commerce stream, Business Studies is a fundamental subject. Business Studies is considered to be quite interesting as well as an occupying subject as compared to all other core subjects of the CBSE class 11 commerce stream. To ace this CBSE exam, students are not only required to work hard but they ought to learn to do smart work too.

Among all the other core subjects of the Commerce stream i.e accountancy, economics and business studies, Business Studies is the one that is purely theoretical. It is termed to be comparatively easier and more scoring than the other mandatory subjects of the commerce stream. Many students who opt for the commerce stream after their 10-grade exams desire to learn in-depth about the business organizations and their work, for them the subject is of utmost importance. Business Studies is an essential component of the class 11 commerce stream curriculum.

In order to ace the subject the student needs to have conceptual clarity. CBSE has designed the syllabus for class 11 Business Studies so as to provide students with a basic understanding of the various principles prevalent in the Business organizations as well as their interaction with their corresponding environment.   

Case Study Questions in class 11 (Business Studies)

Case-based questions have always been an integral part of the Business Studies question paper for many years in the past. The case studies have always been considered to be challenging for the students, for such questions demand the application of their knowledge of the fundamental business concepts and principles. Last year i.e-  2021 CBSE introduced a few changes in the Business Studies question paper pattern to enhance and develop analytical and reasoning skills among students.

It was decided that the questions would be based on real-life scenarios encountered by the students.CBSE not only changed the way case-based questions were formulated but also incremented their weightage in the Business Studies question paper. The sole purpose of increasing the weightage of case-based questions in the class 11 curriculum by CBSE was to drift from rote learning to competency and situation-based learning.

What is a case study question? (Business Studies)

In Business Studies, a case study is more like a real-world test of how the implementation works. It is majorly a report of an organization’s implementation of anything, such as a practice,a product, a system, or a service. The questions would be based on the NCERT textbook for class 11 Business Studies. Case-based questions will definitely carry a substantial weightage in the class 11 Business Studies question paper. questions.

A hypothetical text will be provided on the basis of which the student is expected to solve the given case-based question asked in the Business Studies class 11 exam. Initially, the newly introduced case-based questions appeared to be confusing for both the students and the teachers. Perhaps, they were reluctant to experiment with something new but now a lot more clarity is there that has made the question paper quite student-friendly.

Case study questions could be based on any chapter or concept present in the NCERT textbook. Thus, it is expected from the students to thoroughly revise and memorize the key business fundamentals. 

Business Studies syllabus of class 11 CBSE   

The entire Business Studies course is divided into 2 parts:

  • Part A, Foundation of Business
  • Part B, Finance and Trade

The class 11 Business Studies exam is for a total of 100 marks, 80 marks are for the theory and the remaining 20 for the project. Most of the questions are based on the exercises from the NCERT textbook. It is recommended to rigorously go through the contents of the book. A single textbook has been published by NCERT for Class 11 Business studies. There are a total of 10 chapters in this book divided into 2 parts. 

CBSE Class – 11

Business Studies (Code No. 054)

Theory: 80 Marks Time: 3 Hours Project: 20 Marks

Case Study Passage (Business Studies class)

As part of these questions, the students would be provided with a hypothetical situation or text, based on which analytical questions will have to be answered by them. It is a must for the students to read the passage in depth before attempting the questions. In the coming examination cycle (2022-23), case-based questions have a weightage of around 30%. These questions can be based on each chapter in the NCERT book for Business Studies, grade 11.

Students must prepare well for the case-based questions before appearing for their Business Studies exam as these questions demand complete knowledge of the various concepts in their syllabus. CBSE plans to increase the weightage of such questions in the upcoming years.

Sample case-based Questions in Business Studies

Business Studies as a subject provides a way of perceiving and interacting with the business ecosystem. It is a core subject of the commerce stream that is purely theoretical and relevantly easier than the other compulsory subjects of the stream. Class 11 Business Studies syllabus is closely related to trade and commerce. The subject cannot be ignored as it is the foundation of many concepts and theories which are studied at an advanced level in class 12.

The case-based questions asked in the CBSE Business Studies question paper for class 11 are of two types:

As per the latest circular issued by CBSE on Assessment and Evaluation practices of the board for the session 2022-23, CBSE has clearly mentioned that competency-based questions including case studies will be different from subjective questions.  

The questions can also be categorized on their difficulty level:

  • Direct: such questions can be easily solved. Their answer is visible in the given passage itself.
  • Indirect/ Analytical: such questions are confusing and tricky. These can be solved by the application of the theory or principle that is highlighted in the provided text. 

How To Prepare For Case-based Questions? (Business Studies grade 11)

Students need to prepare well for the case-based questions before appearing for their class 11 Business Studies exam. Here are some tips which will help the student to solve the case-based questions at ease:

  • Read the provided text carefully
  • Try to comprehend the situation and focus on the question asked
  • Analyze and carefully answer the question asked
  • In general, the passage given would be lengthy in Business Studies case-based questions but their solutions are comparatively short and simple
  • One can significantly save time if they follow a reversal pattern, that is going through the questions before reading the comprehensive case study passage.
  • Answer in a concise manner
  • One should concentrate on solidifying key fundamental principles/theories
  • Go through the NCERT textbook in depth. The language used is crisp and simple.
  • While providing solutions to the case-based question, pick the keyword/keyline based on which you are driving insights.

 In order to excel in the Business Studies class 11 exam, one needs to ignore the shortcut techniques and get to read the NCERT textbook rigorously. Case studies can be easily solved if your key fundamentals are strong and clear. The best part of having these questions is that the asked question itself projects a hint of its answer. These simple points if kept in mind will definitely help the students to fetch good marks in case study questions, class 11 Business Studies. 

Case study question examples in Business Studies

Here a re some given case study questions for CBSE class 11 Business Studies. If you wish to get more case study questions and other study material, download the myCBSEguide app now. You can also access it through our student dashboard.

Business Studies Case Study 1

Read the hypothetical text given and answer the following questions:

Manish, Rahul and Madhav live in the same locality. They used to meet and discuss their ideas. After discussing the recent fire breakout in their area, they decided to take fire insurance for their house or work area. Manish gets his house insured against fire for ₹1 lakh and during the policy period, his house gets damaged due to fire and the actual loss amounts to ₹2.5 lakh. The insurance company acquired the burning material and approved his claim. Rahul gets his godown insured against fire for ₹1 lakh but does not take enough precautions to minimize the chances of fire like installing fire extinguishers in the factory. During the policy, a fire takes place in his godown and he does not take any preventive steps like throwing water and calling the employees from the fire fighting department to control the fire. He suffered a loss of ₹1,20,000. Madhav took a fire insurance policy of ₹20 lakh for his factory at an annual payment of ₹24,000. In order to reduce the annual premium, he did not disclose that highly explosive chemicals are being manufactured in his factory. Due to a fire, his factory gets severely damaged. The insurance company refused to make payment for the claim as it became aware of the highly explosive chemicals.

How much can Manish claim from the insurance company?

  • None of the above

How much compensation can Rahul get from the insurance company?

Which principle is violated in the case of Rahul?

  • Insurable Interest
  • Utmost Good Faith

How much amount is the insurance company liable to pay to Madhav if he files a case against it?

  • Insufficient information

Which principle of Insurance is violated by Madhav?

  • Insurable interest
  • Subrogation
  • Proximate Cause

The insurance company acquired the burnt material and approved his claim. Which principle of Insurance is highlighted in the given statement.

  • (a) Mitigation
  • (a) Utmost Good Faith
  • (d) Subrogation

Business Studies Case Study 2

 Sarthak Electronics Ltd. has a loss of Rs 15,00,000 to pay. They are short of funds so they are trying to find means to arrange funds. Their manager suggested a claim from the insurance company against stock lost due to fire in the warehouse. He actually meant that they can put their warehouse on fire and claim from insurance companies against stock insured. They will use the claim money to pay the loan.

  • Will the company receive a claim if the surveyor from the insurance company comes to know the real cause of fire?
  • Write any two Values which the company ignores while planning to arrange money from false claims.
  • State any three elements of fire insurance

Business Studies Case Study 3

OLX and qickr are examples of well-known websites used to conduct business. Tarasha’s sofa set got spoiled in the rain. Her friend suggested that she should change the fabric so that it looks new and put it for sale on Olx. Tarasha followed her friend’s advice and got her sofa repaired so that it looked better and uploaded nicely clicked pictures on the website without disclosing the fact that it was damaged from the inside. She found a buyer and sold it for Rs 10,000. After five days the buyer found the real state of the sofa set and called Tarasha but she did not answer any of the calls.

  • identify the type of business highlighted in the above case.
  • Identify any two values which are overlooked by Tarasha.
  • Explain any two benefits and limitations of e-business.

Advantages of case study questions in Business Studies

Class 11 Business Studies syllabus is not very vast but has to be focussed upon as it forms the base for your 12th grade Business Studies syllabus. Students are supposed to prepare themselves thoroughly from the NCERT textbook. The Case-based questions prominently focus on the real and current scenarios of the Business world. Approximately 30% of the question paper will comprise case study questions that demand high-order thinking and reasoning skills from the students. The students ought to practice class 11 Business Studies case-based questions from the various options available to them, so as to excel in the subject.

  • Enhance the qualitative and quantitative analysis skills of students
  • Provides an in-depth understanding of the key Business theories/concepts
  • Inculcate intellectual capabilities in students
  • Help students retain knowledge for a longer period of time
  • The questions would help to discard the concept of rote learning
  • Case studies promote and strengthen practical learning.

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Create a System to Grow Consistently

  • Paul Leinwand

case studies of forms of business organisation

Delivering consistent growth is one of the hardest things a company can do. A brilliant idea or product innovation can create a burst of episodic growth, but few companies demonstrate growth year in and year out, especially amid the disruptions and uncertain economy we’ve experienced during the 2020s. Some companies have managed to sustain consistent growth, however.

Research from PwC reveals that the highest-performing organizations invest in a growth system, an integrated collection of capabilities and assets that drives both short-term and long-term growth. The authors provide a framework for building a growth system offering case examples highlighting Toast, IKEA, Vertex, Adobe, and Roblox.

Five elements can move you beyond episodic success.

Delivering sustained growth is one of the hardest things a company can do. A brilliant idea or product innovation can create a burst of episodic growth, but few companies demonstrate growth year in and year out, especially amid the disruptions and uncertain economy we’ve experienced during the 2020s. Some companies have cracked the code on sustained growth, however, while realizing the elusive goal of knowing precisely where next quarter’s revenue will come from.

Invest in prediction, adaptability, and resilience.

  • Paul Blase is a principal at PwC U.S. and leads the firm’s growth platform. He advises executives on designing systems to deliver consistent growth.
  • Paul Leinwand is a principal at PwC U.S., a global managing director at Strategy&, and an adjunct professor at Northwestern’s Kellogg School. He is a coauthor, with Mahadeva Matt Mani, of Beyond Digital: How Great Leaders Transform Their Organizations and Shape the Future (HBR Press, 2022).

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  • Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2

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CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter-2 Important Questions - Free PDF Download

Class 11 students who are preparing for the business studies exams must try out these important questions of Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 Forms of Business Organisations that our subject experts have framed by strictly following the CBSE syllabus and marking scheme. Students can prepare the chapter effectively for their exams by referring to the PDF files . These questions cover the crucial topics of the chapters. Students can refer to CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 NCERT Solutions and Revision Note as well available on the main page of Vedantu. It will boost their preparation and help them fetch more marks during the exam. There is a high chance that some of these questions may be asked in the examination. Hence, downloading the psd to practice all the questions thoroughly is beneficial.

Topics Covered in Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2

Introduction to Forms of Business Organisation

Sole proprietorship

Joint Hindu Family Business

Partnership

Types of Companies

Choice of Forms of Business Organisation  

Study Important Questions for class 11 Business studies Chapter— 2 Forms Of Business Organization

Very Short Answer Questions (1 Marks)

1. Who elects B.O.D of Joint Stock Company?

Ans : Shareholders elect the Board of Directors of a Joint Stock Company.

2. In which form of business profits are not shared?

Ans: In a sole proprietorship, the owner is solely responsible for all profits, losses, assets, and liabilities.

3. Where a business act as an artificial person what act as an official signature

Ans : As a substitute for the company's signature, the common seal with the company's name engraved on it is utilised.

4. Write the names of systems which govern membership in Joint Hindu Family business

Ans:  

1. The Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) is governed by two schools of Hindu law: Mitakshara Law (Law of Mitakshara) Except for Bengal and Assam, the Mitakshara Law extends across India.

2. The Dayabhaga Law applies to Bengalis and Assamese who live in the states of Bengal and Assam, as well as other regions of the world.

5. Enumerate the two conditions necessary for formation of Joint Hindu Family business

1. At least two familial members 

2. They will inherit ancestral property

6. What is the minimum no. of persons required to form a co-operative society?

Ans: A minimum of ten people are necessary to form a cooperative (10).

7. Explain the meaning of unlimited liability.

Ans : Unlimited responsibility refers to a firm's indefinite ability to fulfil its debts or commitments, which extends beyond the firm's owner(s), partners, or shareholders' investments to their personal assets. An unlimited liability company, such as a sole proprietorship or a general partnership, assumes this level of risk.

8. Identify a company which has no restriction of on transfer of shares

Ans : There are no restrictions on the transfer of shares in a public business.

9. Name two types of business in which sole proprietorship is very suitable

Ans: Tutorial classes and a small cell phone repair company are excellent examples of sole proprietorship businesses.

10. Write the name of form of business organisation found only in India

Ans: A joint Hindu family business is a type of business that can only be found in India.

11. Name the person who manages a Joint Hindu Family business

Ans: Karta is the person in charge of a Hindu joint family enterprise.

Short Answer Questions (2 OR 3 Marks)

12. Partners in affirm has different roles and liabilities, Identify and explain the type of partner in a firm from the given examples: 

a) Rama is a partner in a business who has no actual interest in business trade or its profits but she is Paid fee by the firm for lending its name to firm. 

Ans: Rama is a nominal partner in a firm who has no genuine interest in the firm's trade or earnings, but is paid a fee by the firm for providing its name to the firm.

b) In Ram Hari & co. Ltd, Ram & Hari declare Gopal as a partner with knowing that Gopal remain silent then Gopal will be liable to third parties for any loss.

Ans: Ram & Hari declare Gopal as a partner in Ram Hari & Co. Ltd, knowing that if Gopal remains silent, Gopal will be accountable to third parties for any losses.

c) What type of partner is Geeta if she only contribute capital, shar profit and loss if any? 

Ans : Geeta is a sleeping partner if she merely contributes capital and shares profit and loss if any .

d) What type of patner is Giri in Ram Hari & co. Where he is an outsider but represent himself as a partner.

Ans: Giri in Ram Hari & co, Where he is an outsider but represent himself as a partner-Partner by Estoppel 

13. Explain the forms: sole proprietorship, H.U.F & Joint stock company on the basis of following points: Liability, members & Continuity

Ans: The difference between sole proprietorship, H.U.F & Joint stock company is given below:

  

14. Explain the concept of mutual agency in partnership with suitable example.

Ans: The legal relationship between participants in a partnership in which each has authorisation powers and the authority to engage the partnership into business contracts is known as mutual agency. To put it another way, each partnership member has the capacity to make business decisions that commit or tie the partnership as a whole to a business deal with a third party or entity. Even though the partnership agreement expressly forbids it, a grocery store partner who purchases a delivery vehicle makes a legally binding contract in the name of the partnership. On the other hand, if a law firm partner bought a snowmobile for the firm, such behaviour would be illegal.

15. What is meant by partner by estoppel OR Mr. Singh is in ‘lighting’ business for the post 15 years. To help his friend, Mr Yadav, a beginner he projected himself as a partner before Mohd. Abdul, a whole sale dealer of fancy lights. Mohd. Abdul gave Mr. Yadav the stock without asking for payment and gave him credit limit of one month. Will Mr. Singh be liable to Md. Abdul if Mr. Yadav does not pay him on time ? Classify Mr. Singh’s role here along with an explanation

Ans: Partner by Estoppel is a legal term that refers to a legally binding partnership that can exist even though there is no formal partnership agreement in place. A person who advertises himself or herself as a partner in a firm through conduct or words, or enables himself or herself to be represented as such, is accountable for the credit or loans received by the firm on the basis of such representation. Also known as partnership presumption. The partner does not contribute to the capital or administration of the company, yet his responsibility is limitless.

16. What is secret partner

Ans : A secret partner is a person or partner who is not publicly known in a venture or business. He contributes money to the cause. He's a part of the management team, but only behind closed doors. He also shares in the profits and losses of the firm. His, and others', responsibilities are infinite.

17. Write a short note on producer co-operative society

Ans: Producers' Cooperative Societies were formed to safeguard the interests of small farmers. Producers interested in obtaining inputs for the creation of items to meet consumer demand are among the members. Profits are divided based on their contributions to the society's overall pool of products produced or sold.

18. Explain a co-operative organisation in democratic setup.

Ans: A cooperative society is a voluntary group of people who get together for the common good of its members. The cooperative society is governed by the premise of "one man, one vote." Each member has the same number of votes. As a result, democratic values govern cooperative society.

19. Shiv, Anandi & John were partners John died in a car accident Both Shiv & Anandi decided to admit his son Ryan who was 16 years old as partner. Can they do so? Justify.

Ans: Yes, they can admit Ryan as a partner to the partnership firm's advantages with the permission of the partners. A minor is a person who is under the age of eighteen. Because a minor is incapable of forming a legally binding contract. He is unable to become a partner in a firm. A minor can, however, be added to the advantages of an established partnership business with the agreement of all other partners. It's unrealistic to expect him to absorb the losses. His responsibility will be limited to the amount of money he has put into the business. He will be unable to engage fully in the running of the company.

20. Differentiate between private co. and public company

Ans: Difference between private company and public company are as following:

21. Akriti, Sonam & Supreeti were friends who started a partnership business. They did not get their firm registered as it was optional. Soon, Sonam & Supreeti started having conflicts. Sonam wanted to approach a lawyer. If you were a lawyer than how would you guide her ? OR Mangal, Sazia & Suqhbeer Singh wish to start a business in partnership. They want to make a partnership deed, Suggest what aspects of the deed should be included in it ? 

Ans : The term "partnership" refers to a relationship between people who have agreed to split the profits from a firm that is run by all of them or by one of them acting on behalf of all of them. Although firm registration is optional, a partnership deed might be produced to avoid problems between partners. The partnership deed is a written agreement that contains the rules and conditions that govern the partnership.:

A partnership deed generally has the following elements:

• Firm name 

• Nature of company and location of operation 

• Duration of business 

• Each partner's investment 

• Profit and loss distribution

• The partners' responsibilities and obligations 

• The partners' salaries and withdrawals 

• The terms regulating a partner's admission, retirement, and expulsion

22. Explain limitations of Joint Stock Company

Ans: The following are the restrictions: 

• When ownership as well as management are separated, there is a lack of effort and personal commitment on the part of the company's executives.

• A company's information is periodically given to the Registrar of Companies, and therefore information is available to the general public. This restricts a company's operational flexibility and wastes a significant amount of time, effort, and money.

• Communication and acceptance of various ideas to top, middle, and lower level management may cause delays in not just making choices but also carrying them out.

• The Board of Directors is made up of the company's owners, the shareholders.

23. Which form of business is suitable for following types of business and why ? 

(a) Beauty Parlour

Ans: Sole Proprietorship for a Beauty Salon. Created and operated in a simple and cost-effective manner. On his or her personal tax return, the owner declares profit or loss.

(b) Coaching Centre for science students 

Ans: Partnership with a science coaching centre. It's easy to make and run, and it's cheap. On their personal tax returns, partners record their share of profit or loss.

(c) Hotel 

Ans: Joint Stock Companies in the Hotel Industry The limitation on their owners' personal liability for company debts and court judgements against the firm is the major aspect of LLCs and corporations that attracts small enterprises. Another issue to consider is income taxes: you can establish up an LLC or a corporation to take advantage of lower tax rates. Furthermore, an LLC or corporation may be able to offer a variety of fringe benefits to its employees (including the owners) and deduct the cost as a business expense.

(d) Shopping mall 

Ans: JSCs (joint stock companies) are shopping malls. Owners' personal liability for commercial debts is limited .

(e) Restaurant 

Ans : Sole proprietorship of a restaurant. Created and operated in a simple and cost-effective manner. On his or her personal tax return, the owner declares profit or loss.

(f) Small repair business

Ans: Sole Proprietorship for a small repair business. Created and operated in a simple and cost-effective manner. On his or her personal tax return, the owner declares profit or loss.

Long Answer Questions (5 OR 6 Marks)

24. In what type of business, individuals associate voluntarily for profit, having capital dividend into transferable shares, the ownership of which is the condition of membership? Explain with features

Ans : A joint stock company is a voluntary group of people founded for the purpose of carrying out profit-making business activities. It has a different legal position from its members and a capital structure that is divided into transferable shares. A corporation is a legal entity that possesses its own legal identity, perpetual succession, and common seal. The shareholders are the company's owners, and the Board of Directors is the company's top management body, which is elected by the shareholders.

The company's capital is divided into smaller units called "shares," which can be freely transferred from one shareholder to another (except in a private company). The following are the characteristics of a joint stock company: 

• A corporation is a fictitious person. It is a legal creation that exists independently of its members. 

• A corporation acquires its own legal personality. The business and its owners are not considered one and the same by the law.

• Starting a business is a time-consuming, expensive, and difficult process. It is necessary for businesses to be incorporated. 

• It will only be decommissioned after a specialised procedure known as winding up is finished. Members may come and leave, but the company remains in existence. 

• A company's affairs are managed and controlled by the Board of Directors, which appoints top management for corporate operations. 

• A company may or may not have a common seal. 

• The risk of a company's losses is shared by all shareholders.

25. If registration is optional, why do partnership firms willingly go through this legal formality? Explain the reason with procedure to get them registered.

Ans: The registration of a partnership firm is optional. However, it is preferable to have a formal agreement to avoid problems between partners. The following are the implications of a firm's failure to register: 

I. A partner in an unregistered firm cannot sue the firm or other partners; 

Ii. The firm cannot sue third parties; and 

iii. The firm cannot bring a case against the partners. 

The partnership deed is a written agreement that contains the rules and conditions that govern the partnership.

The following elements are usually included in a partnership deed:

• Name of firm 

• Nature of business and location of business 

• Investment made by each partner 

• Profit and loss distribution 

• Partners' duties and obligations 

• Salaries and withdrawals of partners 

• Terms governing admission, retirement, and expulsion of a partner 

• Interest on capital and interest on drawings 

• Procedure for dissolution of a partnership

Firm registration procedure:

1. Submit an application to the Registrar of Firms in the specified form. The following information should be included in the application:

• The firm's name 

• its location 

• the names of other locations where the firm does business 

• the date each partner joined the firm 

• the partners' names and addresses 

• the duration of the relationship All of the partners should sign this application.

2. Make a fee deposit with the Registrar of Firms.

3. Following approval, the Registrar will enter the firm into the register of firms and provide a certificate of registration.

26. Who have equal ownership right over the property of an ancestor? Highlight with its essential characteristics

Ans: A Joint Hindu Family is a type of organisation in which the members of the Hindu Undivided Family own and operate the business (HUF). Membership in the company is based on birth in a certain family, and three generations can be members. The eldest member of the family, known as karta, is in charge of the family's company. Co-parceners are members of a Joint Hindu Family Business who have equal ownership rights over an ancestor's property.

The following are the characteristics of a joint Hindu family business: 

• There is no need for an agreement because membership is by birth. 

• All members, excluding the karta, are only liable for their part of the business's co-parcenery property. The liability of the karta is limitless. 

• The family business is controlled by Karta, and his decisions are binding on everybody. 

• The business continues even after Karta's death, as the next eldest son becomes Karta.

26. Why cooperative forms of organisation are formed? Explain various types of cooperative societies

Ans: A cooperative society is a voluntary group of people who get together for the common good of its members. They are driven by a desire to protect their economic interests against potential abuse by middlemen who are just out to make more money. The procedure of forming a cooperative organisation is straightforward, and all that is required is the approval of at least ten adult individuals. The capital of a society is raised by issuing shares to its members. Following its registration, the society gains an unique legal identity .

Consumer Cooperative Societies are one type of cooperative society. 

It was established to safeguard the interests of consumers.

The society aims to eliminate middlemen in order to achieve operational efficiencies. It buys goods in bulk directly from wholesalers and sells them to members. 

Profits are distributed based on either capital contributions to the society or individual member purchases.

Producers' Cooperative Societies are a type of producer cooperative society. 

It was created to protect the interests of small farmers.

Producers seeking inputs for the creation of commodities to meet consumer wants make up the members. 

Profits are dispersed based on their contributions to the total pool of goods produced or sold by the society.

Marketing Cooperative Societies This organisation was founded to assist small producers in selling their goods. 

The members are producers who want to get fair pricing for their goods. 

It combines the production of individual members and engages in marketing operations such as shipping, storage, packaging, and so on in order to sell the items at the highest possible price. Profits are distributed according on how much each participant contributed.

Farmers' Cooperative Societies are founded to defend farmers' interests by offering superior inputs at a fair cost.  

Members are farmers who want to take up farming activities together. 

The goal is to reap the benefits of large-scale farming while increasing production. Improves yield and returns to farmers while also addressing the issues that come with farming on fragmented land holdings.

Cooperative Credit Societies: It was founded to provide members with quick credit on affordable terms. 

The members are those who are looking for financial assistance in the form of loans. 

The goal of such organisations is to safeguard members from being exploited by lenders who charge exorbitant interest rates on loans.

Cooperative Housing Societies are a type of cooperative housing organisation.  

It was created to assist low-income people in building dwellings at an affordable cost. 

People who want to get a cheaper place to live make up the members of these societies. 

The goal is to solve the members' housing concerns by building houses and allowing them to pay in instalments.

27. Dhirubhai Chaurasiya operates a textile business. His family is joint and has a lot of ancestral property. All the 15 family members are a part of this business. He is the eldest male member in the family so he heads the business. He is liable to all the creditors of the business as he is the decision maker. Dhirubhai’s grandson has just born a few days ago and he is also the member of the business. 

(a) Which form of business is being undertaken by Dhirubhai Chaurasiya ? 

Ans : Dhirubhai Chaurasiya is involved in a joint Hindu family business.

(b) Identify the features of this form of business based on the information given. 

Ans : The following are the features of a joint Hindu family company based on the previous information:

• As 15 family members are involved in the business and have a lot of ancestral property, there should be at least two individuals in the family and ancestral property to be inherited by them.

• Except for the karta, all members' responsibility is restricted to their share of co-parcenery property. The karta has unrestricted liability to all business creditors since he is the decision maker.

(c) Textile business is part of which type of industry according to you ?

Ans: Textile business is part  of Agro based industries.

28. 'Reva Chemicals' is a partnership firm. Sona and Mona one two partners in this firm. It is recorded in the Partnership Deed that Sona's liability is unlimited, whereas Mona's is limited. Sona wants to set up the Anti-Pollution plant in his factory, but Mona does not let him do so. Almost all the transactions of this firm are done through the internet. The firm Sells its goods to other Business units only. The firm gets its Research and Development work done by another firm, who is a specialist of such work.  

i. Describe the type of partnership.  

Ans: It's a limited partnership in which at least one partner's liability is limitless, but the others may have limited liability. Limited partners have no management powers and are unaffected by the firm's or other partners' activities. A partnership of this nature must be registered.

ii. identify the two values being overlooked.  

Ans: The following are the two ideals that are being overlooked: 

• Government rules are being broken; 

• The social responsibility clause is not being followed.

iii. Name the type-business being done by the firm

Ans : It is a B2B (Business to Business) transaction. Short for business-to-business electronic commerce, B2B e-commerce (sometimes written as e-Commerce, eCommerce, or similar variants) is the sale of items or services between businesses over the internet using an online sales portal. In general, it is utilised to help businesses become more efficient. Instead of manually processing orders over the phone or by e-mail, ecommerce allows orders to be processed digitally .

29. Ravi, Pradeep, Satyender and Dharmender are partners in a partnership firm. Ravi and Satyender take active part in the operation of business whereas Pradeep has contributed in Capital but do not take part in day to day activities of the business. Dharmender is a nominal partner. All four make partnership for a specified time period and also make written agreement to govern the partnership but they does not get the firm registered.  

a. What is meant by nominal partner? 

Ans: A nominal partner is one who permits a firm to use his or her name. He neither contributes to the capital nor participates in the administration of the company. He usually does not share profits or losses, and his liability is infinite.

b. Which type of partnership is there between the partners in above?  

Ans: The partners have formed a general partnership. In a general partnership, the partners' responsibility is limitless and joint. The partners have the right to participate in the firm's management, and their actions are binding on both the partners and the firm.

c. What is written agreement between the partners called?

Ans:  The partnership deed is a written agreement between the partners. The partnership deed is a written agreement that contains the rules and conditions that govern the partnership.

d. What type of partners Pradeep and Ravi are?

Ans :  Ravi is a hands-on partner. Active partners are individuals who actively participate in the firm's business on behalf of their fellow partners. They invest money and participate in the operation of the company. He shares in the partnership's profit and loss. His legal responsibility is limitless.

Pradeep is my sleeping companion. Sleeping partners are those who do not participate in the day-to-day operations of the company. They invest capital but do not participate in the management of the company. He shares in the partnership's profit and loss. His legal responsibility is limitless.

e. Give two merits of getting firm registered.

Ans: The following are two advantages of registering a business: 

• An unregistered firm's partner cannot sue the firm or other partners; 

• The firm cannot sue third parties.

30. Explain different types of Partnership on the basis of duration and liability?

Ans: Types of Partnership are as follows:

On the basis of duration: It can endure as long as the partners want it to, and it will terminate when one of them gives written notice of his or her intention to leave the relationship. A partnership created for the aim of completing a specified project, such as the construction of a structure or the performance of a time-limited activity.

On the basis of Liability: Partners have unlimited and joint liability; they have the right to participate in the firm's management, and their acts bind them as well as the firm. 

The limited partners have no authority over the firm or the other partners, and their acts have no legal consequences for the firm or the other partners. It is necessary to register such a partnership.

Importance of CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions for Chapter 2

The questions cover all the necessary topics of the chapter so that students don’t miss out on any important concepts.

When it comes to the last-minute revision of the chapter, going through these important questions will be greatly beneficial.

It is considered the best reference study material for preparing the Business Studies chapter “Forms of Business Organisation” for exams

It highlights the important topics of the chapter that need to be studied well. 

Extra Questions for Practice

List different forms of business organisation.

Write two merits and demerits of a business organisation.

What is a partnership?

Explain “Minor As A Partner”.

What is a partnership deed?

What is a cooperative society?

What is a Joint Stock Company?

Mention any 5 differences between a public company and a private company.

Explain the nature of business briefly.

Explain the process of setting up a cooperative society.

Why Vedantu Has Provided Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2?

The students studying this amazing subject sometimes find it problematic to deal with the question and answer pattern. The students study the chapters well enough, but when the question comes in the exam, they cannot give their best; this may happen for two reasons – they cannot frame the answers well or due to a shortage of time.

Also, this is quite common among students. After studying and understanding the whole concept of the chapter, students find themselves very reluctant to look for important questions and frame each answer for the same. Before the exam days, when students have limited hours to prepare for the exam, they find it very difficult to read the whole chapter with specific detail. 

For all these problems, we at Vedantu have come up with a single solution to infuse these important questions into the study routine. We have prepared a series of important questions from chapter 2 of Business Studies. The students can now know the important questions from the chapter; they can prepare from the textbook while they can refer to our site for the guided important questions (Also, the students can check our site for full-fledged guidance of our master class in this subject of Business Studies). The students who ask for important questions and guidance at the last minute also benefit.   

Chapterwise Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Business Studies

Chapter 1 - Business, Trade and Commerce

Chapter 3 - Private, Public and Global Enterprises

Chapter 4 - Business Services

Chapter 5 - Emerging Modes of Business

Chapter 6 - Social Responsibilities of Business and Business Ethics

Chapter 7 - Formation of a Company

Chapter 8 - Sources of Business Finance

Chapter 9 - Small Business

Chapter 10 - Internal Trade

Chapter 11 - International Business

Summing up, these questions are designed solely with students’ interests. Hence, the students are highly requested to study the important questions from this chapter, as this is one of the important chapters concerning the exam view for their future study in the study of management or the study of business.  

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FAQs on Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2

1. What is Chapter 2 of Class 11 Business Studies about?  

Business Studies Chapter 2 of Class 11 elaborates on various forms of business organisation. Forms of organisations are businesses that differ from each other depending on their ownership and management and the nature of the enterprise. To provide a vivid insight into a business organisation, the Chapter explains properly using examples such as sole proprietorship, cooperative societies, partnership, a company, joint Hindu family, choice of organisation, etc.  

2. According to Chapter 2 of Class 11 Business Studies, what is a sole proprietorship?  

A sole proprietorship is a type of business in which a single person owns the entire enterprise, in which he/she is the only person who manages and owns the business. He/she will be the person enjoying all the profits or bearing all the losses of the enterprise. Most of these are small-scale businesses like small grocery stores or tea stalls.  

3. What are the different types of business partners, according to Chapter 2 of Class 11 Business Studies?  

There are six different types of business partners. They are classified as an active partner, sleeping partner, secret partner, nominal partner, partners by estoppel, and partners by holding out. Out of all these partners, an active partner contributes capital, manages the enterprise, and shares profits and losses. Sleeping partners only invest capital and share profit/loss but do not participate in management. Secret partners invest and share profit/loss and manage work secretly. Rest all the partners do not make any significant contribution.  

4. According to Chapter 2 of Class 11 Business Studies, what is a cooperative society?  

A cooperative society is a private organisation or a business set up by more than one person who comes together with the same motto of their welfare and members. The cooperative society act 1912 was imposed to protect the economic interest of the society, which would otherwise get exploited by middlemen. Hence the act urges all cooperative societies to get registered and should have at least 10 members in their society.  

5. According to Chapter 2 of Class 11 Business Studies, what are the different types of cooperative societies?  

The different types of cooperative societies based on their nature are listed below:

Consumer Cooperative Societies

Producers Cooperative Societies

Marketing Cooperative Societies

Farmers Cooperative Societies

Credit Cooperative Societies

Cooperative Housing Societies  

CBSE Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions

Cbse study materials.

case studies of forms of business organisation

1.4 – Types of Business Organizations

Sole trader/sole proprietorship.

A business organization owned and controlled by one person . Sole traders can employ other workers, but only he/she invests and owns the business.

Advantages:

  • Easy to set up : there are very few legal formalities involved in starting and running a sole proprietorship. A less amount of capital is enough by sole traders to start the business. There is no need to publish annual financial accounts.
  • Full control : the sole trader has full control over the business. Decision-making is quick and easy, since there are no other owners to discuss matters with.
  • Sole trader receives all profit : Since there is only one owner, he/she will receive all of the profits the company generates.
  • Personal : since it is a small form of business, the owner can easily create and maintain contact with customers, which will increase customer loyalty to the business and also let the owner know about consumer wants and preferences.

Disadvantages:

  • Unlimited liability : if the business has bills/debts left unpaid, legal actions will be taken against the investors, where their even personal property can be seized, if their investments don’t meet the unpaid amount. This is because the business and the investors are the legally not separate ( unincorporated ).
  • Full responsibility : Since there is only one owner, the sole owner has to undertake all running activities. He/she doesn’t have anyone to share his responsibilities with. This workload and risks are fully concentrated on him/her.
  • Lack of capital : As only one owner/investor is there, the amount of capital invested in the business will be very low. This can restrict growth and expansion of the business. Their only sources of finance will be personal savings or borrowing or bank loans (though banks will be reluctant to lend to sole traders since it is risky).
  • Lack of continuity : If the owner dies or retires, the business dies with him/her.

Partnerships

A partnership is a legal agreement between two or more (usually, up to twenty) people to own, finance and run a business jointly and to share all profits.

  • Easy to set up : Similar to sole traders, very few legal formalities are required to start a partnership business. A partnership agreement/ partnership deed is a legal document that all partners have to sign, which forms the partnership. There is no need to publish annual financial accounts.
  • Partners can provide new skills and ideas : The partners may have some skills and ideas that can be used by the business to improve business profits.
  • More capital investments : Partners can invest more capital than what a sole trade only by himself could.
  • Conflicts : arguments may occur between partners while making decisions. This will delay decision-making.
  • Unlimited liability : similar to sole traders, partners too have unlimited liability- their personal items are at risk if business goes bankrupt
  • Lack of capital : smaller capital investments as compared to large companies.
  • No continuity : if an owner retires or dies, the business also dies with them.

Joint-stock companies

These companies can sell shares , unlike partnerships and sole traders, to raise capital. Other people can buy these shares (stocks) and become a shareholder (owner) of the company. Therefore they are  jointly owned by the people who have bough it’s stocks. These shareholders then receive dividends (part of the profit; a return on investment).

The shareholders in companies have limited liabilities . That is, only their individual investments are at risk if the business fails or leaves debts. If the company owes money, it can be sued and taken to court, but it’s shareholders cannot. The companies have a separate legal identity from their owners, which is why the owners have a limited liability. These companies are incorporated . (When they’re unincorporated, shareholders have unlimited liability and don’t have a separate legal identity from their business).

Companies also enjoys continuity , unlike partnerships and sole traders. That is, the business will continue even if one of it’s owners retire or die.

Shareholders will elect a board of directors to manage and run the company in it’s day-to-day activities. In small companies, the shareholders with the highest percentage of shares invested are directors, but directors don’t have to be shareholders. The more shares a shareholder has, the more their voting power.

These are two types of companies: Private Limited Companies : One or more owners who can sell its’ shares to only the people known by the existing shareholders (family and friends). Example: Ikea. Public Limited Companies : Two or more owners who can sell its’ shares to any individual/organization in the general public through stock exchanges (see Economics: topic 3.1 – Money and Banking ). Example: Verizon Communications.

  • Limited Liability : this is because, the company and the shareholders have separate legal identities.
  • Raise huge amounts of capital : selling shares to other people (especially in Public Ltd. Co.s), raises a huge amount of capital, which is why companies are large.
  • Public Ltd. Companies can advertise their shares, in the form of a  prospectus,  which tells interested individuals about the business, it’s activities, profits, board of directors, shares on sale, share prices etc. This will attract investors.
  • Required to disclose financial information : Sometimes, private limited companies are required by law to publish their financial statements annually, while for public limited companies, it is legally compulsory to publish all accounts and reports. All the writing, printing and publishing of such details can prove to be very expensive, and other competing companies could use it to learn the company secrets.
  • Private Limited Companies cannot sell shares to the public . Their shares can only be sold to people they know with the agreement of other shareholders. Transfer of shares is restricted here. This will raise lesser capital than Public Ltd. Companies.
  • Public Ltd. Companies require a lot of legal documents and investigations before it can be listed on the stock exchange.
  • Public and Private Limited Companies must also hold an Annual General Meeting (AGM) , where all shareholders are informed about the performance of the company and company decisions, vote on strategic decisions and elect board of directors. This is very expensive to set up, especially if there are thousands of shareholders.
  • Public Ltd. Companies may have managerial problems : since they are very large, they become very difficult to manage. Communication problems may occur which will slow down decision-making.
  • In Public Ltd. Companies, there may be a divorce of ownership and control : The shareholders can lose control of the company when other large shareholders outvote them or when board of directors control company decisions.

A summary of everything learned until now, in this section, in case you’re getting confused:

Capture

The owner of a business (the franchisor) grants a licence to another person or business (the franchisee) to use their business idea – often in a specific geographical area. Fast food companies such as McDonald’s and Subway operate around the globe through lots of franchises in different countries.

Joint Ventures

Joint venture is an agreement between two or more businesses to work together on a project . The foreign business will work with a domestic business in the same industry. Eg: Google Earth is a joint venture/project between Google and NASA.

  • Reduces risks and cuts costs
  • Each business brings different expertise to the joint venture
  • The market potential for all the businesses in the joint venture is increased
  • Market and product knowledge can be shared to the benefit of the businesses

Disadvantages

  • Any mistakes made will reflect on all parties in the joint venture, which may damage their reputations
  • The decision-making process may be ineffective due to different business culture or different styles of leadership

Public Sector Corporations

  • to keep  prices low  so everybody can afford the service.
  • to keep people  employed .
  • to  offer a service  to the  public  everywhere.
  • Some businesses are considered  too important  to be owned by an individual. (electricity, water, airline)
  • Other businesses, considered  natural monopolies , are controlled by the government. (electricity, water)
  • Reduces waste  in an industry. (e.g. two railway lines in one city)
  • Rescue   important  businesses when they are failing through nationalisation
  • Provide  essential services  to the people
  • Motivation  might not be as high because profit is not an objective
  • Subsidies  lead to  inefficiency . It is also considered unfair for private businesses
  • There is normally  no competition  to public corporations, so there is no incentive to improve
  • Businesses could be run for  government popularity

Notes submitted by Lintha

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29 thoughts on “ 1.4 – Types of Business Organizations ”

WHOEVER CREATED THESES NOTES ARE THE REAL DEFINITION FOR LIFE SAVERS…..I am studying from these notes and not using my textbook because this is literally a better version of textbook. Thank You so much guys

It was life saving

Awesome notes really helped me a day before my exam

Excellent Notes! Just a tiny mistake in the joint stock companies, 2nd paragraph, 3rd last line, shareholders will have unlimited liability instead of limited liability

Thank you for pointing it out. Fixed!

Shoutout to all you people who spend time and effort on making and organizing all these notes to help other students, because these notes are seriously so damn helpful :))

Like Liked by 1 person

Thank you so much! It’s comments like these that make it all worth it ❤

I really find these helpful. The notes are so organised and precise.

Thank you !!

This is just the best, and thank god I came across this at the beginning of my course. THANK YOU SO MUCH!

the notes are incomplete; Franchising and public cooperation are completely missing

These notes are tailored to the old syllabus – that might explain some of the ‘gaps’ in our notes. We are currently working on updated notes for the new syllabus!

are they tailored for the new syllabus now

I really find this helpful and not just business studies but with my sciences too. It explains some tricky concepts well in a way that I can understand well. Thank you!

So glad we could help! 🙂

I have my board tomorrow, i guess this is gonna help me the most

We are glad we could help!

I have just noticed a few potential errors… Thought of sharing- Isn’t Reliance Industries Limited a Public Limited Company?? And, in the table at the end of the article, isn’t the symbol after the”2″ have to be “>” ??

You’re right about Reliance. It is, in fact, a public limited company. I have changed the example to Ikea, which is a private limited company. As for the second point, ‘2>’ would mean 2 is the bigger number. To imply a no. of shareholders greater than two we would use either ‘>2’ or ‘2<’.

Thanks so much, Lintha! And could you pls start the Notes for Econs? (the updated syllabus) if u want, the ISBN for Econs: 978-1-108-44038-7

Yes, I’ve just started updating the Economics notes. I hope to finish them by the end of May.

Thank you so much for this!

thanks so much, Lintha

this was soooo helpful…especially when i didnt have my textbook… keep it up

Thank you!!

This is beyond helpful. Thankyou.

Welcome!! 😀

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NCERT Solution for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2 - Forms of Business Organisation

NCERT Solutions are considered an exceptionally helpful book while preparing for the CBSE Class 11 Business Studies examinations. This study resource contains in-depth knowledge, and the Solutions collated by the subject-matter experts are no different. This chapter is a brief introduction to the concept of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2 – Forms of Business Organisation.

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Short Questions for NCERT Business Studies Solutions Class 11 Chapter 2

1. Compare the status of a minor in a Joint Hindu Family Business with that in a partnership firm.

According to Indian Law, a person below 18 years of age is said to be a minor. In a Joint Hindu family, a minor becomes a part of the family business by virtue of taking birth in the family. The minor gets equal ownership and right over the property and business like other family members. But, he has limited liability only up to his share in the property.

In a partnership firm, a minor cannot become a partner according to the Indian Partnership Act 1932. But if all the partners of a firm give their consent, a minor can be inducted, and he can share the profits of the firm, but a minor need not contribute capital or bear any liability if it is sustained by the business. Minors are not considered to be partners. However, after attaining 18 years, they can continue the partnership or withdraw the same.

2. If registration is optional, why do partnership firms willingly go through this legal formality and get themselves registered? Explain.

Registration in the case of a partnership is not mandatory, but it is better to get it registered as there are many negative points of not doing registration. Some points are highlighted below:

1. Partners of a firm that is not registered cannot file a case against a third party; however, other firms can seek legal action against the firm even though it is not registered.

2. A non-registered firm cannot book a case against its partner or partners, and a partner also cannot do the same against the firm.

3. Claims cannot be enforced against a third party in a court of law.

3. State the important privileges available to a private company.

The following are the privileges that are enjoyed by a private company:

1. A private company can be started by 2 members, while a minimum of 7 persons are necessary to start a public company.

2. Two directors are enough for running operations in a private company, while a minimum of 3 is required in a public company.

3. A private company can start a business from the day of receiving the certificate of incorporation. But, a public company has to obtain two certificates, namely, the certificate of commencement and the certificate of incorporation, to start a business.

4. How does a cooperative society exemplify democracy and secularism? Explain.

A cooperative society is managed by people who are selected by all the members through voting. Each member has an equal right to vote, irrespective of the capital they have invested. Thus, it acts as a democracy where all members are treated equally and provides equal rights to all members. Also, there is no discrimination of members based on their caste, religion or sex. All members are free to choose members of the managing committee who they feel are best to represent them. Therefore, it signifies secularism.

5. What is meant by ‘partner by estoppel’? Explain .

Partner by estoppel is referred to as that person who, through his action, behaviour or words, gives the impression to others that he is a partner of that particular firm. Such type of partner is not a partner and is not liable to contribute any capital to the firm, nor is he a part of any profit or loss of the firm. But, the same person will be held liable for the debts that the firm owes. And as such, repaying debts can be made by selling off the private assets of the partner by estoppel in case the firm has insufficient assets or funds.

6. Explain the following terms in brief.

(a) Perpetual succession

(b) Common seal

(d) Artificial person

(a)   Perpetual succession : The meaning of perpetual succession is that a company will continue to function till it is not made to dissolve by an act of law. It also means that a company will not stop functioning in the event of death, insolvency or retirement of one or more of its members.

(b)   Common seal : Common seal is the official signature of the company that can be used by its board members to sign all the major documents. As the company is an artificial setup created by law, a common seal helps authenticate the documents, which can be used as evidence in a court of law.

(c)   Karta: Karta is the head of the Hindu Undivided Family. A Karta title is given to the eldest member of the family. He is the one who has the ultimate decision-making power in the family in terms of business. As a head of the family and business organisation, a Karta is bestowed with unlimited liabilities and supreme decision-making power in the family.

(d )   Artificial person : A company or business entity is referred to as an artificial person because, unlike human beings, it cannot walk, sleep, breathe and eat. However, it is bound by the law as it is created as a legal entity. It can sue or get sued by other firms.

Long Questions for NCERT Business Studies Solutions Class 11 Chapter 2

1. What do you understand by a sole proprietorship firm? Explain its merits and limitation.

A sole proprietorship firm is managed, owned and controlled by a single individual, also known as a sole proprietor. He earns all the profits and is responsible for all losses of the business.

The following are the merits of a sole proprietorship:

1. Sole proprietorship business is easy to set up as it requires very few legal formalities. Similarly, the winding up of the sole proprietorship business is free from hassles.

2. Decision-making is quick, as only one person is responsible for decision-making.

3. The owner is the one who reaps all benefits and also all losses which arise from the business.

The following are the limitations of a sole proprietorship:

1. Amount of capital invested in a business will be less as only one person is running the business.

2. All the responsibilities of the business are managed by one person which can hamper the business due to a lack of expert knowledge.

3. The business is impacted in cases of illness or death of the proprietor. Hence, stability is uncertain.

2. Why is partnership considered by some to be a relatively unpopular form of business ownership? Explain the merits and limitations of partnership.

A partnership is considered as an unpopular form of business ownership due to the factors such as the possible conflict between partners, limitation of resources, unlimited liabilities and the lack of continuity in business.

Here are some of the merits of a partnership:

1. A partnership is easy to form as it involves an agreement between two or more partners, which can be either oral or in a written format. Registration is not compulsory. Also, the closure of a partnership can be done at any time based on mutual agreement between partners.

2. Decision-making involves the opinion of all the partners. This helps in forming a balanced decision regarding business.

3. Sharing of risks is among the partners, hence a certain individual partner does not have to take all the burden

Here are some of the limitations of a partnership:

1. All partners have unlimited liability in a partnership. In case of bankruptcy, the personal assets of the partners can be utilised.

2. A firm has a limited number of partners; hence the finance is limited.

3. As a shared decision-making model is used, every individual will have their own opinion, and that can lead to conflicts.

3. Why is it important to choose an appropriate form of organisation? Discuss the factors that determine the choice of form of organisation.

There are various options or types of business to choose from, and each business will have a different set of requirements and risks involved; also, the growth prospects of a business will vary according to the type of organisation chosen. Thus, it is necessary to choose the suitable one.

The following are the deciding factors of a business:

1. Nature of business: For starting a business, an individual needs to decide the type of business he should start with. For example, if the business deals with direct customer interaction, a sole proprietorship is best, while other business types are suitable where no or less customer interaction is there.

2. Cost: The initial cost of setting up a company is a factor that should be kept in mind. If the budget is less, the best option is to start with a sole proprietorship.

3. Liability: Individuals starting a business should also think about the liability that comes along with a business. Business forms such as sole proprietorship and partnership carry unlimited liability and need to clear debts by selling off personal assets, while a company has a limited liability that is based on its assets.

4. Continuity: Business forms such as partnership and sole proprietorship are impacted by the loss of a partner or the proprietor. Other forms, such as cooperative societies or companies, are not impacted by such factors. If the business is seeking permanency, a company or cooperatives are the best bet.

5. Control: If one wants sole control over the business, then sole proprietorship is best, while partnership or company structure is best if shared decision-making is needed.

6. Managerial ability: If the business is large enough to maintain the business, many skilled professionals are required, then a company form of business is the best option. However, if the business is limited and very little management is required, then sole proprietorship is the best choice.

4. Discuss the characteristics, merits and limitations of a cooperative form of organisation. Also, describe the different types of cooperative societies briefly.

A cooperative is an organisation which is formed by a voluntary association of individuals who join together to protect and promote their common interests.

Characteristics:

1. It is mandatory to register a cooperative society under the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912. It is granted the status of a separate legal entity upon completion of registration.

2. It follows a democratic form of organisation, and a managing committee manages the operations, and this committee is selected by members based on one vote per member.

1. Simple setup as per Cooperative Societies Act, 1912. Easy to form as a minimum of 10 members only is required; all should be adults.

2. A cooperative society is a continuing form of business organisation that is unaffected by insanity, insolvency or death of its members.

Limitations:

1. Have to follow the rules and regulations set by cooperative departments of the state.

2. Have to submit audit reports of accounts to the government.

3. Management comprises inexperienced people who lack efficiency and may not be well equipped to manage the organisation.

Types of Cooperative Societies:

1. Consumer Cooperative: These are formed in order to make consumer goods available at reasonable rates to their members.

2. Producer Cooperative: The objective is to procure materials and machinery and supply them to the members at low prices.

3. Farmers’ Cooperative: An association of small farmers who join together to maximise their productivity and earning potential.

4. Housing Cooperative: These aim to provide affordable housing solutions to its members.

5. Marketing Cooperative: These cooperatives are formed by farmers, small producers and artisans to promote their services in the market.

6. Credit Cooperative: These cooperatives provide credit to their members at low rates of interest.

5. Distinguish between a Joint Hindu family business and a partnership.

6. Despite limitations of size and resources, many people continue to prefer sole proprietorship over other forms of organisation. Why?

The reason behind choosing sole proprietorship as the business form is due to the many benefits it offers despite limitations in areas of size and resources. The benefits are mentioned below:

1. It is very easy to set up a sole proprietorship business as very few legal formalities are required. Similarly, the winding up of the business is also hassle-free.

2. As the sole decision maker, the sole proprietor enjoys complete hold over the business, which makes decisions quick.

3. Sole proprietor enjoys all the profits earned by the business and, at the same has to bear all the losses.

4. Highly flexible in operations as the sole proprietor is the only person managing the operation.

Application Questions for NCERT Business Studies Solutions Class 11 Chapter 2

1. In which form of organisation is a trade agreement made by one owner binding on the others? Give reasons to support your answer.

In a partnership form of business, a trade agreement made by any one owner becomes legally binding for the other partners. This is due to the fact that every partner is, by rule, both agent and a principal. So each partner acts as an agent of the firm and binds all other partners, and each partner is also principal of the firm, so he is bound by the action of other partners

2. The business assets of an organisation amount to Rs. 50,000, but the debts that remain unpaid are Rs. 80,000. What course of action can the creditors take if (a) The organisation is a sole proprietorship firm (b) The organisation is a partnership firm with Anthony and Akbar as partners. Which of the two partners can the creditors approach for repayment of the debt? Explain, giving reasons.

(a) As the sole proprietor has unlimited liability in the case of a sole proprietorship, creditors can claim the personal assets of the proprietor in case of debt repayment.

(b) The creditors can approach both partners, Anthony and Akbar , and they need to pay as per their share in the partnership. If one of the partners becomes insolvent, then the other partner can be approached for debt repayment.

3. Neha is a sole proprietor. Over the past decade, her business has grown from operating a neighbourhood corner shop selling accessories such as artificial jewellery, bags, hair clips and nail art to a retail chain with three branches in the city. Although she looks after the varied functions in all the branches, she wonders whether she should form a company to manage the business better. She also has plans to open branches countrywide. (a) Explain two benefits of remaining a sole proprietor (b) Explain two benefits of converting to a joint stock company (c) What role will her decision to go nationwide play in her choice of form of the organisation? (d) What legal formalities will she have to undergo to operate the business as a company?

(a) The benefits of remaining a sole proprietor are listed below:

1. All profits of the business are owned by a sole proprietor

2. Independent decision-making can be done in the case of a sole proprietorship

(b) The following are two benefits of converting to a joint stock company.

1. Capital can be expanded by the issue of new shares.

2. The owners’ liability is limited only to the amount invested by them as capital.

(c) A joint stock company will best serve her interest if the plan is to go nationwide.

(d) The following formalities need to be completed for operating a joint stock company:

1. Company promotion

2. Creating necessary documents such as a Memorandum of Association (MoA), Article of Association (AoA) and the mandatory agreement and declaration.

3. Obtaining a certificate of incorporation

4. Obtaining a certificate for commencement of business

Concepts covered in this chapter are as follows:

Given below are the concepts covered in the Chapter 2 of NCERT Class 11 Solutions Business Studies –

  • Introduction
  • Sole Proprietorship
  • Joint Hindu Family Business
  • Partnership
  • Types of Partner
  • Types of Partnership
  • Partnership Deed
  • Registration of Partnership Firm
  • Joint Stock Company
  • Types of Companies

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2 provides a broad degree of illustrative examples, which helps the students to comprehend and learn quickly. The above-mentioned are the questions and solutions as per the Class 11 CBSE syllabus. For more solutions and study materials of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies , visit BYJU’S or download the App for more information and the best learning experience.

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BUSM2572 A1 case study - Woodside Energy

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  1. There Are Four Primary Forms of Organizations

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  4. Forms of Business Organization

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  5. (PDF) FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

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    Access NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 2 - Forms of Business Organisation. Short Questions for NCERT Business Studies Solutions Class 11 Chapter 2. 1. Compare the status of a minor in a Joint Hindu Family Business with that in a partnership firm. According to Indian Law, a person below 18 years of age is said to be a minor.

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  25. BUSM2572 A1 case study

    Business document from Holmesglen Institute of TAFE , 1 page, College of Business and Law — BUSM2572 Business in Society Assessment 1 case study: Woodside Energy — This list contains all the links to information about the case study organisation, Woodside Energy, that you will need to prepare your report. • Woodside