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Research and Citation Resources
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If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the search page or the Site Map . The Citation Chart provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.
Conducting Research
These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.
Using Research
These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.
APA Style (7th Edition)
These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster
Chicago Manual of Style
This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style
These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.
American Medical Association (AMA) Style
These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.
Research Overview
We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?
Conducting Primary Research
Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.
Evaluating Sources of Information
Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.
Searching Online
This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.
Internet References
This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.
Archival Research
This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.
This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.
APA Style, 7th ed.: Citing Webpages & Media
- Citing Books
- Citing Periodicals
- Citing Webpages & Media
- Citing Cancelled Scholarly Events in the Age of CoronaVirus This link opens in a new window
Nonperiodical Web document, Web page, or report
The general rule for citing Web pages in APA format is to include as much information as possible. If there is no date available, use (n.d.), which stands for "no date". If the website URL you are citing runs onto the next line, be sure to break the address after a "/" (http:// is an exception). More information about electronic sources is available on the Purdue OWL site.
Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. Author's Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day of publication).
Title of report/ document . http://webpage address
Doctorow, C. (2009, August 13). Photos of science fiction writers' nests . http://www.boingboing.net/2009/08/13/photos-of-science-fi.html
Web page with no author
When there is no author for a Web page, the title of the page takes the place of the author and is listed first. If there is no date available, use (n.d.), which stands for "no date". If the website URL you are citing runs onto the next line, be sure to break the address after a "/" (https:// is an exception).
Title of document. (Year, Month Day of publication). https://webpageaddress
Tenn. couple accused of assault using Cheetos. (2009, June 27). https://msnbc.msn.com/id31580100/ns/us_news-weird_news/
Graphic Data
Give the name of the organization or individual followed by the date and the title. If there is no title, in brackets, you should provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Include the URL and the retrieval date if there is no publication date.
Examples of graphic data include interactive maps, infographics, graphs and charts, and other graphic representations of data.
HatchMed. (2017). 8 ways to improve patient satisfaction [Infographic]. HatchMed.com.
https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to-improve-patient-satisfaction
Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Purdue University]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z
YouTube & Streaming Video
[username]. (year, month date). title of video [video]. streaming service. url.
Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube.
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s
Podcast Episodes
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast . Publisher. URL
Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab . WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls
In-Text Citations
For an overview of the ways to cite electronic information in text in APA style, see the Purdue OWL , which provides an overview of the basic in text citation formats.
The APA Style website provides an overview of information regarding citations in text of electronic material on the APA Frequently Asked Questions page , including e-mail communications , entire websites , web pages with no authors , and website material with no author, no year, and no page numbers .
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APA Style Help & Tools
{{page_title}}, best bet: apa's academic writer.
Academic Writer is the only authoritative and complete online environment for teaching, writing, and publishing in APA Style®, now updated to the 7th Edition. Designed to help users develop their writing and professional research skills, Academic Writer combines sophisticated learning and teaching tools, advanced writing and content management technology, and full integration of APA’s best-selling Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association® to create an unparalleled web-based suite of integrated services and tools.
Access Academic Writer anytime with this link:
library.purdueglobal.edu/academicwriter
Academic Writer Documentation & Tips
The below links lead to more information, tips, and training about the basics of using Academic Writer.
- Library Guide to Academic Writer
- Getting Started Guide (PDF)
- Creating Academic Writer Accounts (PDF)
- Accessing the Publication Manual (PDF)
- Technical Requirements
Using Academic Writer's Writing Tools
Academic Writer contains a Writing section where you can create and write a full APA-formatted paper. You can write the entire paper in Academic Writer or just use it to setup the title page, headings, and references. Export your work at any time to a Microsoft Word document. Below are documents from Academic Writer about the essential features of their Writing tools.
- Setting up the Title Page
- Adding References to Papers (PDF)
- Adding In-Text Citations (PDF)
- Adding Tables (PDF)
- Exporting Papers (PDF)
Featured Items from Academic Writer
Basics of APA Style
Learn the basics of APA Style, including how to format a manuscript, understand the form and function of common manuscript parts, organize and express your thoughts clearly and precisely, employ the mechanics of style, use graphic elements effectively, credit sources and acknowledge the contributions of others, and construct a comprehensive and reliable reference list.
Academic Writer
© 2020 American Psychological Association.
How to Avoid Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism
Learn how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism, including how to identify plagiarism, understand its risks and consequences, cite sources properly, and develop sound writing practices.
Learn how to set up the title page of an APA Style paper, including the page header and running head, title, author name and affiliation, and author note.
Paper Template: ("Merenda" Sample Student Paper)
This sample response paper presents a university student's personal reaction to an article about whether medication is prescribed too often to young children to treat psychological disorders. The title page demonstrates the simple default layout for a student paper. The paper has a simple setup with only a title page, body of text, and references. No "running head"! Response papers typically do not include author notes or abstracts, though this may vary by assignment.
Visit the Writing Center
Need writing help? Visit the Writing Center to contact a tutor, submit your paper for review and feedback, or ask APA Style-related questions, as well as access dozens of writing tutorials, videos, webinars, and other instructional resources.
- Writing Center
PG Writing Center's Top APA Links
- Common Citations in APA Format
- APA Title Page and Running Head Video
- APA (7th Edition) Demystified in 5 Minutes Video
- Formatting an APA Style (7th Edition) Reference List Video
- Writing With Integrity (APA Style 7th Ed.)
eBook on APA Style 7th Edition
Zotero: Free Reference Management Tool
Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. This tool is especially popular for heavy researchers at the grad level and above.
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- Citing a Book
- Citing a Journal Article
- Citing a Newspaper
- Citing a Website
- In-Text Citations
- Format/Guidelines
In Text Citations of Electronic Material (Websites) (Updated to 7th ed., 2020)
The APA Style website provides an overview of information regarding in-text citations of electronic material on the Basic Principles of Citation page.
- Special instructions for personal communications including emails
The Purdue OWL website also maintains a list of helpful tips for citing various electronic sources.
- Purdue OWL: APA Format, Electronic Sources
Check out the quick guide from Academic Writer, just click on the screenshot below:
Webpage or Website Reference
Learn how to format references for any material found on websites, including lecture notes or PowerPoint slides.
Academic Writer
© 2020 American Psychological Association.
Nonperiodical Web document, Web page, or report (Updated to 7th ed., 2020)
The general rule for citing Web pages in APA format is to include as much information as possible. If there is no date available, use (n.d.), which stands for "no date". More information about electronic sources is available on the Purdue OWL site.
Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. Author's Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of document . http://www.xxxxxxxx
Doctorow, C. (2009, August 13). Photos of science fiction writers' nests . http://www.boingboing.net/2009/08/13/photos-of-science-fi.html
Web page with no author (Updated to 7th ed., 2020)
When there is no author for a Web page, the title of the page takes the place of the author and is listed first. If there is no date available, use (n.d.), which stands for "no date". If the website URL you are citing runs onto the next line, be sure to break the address after a "/" (http:// is an exception).
Title of document. (Year, Month, Day). http://www.xxxxxxx
Tenn. couple accused of assault using Cheetos . (2009, June 27). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31580100/ns/
us_news-weird_news/
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Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide
Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
Author/Editor (By:)
Contributor, corporate author, related organizations, citation type.
- Plagiarism and grammar
- Citation guides
Cite a Website
Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, citing a website in apa.
Once you’ve identified a credible website to use, create a citation and begin building your reference list. Citation Machine citing tools can help you create references for online news articles, government websites, blogs, and many other website! Keeping track of sources as you research and write can help you stay organized and ethical. If you end up not using a source, you can easily delete it from your bibliography. Ready to create a citation? Enter the website’s URL into the search box above. You’ll get a list of results, so you can identify and choose the correct source you want to cite. It’s that easy to begin!
If you’re wondering how to cite a website in APA, use the structure below.
Author Last Name, First initial. (Year, Month Date Published). Title of web page . Name of Website. URL
Example of an APA format website:
Austerlitz, S. (2015, March 3). How long can a spinoff like ‘Better Call Saul’ last? FiveThirtyEight. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-long-can-a-spinoff-like-better-call-saul-last/
Keep in mind that not all information found on a website follows the structure above. Only use the Website format above if your online source does not fit another source category. For example, if you’re looking at a video on YouTube, refer to the ‘YouTube Video’ section. If you’re citing a newspaper article found online, refer to ‘Newspapers Found Online’ section. Again, an APA website citation is strictly for web pages that do not fit better with one of the other categories on this page.
Social media:
When adding the text of a post, keep the original capitalization, spelling, hashtags, emojis (if possible), and links within the text.
Facebook posts:
Structure: Facebook user’s Last name, F. M. (Year, Monday Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of Facebook post [Source type if attached] [Post type]. Facebook. URL
Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached]
Post type examples: [Status update], [Video], [Image], [Infographic]
Gomez, S. (2020, February 4). Guys, I’ve been working on this special project for two years and can officially say Rare Beauty is launching in [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/Selena/videos/1340031502835436/
Life at Chegg. (2020, February 7) It breaks our heart that 50% of college students right here in Silicon Valley are hungry. That’s why Chegg has [Images attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/LifeAtChegg/posts/1076718522691591
Twitter posts:
Structure: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [Twitter Handle]. (Year, Month Day of Post). Up to the first 20 words of tweet [source type if attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. URL
Source type examples: [Video attached], [Image attached], [Poll attached]
Example: Edelman, J. [Edelman11]. (2018, April 26). Nine years ago today my life changed forever. New England took a chance on a long shot and I’ve worked [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/Edelman11/status/989652345922473985
Instagram posts:
APA citation format: Account holder’s Last name, F. M. [@Instagram handle]. (Year, Month Day). Up to the first 20 words of caption [Photograph(s) and/or Video(s)]. Instagram. URL
Example: Portman, N. [@natalieportman]. (2019, January 5). Many of my best experiences last year were getting to listen to and learn from so many incredible people through [Videos]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BsRD-FBB8HI/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link
If this guide hasn’t helped solve all of your referencing questions, or if you’re still feeling the need to type “how to cite a website APA” into Google, then check out our APA citation generator on CitationMachine.com, which can build your references for you!
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Scribbr APA Citation Generator
Accurate APA citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions.
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APA 6th & 7th edition
Scribbr's Citation Generator supports both APA 6 and APA 7 (as well as MLA and Harvard ). No matter what edition you're using, we’ve got you covered!
Export to Bib(La)TeX
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Export to Word
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Organize the reference list the way you want: from A to Z, new to old, or grouped by source type.
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Annotations
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Citation guides
Getting to grips with citation is simple with the help of our highly rated APA citation guides and videos .
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- Introduction
- Parenthetical vs. narrative
- Multiple authors
Missing information
- Sources to include
Tools and resources
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How to create APA citations
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr’s free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.
This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).
- Cite a webpage
- Cite a book
- Cite a journal article
- Cite a YouTube video
APA in-text citations
APA in-text citations include the author’s last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example, (Smith, 2021, p. 170) . See it as a shorter version of the entry in the reference list .
You should include in-text citations every time you’re quoting or paraphrasing someone else’s ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism .
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.
- Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020) .
- Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …
Multiple authors and corporate authors
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.
APA Citation Generator
Generate accurate APA citations in seconds
Get started
APA references
APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
Formatting the APA reference page
On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .
Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:
- Double spacing (within and between references)
- Hanging indent of ½ inch
- Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
- Page number in the top right header
Which sources to include
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.
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- Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.
- AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.
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- Guides and videos : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.
- Free Tools for Students
- APA Citation Generator
Free APA Citation Generator
Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!
🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?
An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.
Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.
👩🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?
College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.
🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?
Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:
- Save a considerable amount of time
- Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
- Be rewarded with a higher grade
In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).
⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?
Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:
- Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
- MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
- Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
- Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.
MyBib supports the following for APA style:
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
- Ask a Librarian
Locating and Using Images for Presentations and Coursework
- Free & Open Source Images
- How to Cite Images
- Alt Text Image Descriptions
Copyright Resources
- Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States from Cornell University Library
- Copyright Overview from Purdue University
- U.S. Copyright Office
- Fair Use Evaluator
- Visual Resources Association's Statement of Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study
- Creative Commons Licenses
Attribution
Again, the majority of images you find are under copyright and cannot be used without permission from the creator. There are exceptions with Fair Use, but this Libguide is intended to help you locate images you can use with attribution (and in some case, the images are free to use without attribution when stated, such as with stock images from pixabay). ***Please read about public domain . These images aren't under copyright, but it's still good practice to include attribution if the information is available. Attribution : the act of attributing something, especially the ascribing of a work (as of literature or art) to a particular author or artist. When you have given proper attribution, it means you have given the information necessary for people to know who the creator of the work is.
Citation General Guidelines
Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples).
- Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.)
- Title of the image
- Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created
- Date the image was posted online
- Date of access (the date you accessed the online image)
- Institution (gallery, museum) where the image is located/owned (if applicable)
- Website and/or Database name
Citing Images in MLA, APA, Chicago, and IEEE
- Directions for citing in MLA, APA, and Chicago MLA: Citing images in-text, incorporating images into the text of your paper, works cited APA 6th ed.: Citing images in-text and reference list Chicago 17th ed.: Citing images footnotes and endnotes and bibliography from Simon Fraser University
- How to Cite Images Using IEEE from the SAIT Reg Erhardt Library
- Image, Photograph, or Related Artwork (IEEE) from the Rochester Institute of Technology Library
Citing Images in Your PPT
Currently, citing images in PPT is a bit of the Wild West. If details aren't provided by an instructor, there are a number of ways to cite. What's most important is that if the image is not a free stock image, you give credit to the author for the work. Here are some options:
1. Some sites, such as Creative Commons and Wikimedia, include the citation information with the image. Use that citation when available. Copy the citation and add under the image. For example, an image of a lake from Creative Commons has this citation next to it: "lake" by barnyz is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 .
2. Include a marker, such as Image 1. or Figure 1., and in the reference section, include full citation information with the corresponding number
3. Include a complete citation (whatever the required format, such as APA) below the image
4. Below the image, include the link to the online image location
5. Hyperlink the title of the image with the online image location
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- Last Edited: Jun 8, 2023 3:28 PM
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Citation Help
- About Citing and Citation Styles
- Other Citation Styles
- Citing Artificial Intelligence Tools
- Citation Managers
APA (American Psychological Association) Style is most commonly used in the social and behavioral sciences.
- APA General Format The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line spacing and font sizes. Follow the guidelines of your institution or publisher to adapt APA Style formatting guidelines as needed.
- In-text Citations In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.
- Reference List Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer. Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements (who, when, what, and where) with ease. When you present each reference in a consistent fashion, readers do not need to spend time determining how you organized the information. And when searching the literature yourself, you also save time and effort when reading reference lists in the works of others that are written in APA Style.
- Sample Paper This page contains several sample papers formatted in seventh edition APA Style.
- DOI Lookup: Crossref Search "Metadata". Crossref makes research outputs easy to find, cite, link, assess, and reuse. We’re a not-for-profit membership organization that exists to make scholarly communications better.
- Basics of APA Tutorial This tutorial is designed for writers new to APA Style. Learn the basics of seventh edition APA Style, including paper elements, format, and organization; academic writing style; grammar and usage; bias-free language; mechanics of style; tables and figures; in-text citations, paraphrasing, and quotations; and reference list format and order. The Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style tutorial will permanently stay on this site for free.
APA Style from Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL)
- APA 7th Handout Two page PDF covering common citation and reference types in APA.
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- Publication manual of the American Psychological Association - APA "The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and other fields. Known for its authoritative, easy-to-use reference and citation system, the Publication Manual also offers guidance on choosing the headings, tables, figures, language, and tone that will result in powerful, concise, and elegant scholarly communication. It guides users through the scholarly writing process-from the ethics of authorship to reporting research through publication. The seventh edition is an indispensable resource for students and professionals to achieve excellence in writing and make a impact with their work."
- Investigar y escribir con APA 7 Bibliographical citations--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Standards, Citas bibliográficas--Manuales,etc
- APA Formatting and Style Guide, 7th Ed. (Purdue Univ) APA Formatting and Style Guide - via Purdue Owl - These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
- MLA handbook Formatting your research project -- Mechanics of prose -- Principles of inclusive language -- Documenting sources : an overview -- The list of works cited -- Citing sources in the text -- Notes -- Abbreviations -- Works-cited-list entries by publication format. "The ninth edition of the MLA Handbook is a textbook and reference guide that offers student writers and writing instructors guidance on creating works-cited-list entries in MLA style using the template of core elements. It features advice on punctuation, grammar, inclusive language, formatting research papers, and in-text citations. Includes an appendix of sample works-cited-list entries, illustrations, and an index."
- MLA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue Univ) MLA Formatting Guide via Purdue Owl - The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA 9th edition, including how to format the Works Cited page and in-text citations. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.
Chicago Manual of Style
- Chicago Manual of Style Online The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format.
- Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (Purdue Univ) Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition - via Purdue Owl - Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at The Chicago Manual of Style Online.
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Apa (american psychological association) style, chicago style, purdue owl (online writing lab).
The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects.
Proper citation is an essential aspect of scholarship. Citing properly allows your reader or audience to locate the materials you have used. Most importantly, citations give credit to the authors of quoted or consulted information. Failure to acknowledge sources of information properly may constitute plagiarism. For an explicit definition of plagiarism, see the Boston University Academic Conduct Code .
For detailed instructions on how to cite sources in your paper or project, please consult a style manual listed below. See our Citing Sources guide for additional style manuals.
- MLA Formatting and Style Guide at Purdue OWL
- APA Formatting and Style Guide at Purdue OWL
- Chicago Style guide at Purdue OWL
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APA Style Guides
» Excelsior OWL APA Style - APA References - APA In-Text Citations » Purdue OWL APA Style » APA Style (APA Official Site) - Sample Annotated Student Paper in APA Style » ZoteroBib : Citation Generator
Publication Manual of the APA. Ask Librarian at Reference Desk
CHICAGO Style Guides
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MLA Style Guides
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
The Basics General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. Reference List Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats Cite your source automatically in APA Cite
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 7 th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
Research and Citation APA Style (6th Edition) APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition) Reference List: Electronic Sources (Web Publications) Reference List: Electronic Sources (Web Publications) Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated.
Cite your source automatically in MLA or APA format Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by APA Style (7th Edition) These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style.
Provide the name of the news website in the source element of the reference. Link to the comment itself if possible. Otherwise, link to the webpage on which the comment appears. Either a full URL or a short URL is acceptable. 3. Webpage on a website with a government agency group author.
Publication Date: 2019-10-01 The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides instruction on how to use APA 7th. Below are a few topics covered by the OWL. APA Style Introduction APA 7th APA Overview and Workshop APA 7th
Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) tutorials Short YouTube videos on the APA style. APA Guidelines & Expectations Download the Guidelines for APA Writing Style and Format file. Using APA to Cite Sources Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style®
Revised on January 17, 2024. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date. If you are citing an online version of a ...
APA 7th Edition Citation Format instructions--Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style Manual Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. by American Psychological Association Call Number: BF76.7 .P83 2020 (three copies at HSSE reference desk, one in HICKS) ISBN: 9781433832161 Publication Date: 2020
The general rule for citing Web pages in APA format is to include as much information as possible. If there is no date available, use (n.d.), which stands for "no date". If the website URL you are citing runs onto the next line, be sure to break the address after a "/" (http:// is an exception).
To cite particular information on a website, determine the reference type (e.g., report, webpage) and then follow the appropriate format. Learn more Website references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.16 and the Concise Guide Section 10.14
Academic Writer is the only authoritative and complete online environment for teaching, writing, and publishing in APA Style®, now updated to the 7th Edition.
The Mastering APA Style Student Workbook is an online and interactive workbook for teaching and learning seventh edition APA Style. Explore the workbook to learn more, register for a webinar, watch a demo video, try a sample workbook, and purchase your copy. Adopt the workbook for your course or workshop to use it to teach APA Style and ...
Citation Management Tools Quick Reference Generators Citation management tools help you track and organize the articles you are gathering for your research. Citation management tools also generate in-text citations, import records from databases, and reference pages.
The general rule for citing Web pages in APA format is to include as much information as possible. If there is no date available, use (n.d.), which stands for "no date". More information about electronic sources is available on the Purdue OWL site. Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial.
Citation Type Website Languages English Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
Citing a website in APA Once you've identified a credible website to use, create a citation and begin building your reference list. Citation Machine citing tools can help you create references for online news articles, government websites, blogs, and many other website!
Autocite Search for your source by title, URL, DOI, ISBN, and more to retrieve the relevant information automatically. APA 6th & 7th edition Scribbr's Citation Generator supports both APA 6 and APA 7 (as well as MLA and Harvard ). No matter what edition you're using, we've got you covered! Export to Bib (La)TeX
Updated for 2024 Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib! 🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator? An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
The Purdue Owl APA formatting and Style Guide's most often used spaces on the guide are: In-Text Citations: The Basics (information on how a citation should generally be formatted inside of your paper, paraphrased, and direct quotes) In-Text Citations: Author/Authors (information on rules for listing of author(s). For example multiple authors, corporate authors, etc.)
Citation General Guidelines Include as much of the information below when citing images in a paper and formal presentations. Apply the appropriate citation style (see below for APA, MLA examples). Image creator's name (artist, photographer, etc.) Title of the image Date the image (or work represented by the image) was created
APA General Format The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line ...
It features advice on punctuation, grammar, inclusive language, formatting research papers, and in-text citations. Includes an appendix of sample works-cited-list entries, illustrations, and an index." MLA Formatting and Style Guide (Purdue Univ) MLA Formatting Guide via Purdue Owl - The following overview should help you better understand how ...
The Purdue OWL provides the following example with what would otherwise be Jones et al. (2020): If you're ci ng mul ple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened "et al" cita on form of each source would be the same, you'll need to avoid ambiguity by wri ng out more names. If you cited works with these authors:
arAustln Peay State University CLARKSVILLE TENNESSEE APSU Writing Center APA style 7th Edition - Citing Books 5. Several volumes of a multivolume work Provide the name(s) of the editor(s)-in-chief as the editors of the work, even if the volume editors are different. Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.). (2012).
The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects.
» Excelsior OWL MLA Style - MLA Works Cited - MLA In-Text Citations - MLA Style Demo: Videos » Purdue OWL MLA Style - MLA Sample Works Cited Page - MLA Sample Paper » Works Cited: A Quick Guide (MLA) » ZoteroBib: Citation Generator. MLA Handbook, 8th Edition. Ask librarian at Reference Desk <<