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  1. Analysis of matched case-control studies

    Matching on factors such as age and sex is commonly used in case-control studies. 1 This can be done for convenience (eg, choosing a control admitted to hospital on the same day as the case), to improve study efficiency by improving precision (under certain conditions) when controlling for the matching factors (eg, age, sex) in the analysis, or ...

  2. Why Match? Investigating Matched Case-Control Study Designs with Causal

    Individually matched case-control study designs are frequently found in public health and medical literature, and conditional logistic regression is the tool most commonly used to analyze these studies. Matching is intended to eliminate confounding, however, the main potential benefit of matching in case-control studies is a gain in efficiency.

  3. Case-control matching: effects, misconceptions, and recommendations

    We discuss several subtle problems associated with matched case-control studies that do not arise or are minor in matched cohort studies: (1) matching, even for non-confounders, can create selection bias; (2) matching distorts dose-response relations between matching variables and the outcome; (3) unbiased estimation requires accounting for the ...

  4. A Practical Overview of Case-Control Studies in Clinical Practice

    Figure 4 Graphical representation of matching in a case-control study design in which matching is done by age, race, and sex. In this figure, the left column represents matching based on male sex, whereas the right column represents matching based on female sex. In the first two rows, white race is the matching factor, whereas in the bottom two ...

  5. Analysis of matched case-control studies

    There are two common misconceptions about case-control studies: that matching in itself eliminates (controls) confounding by the matching factors, and that if matching has been performed, then a "matched analysis" is required.

  6. Randomized Trials and Case-Control Matching Techniques

    In case-control studies, matching techniques are often employed. Matching of cases is usually performed to control the effects of known potential confounding variables . In small studies, they allow optimization of statistical power. For each enrolled case, a person with the same characteristics (age, sex, etc.) deemed relevant to the study ...

  7. Matched Versus Unmatched Analysis of Matched Case-Control Studies

    To demonstrate that case-control matching distorts the association between the matching variables and the outcome in the matched sample relative to the target population, we derived the logit model for the matched case-control sample under exact matching.

  8. Matched case-control studies (Chapter 3)

    Introduction to case-control studies Matched case-control studies A general formulation Case-control studies with more than two outcomes Special sampling designs Nested case-control studies Case-subcohort studies Misclassification and measurement error Synthesis of studies

  9. Introduction to Matching in Case-Control and Cohort Studies

    Matching is a technique through which patients with and without an outcome of interest (in case-control studies) or patients with and without an exposure of interest (in cohort studies) are...

  10. Case-control matching: effects, misconceptions, and ...

    We discuss several subtle problems associated with matched case-control studies that do not arise or are minor in matched cohort studies: (1) matching, even for non-confounders, can create selection bias; (2) matching distorts dose-response relations between matching variables and the outcome; (3) unbiased estimation requires accounting for the ...

  11. Statistics notes: Matching

    This happens in epidemiological case-control studies, where a possible risk factor is compared between cases and controls to investigate the nature of the disease. In both types of study cases and controls are sometimes matches. This means that for every case there is a control who has the same (or closely similar) values of the matching variables.

  12. Matching in case-control studies

    Matching in case-control studies. EDITOR,—J Martin Bland and Douglas G Altman's review of the advantages and disadvantages of matching in case-control studies omits two important problems. 1. Firstly, matching in case-control studies ensures that the matching factors, such as age or sex, are equally distributed between cases and controls. ….

  13. PDF Matching in Epidemiologic Studies

    • In a case‐control study, cases (diseased) are matched to controls (non‐diseased). In a one‐to‐one match, each pair will consist of a case and a control and the presence of the exposure in one or both members of a pair is noted. ab cd Measuring Effects: matching cases non‐ cases cases non‐cases

  14. case selection and the comparative method: introducing the case

    The necessary and sufficient conditions approach to comparative designs expects that cases will align appropriately on each specific dimension. Nielsen is similarly critical of the propensity scores approach, pointing out that many suggestions for matching encourage case study researchers to adopt a 'statistical world view.'

  15. Analysis of matched cohort data

    ing, matched-pair, matched cohort study, risk ratio, odds ratio 1 Introduction When conducting a case-control study, investigators sometimes match each case to a control on a factor that might confound the association of the study exposure with the study outcome. If the matching is exact, accounting for the matching in the analysis will

  16. What Is a Case-Control Study?

    Revised on June 22, 2023. A case-control study is an experimental design that compares a group of participants possessing a condition of interest to a very similar group lacking that condition. Here, the participants possessing the attribute of study, such as a disease, are called the "case," and those without it are the "control.".

  17. What Is a Case Study?

    A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research. A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods, but quantitative methods are sometimes also used.

  18. Case Study Methodology of Qualitative Research: Key Attributes and

    Introduction A case study is one of the most extensively used strategies of qualitative social research. Over the years, its application has expanded by leaps and bounds, and is now being employed in several disciplines of social science such as sociology, management, anthropology, psychology and others.

  19. Case-control matching: effects, misconceptions, and ...

    The causal diagrams in Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate the mix of confounding and selection bias in a matched case-control study of the effect of E on D with C as confounder and matching variable [5,6,7,8, 17].The variable S in Figs. 1 and 2 indicates whether an individual from the original cohort is selected into the matched case-control study (1: yes, 0: no), and the square around S = 1 ...

  20. What Is a Case, and What Is a Case Study?

    Résumé. Case study is a common methodology in the social sciences (management, psychology, science of education, political science, sociology). A lot of methodological papers have been dedicated to case study but, paradoxically, the question "what is a case?" has been less studied.

  21. Hemodynamic profile of cirrhotic patients with sepsis and ...

    Our study aims to investigate differences in hemodynamic profiles using echocardiography between septic patients with and without cirrhosis. Materials and methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study of septic patients with echocardiogram within 3 days of ICU admission. We compared baseline characteristics, echocardiographic markers of ...

  22. Sex-specific difference in phenotype of Kabuki syndrome type 2 patients

    In our study, we definitively diagnosed 12 patients with KS2 based on clinical symptoms and genetic testing and compared the differences in the incidence of various phenotypes between male and female patients with KS2 using a matched case-control study design. A typical dysmorphic feature is an emblematic clinical manifestation of KS.

  23. Matched case-control studies: a review of reported statistical

    Case-control studies are a common and efficient means of studying rare diseases or illnesses with long latency periods. Matching of cases and controls is frequently employed to control the effects of known potential confounding variables. The analysis of matched data requires specific statistical methods. Methods

  24. Risk of death following chikungunya virus disease in the 100 Million

    Chikungunya virus disease is associated with an increased risk of death for up to 84 days after symptom onset, including deaths from cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemic heart diseases, and diabetes. This study highlights the need for equitable access to approved vaccines and effective anti-chikungunya virus therapeutics and reinforces the importance of robust vector-control efforts to reduce ...

  25. The abortion pill case on its way to the Supreme Court cites a

    That case, which could limit access to mifepristone throughout the country, will soon be heard in the Supreme Court. The now retracted study used Medicaid claims data to track E.R. visits by ...

  26. Abortions by Telemedicine and Mailed Pills Are Safe and Effective

    The F.D.A. has cited overwhelming scientific evidence that the pills are safe, and two studies that abortion opponents referenced to support their claims were recently retracted by a scientific ...

  27. Abortion pills prescribed via telehealth are safe and effective, study

    The study looks at 6,000 patients who got abortion pills after an online appointment. It found that 99.7% of those abortions were not followed by any serious adverse events.

  28. Largest Covid Vaccine Study Yet Finds Links to Health Conditions

    The study didn't monitor for postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, or POTS, that some research has linked with Covid vaccines. Exercise intolerance, excessive fatigue, ...

  29. Matched Versus Unmatched Analysis of Matched Case-Control Studies

    To demonstrate that case-control matching distorts the association between the matching variables and the outcome in the matched sample relative to the target population, we derived the logit model for the matched case-control sample under exact matching.