technical problem solving amazon

How to pass the Amazon Technical / Functional Interview - Questions and Assessments

The approach to interview questions, how to interact with the interviewers, and how to deal with potential failure..

technical problem solving amazon

This post is a part of a series. This post summarizes the Amazon technical / functional interviews. I also have a post on the Amazon Leadership Principles / Behavioral interview , and a post on the overall Amazon interview and hiring process .

My Leadership Principles article became very popular over the years. It walks people through how to think about the Principles, and the related questions they would be asked in the interview process. This article has helped dozens of people get jobs at Amazon. I even had a few of them join my teams.

That article had originated from my notes to friends and family to help them with pending interviews at Amazon. I also had notes on pending technical interviews, but I hadn't gotten around to writing that up in article format until now.

While this article is written from the point of view of passing the Amazon technical interview, most major technology companies have similar interview processes. The discussion below should benefit anyone interviewing anywhere for a technical position.

As an upfront warning, I don't plan to list specific questions asked in these interview processes, because they are all over the internet. You can use LeetCode for interview practice, and find plenty of sample questions on websites such as Glassdoor for any type of job. This article is about the approach to the technical interview, not the specific questions themselves.

Interview Loop Structure

Companies want to avoid hiring someone without the necessary leadership or skills to be successful. When organizing an interview loop, the interviewers are generally split between asking questions to evaluate the candidates leadership and their skills. Leadership evaluation at Amazon is oriented around the leadership principles. The technical skills evaluated will depend on the job position.

When I refer to specific technical skills, these are the functional abilities you’ve built up over the years through a combination of work experience and education. For a software engineer this would be things like coding, algorithms, or information architecture. Product managers, machine learning scientists, and marketing managers would all have their own questions to get at the core skills of the job.

Leadership related questions are usually related to your previous experience. Something like ‘ Tell me about a time you had a conflict with a peer, and how you resolved it. ’

Skills are usually evaluated differently, by directly asking questions about how to solve a question. Rather than reflecting on how you have used your skills in the past, they probe for specific knowledge you need to be successful in this job. Questions such as ‘ Draw a diagram of how you would build a video streaming service from scratch. ’

Why assess technical skills in this way?

There are constraints and limitations on the interview process.

The best way to interview would be to hire someone who claimed to have the skills you need, and then observe them over the next few months. This is occasionally done for internships, and some startups have experimented with try-out employment. In general though, this is expensive for the team to ramp up the new hire, and is a drain on resources.

We could ask candidates how they have solved real life complex problems in the problems. However, we can't gauge the actual technical complexity of the problem, we would need to spend too much time understanding the context of the solution, and we have no way of telling if the candidate could solve similar problems in the future.

You could try to assess someone with real life problems. Perhaps something your team is actually struggling with. However, almost all real life have a massive amount of context associated with them. Getting the candidate ramped up on the situation and the tools involved would be a significant time investment for the team and the candidate. Additionally, this problem would not be easily repeatable, and it would be hard to compare the performances of other candidates.

The Technical Interview

Winston Churchill once said ” …it has been said that democracy is the worst form of Government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time… ”

For those of us who have interviewed hundreds or thousands of candidates, the technical interview is the worst form of interview, except for all those other forms which have been tried from time to time.

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Using Problem-Solving Situations During Amazon Interviews

Former Amazon senior manager shares proven tips for mastering Amazon's problem-solving interview questions aligned with Leadership Principles.

Evgeny Bik

If you join Amazon, you will quickly realize that everyone around you is a serial problem solver. This is by design. Besides being an organization of over-achievers, Amazon has a profoundly ingrained engineering ethos that lives in tech and non-tech organizations.

Therefore, you won’t be surprised that problem-solving is a recurring theme throughout the interview process. Amazon behavioral interview questions that ask you to share a situation where you were solving problems map to 5 out of 16 Leadership Principles. Problem-solving questions can test Dive Deep, Invent & Simplify, Are Right A Lot, Frugality, and Learn & Be Curious.

However, unless you know the nuances of the Leadership Principles, we can’t blame you for being somewhat confused about what LP is being tested in one problem-solving question or another. Another complication for candidates is that when we find ourselves in real-life problem-solving situations, we may demonstrate a range of leadership principles mixed.

We wrote this article to offer you a quick orientation around problem-solving themes in Amazon Leadership Principles and the interview questions that test them. We hope it will make it easier for you to pick the right situation during the interview and focus on the correct details to answer Amazon interview questions.

Problem-solving and Dive Deep

While Amazon's Dive Deep Leadership Principle is not only about problem-solving, some Dive Deep questions will look for evidence of your ability to solve complex problems. Of course, complexity means different things to different people. Yet, in an Amazon interview context, it typically boils down to three things.

  • A problem that requires multiple levels of data analysis (peeling the data onion) to solve.
  • A problem had you using numerous data sources (from either systems or people) to find a solution.
  • A problem was so novel that it took a while to figure out how to approach it.

In contrast to other Leadership Principle questions that ask for problem-solving evidence, the main focus of Dive Deep is on the process of getting to the solution itself. Here, we’d recommend that you focus on establishing the source of complexity and then outline the steps you took to get to the very bottom of the problem.

Problem-solving and Invent & Simplify

At the heart of the Invent and Simplify Leadership principle at Amazon are two distinct themes: invention and simplification, as the name of the LP suggests. Problem-solving typically comes under the Simplification theme.

Under Invent and Simplify, Amazon will expect you to demonstrate how you effectively boiled complexity into simplicity while solving a problem. From our experience at Amazon, we can attest that many problems started as giant hairy monsters with unknown root causes and hidden under a sea of data (most of which was useless to the analysis).

While you should still follow a STAR format of answering Amazon Leadership Principle questions, Invent and Simplify problem-solving responses should focus on the “A-Ha!” moment that led you to invent a simple solution. The invention of a fix at the end of the problem-solving journey is the main currency of an acceptable answer. Therefore, the bulk of your story-telling should detail the innovation process rather than digging for the root cause.

Problem-solving and Are Right A Lot

Are Right; A Lot of Leadership Principle at Amazon is mainly about continuously learning from your successes and failures to always make the right decisions. So, where does problem-solving feature in this LP? Very prominently. Just think about when you need to solve a problem while operating under uncertainty or, perhaps, without having all the knowledge and expertise right away. So, being able to inform your gut on the spot by learning from people and systems around you is how you would need to approach problem-solving under Are Right A Lot.

Therefore, the currency of a good problem-solving answer to the Are Right A Lot Leadership Principle question in an Amazon interview is a series of steps of how you went about building or disconfirming (challenging) your beliefs while operating under uncertainty and needing to solve a problem.

Problem-solving and Frugality

If you’ve taken our training ( Amazon Interview Whizz ), you will remember the main themes of the Frugality Leadership Principle at Amazon. Having read the previous few sections, you won’t be surprised that Frugality situations may also have a problem-solving element.

But this time, you are operating under resource constraints and have to do with what you have. This is Frugality, defined by the official version (achieve more with less), but just in a problem-solving contest.

Hence, the currency of a decent problem-solving answer to Amazon interview questions on the Frugality Leadership Principle would be a story about how you effectively ran with what you had to solve a challenge.

Problem-solving and Learn & Be Curious

Problem-solving themes under Learn & Be Curious are similar to those under Are Right. The slight difference is in the nuances. While Are Right A Lot is about drawing on the expertise of others to inform or challenge your intuition, Learn & Be Curious is about acquiring knowledge. Both Leadership Principles make one a confident problem-solver, and you have probably demonstrated both LPs in real-life situations, possibly both simultaneously. However, in an Amazon interview situation, it would be helpful to focus your response on the details that matter for Learn & Be Curious.

Therefore, the currency of a workable answer under this Leadership Principle in an Amazon interview is a story of the steps you took to acquire expertise that you did not have to solve a problem.

We hope this article helped you understand the nuances of sharing problem-solving situations when answering Leadership Principles questions in behavioral interviews at Amazon. If you fancy taking your interview preparation to the next level, check out Amazon Interview Whizz , our signature training course. It is based on our insights from thousands of interviews, coaching sessions, and hiring decisions.

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What Is Amazon's Technical Assessment? Tips On How To Pass

Ryan Green

What is Amazon's technical assessment?

There are a variety of technical assessments that you might have to pass depending on the role you've applied for at Amazon .

Here are just a few:

  • Amazon SDE Online Assessment
  • Amazon's AWS Assessment
  • Maintenance Technician Test

These assessments cover a wide range of topics, including algorithms, data structures, programming languages, and software engineering. To pass any of the assessments, candidates must demonstrate their ability to solve complex technical problems.

There are a few tips that can help you prepare for and pass the assessment which we've put together in this guide.

Format of the assessment

Amazon's technical assessments vary but are typically multiple-choice tests and conducted virtually unless administered as part of a hiring event or on-site interview day.

The multiple-choice section consists of 30 questions that must be answered within 60 minutes (timings and questions can vary depending on the test).

The questions are role dependent but typically based on the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform and cover topics such as programming, networking, storage, security, and computers.

Before you start your assessment, make sure you read any information provided carefully, since timings and deadlines can vary depending on the type of role you've applied for and the technical assessment you will be sitting.

Why Do You Need To Take The Amazon Technical Assessment?

It is important to take this assessment seriously and prepare for it accordingly as it will help hiring managers determine if you are a good fit for the job. Taking the assessment shows that you are interested in the job and willing to put in the effort required to pass.

Tips on how to pass

amazon technical assessment

Whilst the technical assessment can be challenging, there are some things you can do to increase your chances of success.

Here are some tips on how to pass Amazon's Technical Assessment:

1. Understand the assessment criteria

Before you start the assessment, make sure you understand what Amazon is looking for and prepare accordingly.

Knowing what skills and knowledge Amazon will be testing can help you dedicate time and energy to refresh your memory on such topics. Having an idea of the score needed to pass as well can be useful.

2. Review Amazon's Software Development Topics

If you've applied for any software development or engineering roles we strongly encourage you to review Amazon's Software Development Topics to help you prepare.

Understanding these topics can give you an advantage when sitting your tests.

3. Some questions may ask about your work style

During your technical assessment, you may be asked a few questions about your work style .

Try not to invest too much time on any one question. Amazon wants you to answer these questions as honestly as possible, since there are lots of types of successful people at Amazon all with different ways of working.

4. Identify the questions you might expect

Knowing the type of questions you'll be asked ahead of time will help you focus your study and preparation efforts.

Amazon's Glassdoor profile is an excellent source of information regarding recent interview and assessment experiences. There are also several video resources that show examples of technical assessments you might encounter such as coding tests.

5. Study relevant materials

amazon technical assessment

Once you know what topics will be covered in the assessment, take some time to brush up on those subjects. There are a number of great resources available online. Make use of them!

You should also study the job description and requirements carefully. The skill requirements should give you an indication of the types of tests you can expect.

Take some time to brush up on your skills. If there are areas you're not as strong in, make sure to focus on those.

6. Appropriate setup

Whenever you participate in any technical assessment you should ensure you have an appropriate setup to maximize your chances of success.

This means having a computer with a reliable connection and a quiet place to carry out the test.

7. Practice tests and questions

It can be difficult to know where to start when studying for a technical test. However, one of the best ways to prepare is by taking practice tests online and answering questions.

This will not only help you learn the material but also give you a better understanding of how the test is structured and what you might expect to score on the test.

Make sure you take some time to review the answers afterward. This will allow you to see where you made mistakes and improve for next time. With a little bit of effort, you will be ready to ace your upcoming test!

8. Know Amazon's leadership principles

To be a successful leader at Amazon, it's important to understand Amazon's leadership principles .

These principles are what guide managers and employees alike in making decisions that impact the customer experience.

There are 10 total principles, which are as follows: customer obsession, ownership, bias for action, frugality, a high bar for talent, invent and simplify, learn and be curious, earn trust of others, dive deep, have backbone; disagree and commit.

By adhering to these simple guidelines, Amazon has been able to create a customer-centric culture that is the envy of many other companies.

9. Problem-solve under pressure

When it comes to problem-solving, practice makes perfect. But what happens when you're put under pressure?

Most assessments are timed, which requires you to solve problems quickly. One way to become okay with the pressure is to practice tests under timed conditions. This makes the challenge of solving problems harder but can help you adapt to the test criteria quickly.

10. Don't be afraid to fail

Failure is a natural part of problem-solving.

These tests are designed to be challenging and so you shouldn't be afraid to fail - especially when practicing and preparing for the tests. This is a learning process and most test-takers are unlikely to have encountered such assessments before hiring.

Don't be discouraged by failure, embrace it as part of the journey to success.

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Amazon SDE interview guide (85+ questions, process, and prep)

Amazon logo on a mobile phone screen

Today we’re going to show you what to expect during Amazon (or   AWS) Software Development Engineer interviews, and what you should do to prepare. 

This guide has directly helped candidates (such as Jimmy C ) to land SDE offers at Amazon, so take your time to understand the information provided in each section. 

And here’s one of the first things you’ll want to know:

Candidates often under-prepare for questions about Amazon’s 16 Leadership Principles. This is a HUGE mistake because Amazon places much more emphasis on these behavioral questions than other top tech companies do. 

Now let’s dive in.

  • Process and timeline
  • Coding interview
  • System design interview
  • Behavioral interview
  • Preparation tips

Note: We have separate guides for  Amazon software development managers ,  machine learning engineers , and data engineers , so take a look at those articles if they are more relevant to you.

Click here to practice 1-on-1 with ex-Amazon SDE interviewers

1. interview process and timeline.

Amazon SDE interview process and timeline

What's the Amazon software development engineer (SDE) interview process and timeline ? It takes four to eight weeks on average and follows these steps:

  • Resume, cover letter, and referrals
  • HR recruiter email or call
  • Online assessment (in some cases)
  • Phone screens: one to two interviews
  • Onsite: four to six interviews
  • Debrief: interviewers make a decision
  • You get an offer!

1.1 What interviews to expect

First, it's important that you understand the different stages of your software engineer interview process with Amazon. Note that the process at AWS follows similar steps. Here’s what you can expect:

  • Resume screening

1.1.1 Resume screening

First, recruiters will look at your resume and assess if your experience matches the open position. This is the most competitive step in the process—we’ve found that ~90% of candidates don’t make it past this stage.

So take extra care to tailor your engineering resume  to the specific position you're applying to.

If you’re looking for expert feedback, get input from our  team of ex-FAANG recruiters , who will  cover what achievements to focus on (or ignore), how to fine tune your bullet points, and more.

1.1.2 HR recruiter email or call

Next, the interview process starts with an HR recruiter call to discuss your interests and to see what group or team would be best for you. Your recruiter will also use this conversation to confirm that you've got a chance of getting the job at all.

You should be prepared to explain your background and why you’re a good fit for Amazon.

If things go well, the recruiter will then send you an online assessment or schedule your technical screen depending on the role you're applying for.

1.1.3 Amazon online assessments

Amazon primarily uses online assessments (OAs) for internship and new graduate positions , but also sometimes for experienced positions. You might have to solve up to three different online assessments before progressing to the technical phone screen stage.

OA1: Debugging (7 questions, 20mins)

The first online assessment (OA1), is a set of seven debugging questions you have to work through in 20mins.

You're presented with a problem and a snippet of code which is supposed to solve the problem, but it isn't because of a bug.

Each of the seven questions is allotted a certain amount of time (e.g. 3mins), and you need to fix the code before the time expires. There are only three coding languages available for this online assessment: Java, C, and C++.

Important note: as far as we know, this online assessment is only used for internship and new graduate positions.

OA2: Coding questions (2 questions, 70mins)

The second online assessment (OA2), is a set of two data structure and algorithm questions. Each question needs to be solved within a certain amount of time (e.g. 30mins). And your code must compile for the two questions in order to move forward in the interview process.

You'll be able to compile your code as many times as you like before submitting a solution and you can use any one of the following eight languages: C#, C++, Java, C, Python, Ruby, Swift, and JavaScript.

It's important to note that efficiency and optimization, as opposed to brute force solutions, earn more points. Finally, Leetcode maintains a helpful thread of questions asked in this second online assessment.

Important note: this online assessment is used for internship, new graduate and also sometimes experienced positions. The more senior you are, the harder the questions you'll get.

OA3: Work simulation (~2h) and logical reasoning (24 questions, 35mins)

The third online assessment (OA3) is composed of two parts .

Part 1 is an interactive video simulation of a day in the life of a software development engineer (SDE) at Amazon. You will be presented with various scenarios and select options for how you would respond. This part takes about 2h to complete.

Part 2 is a set of 24 logical reasoning multiple choice questions which you need to work through in 35 minutes. These questions test your problem-solving skills. Speed of completion for each question is not a factor in your score. Complete as many as you can during the time allotted.

1.1.4 Technical phone screens

If you've passed the online assessments, or if you weren't asked to take them, you'll be invited to one or two technical phone screens .

This step is called the "phone screen", but most of the time it takes place over video chat using Amazon Chime which is the company's video conferencing product.

Each interview will last 45 to 60 minutes. You'll speak to a peer or a potential manager and they'll ask you a mix of technical and behavioral questions.

Technical questions

For the technical part of the interview, you can expect typical data structure and algorithm questions which you'll have to solve in an online collaborative text editor such as collabedit . The editor won't have syntax highlighting or autocomplete features which you'll need to get used to during your interview preparation.

Your recruiter will share a list of software development topics that Amazon asks about in interviews. As a note, it's very unlikely that you'll be asked system design questions during your phone screen.

Behavioral questions

For the behavioral part, you can expect questions like "Tell me about yourself," " Why Amazon? ", or "Tell me about a feature you developed from start to finish."

When answering even the most common interview questions, be sure to express your understanding of Amazon’s Leadership Principles (more on that below).

1.1.5 Onsite interviews

If you crack the phone screen, the next step is the "onsite" interviews. For this round, you'll have a day packed with four to six interviews, which may be done virtually or in-person at an Amazon office.

These interviews will last about 60mins and be a one-on-one with a mix of people from the team you’re applying to join, including peers, the hiring manager, and a senior executive.

Question types

Three or four of your interviews will include coding questions (i.e. data structure and algorithm questions) which you'll need to solve on a whiteboard. The other one or two interviews will cover system design questions. You'll be asked behavioral questions in all your interviews.

All candidates are expected to do extremely well in coding and behavioral questions. If you're relatively junior (SDE II or below) then the bar will be lower in your system design interviews than for mid-level or senior engineers (e.g. SDE III or above).

One common mistake candidates make is to under-prepare for behavioral questions. Each interviewer is usually assigned two or three Leadership Principles to focus on during your interview. These questions are much more important at Amazon than they are at other big tech companies like Google or Facebook .

Finally, one of your last interviews will be with what Amazon calls a “ Bar Raiser ”. These interviewers are not associated with the team you’re applying for, and focus more on overall candidate quality than specific team needs.

They get special training to make sure Amazon’s hiring standards stay high and don’t degrade over time, so they are a big barrier between you and the job offer.

1.2 What exactly is Amazon looking for

At the end of each interview your interviewer will grade your performance using a standardized feedback form that summarizes the attributes Amazon looks for in a candidate. That form is constantly evolving, but we have listed some of its main components below.

The interviewer will file the notes they took during the interview. This usually includes: the questions they asked, a summary of your answers and any additional impressions they had (e.g. communicated ABC well, weak knowledge of XYZ, etc.).

B) Technical competencies

Your interviewer will then grade you on technical competencies . They will be trying to determine whether you are "raising the bar" or not for each competency they have tested.

In other words, you'll need to convince them that you are at least as good as or better than the average current Amazon SDE at the level you're applying for (e.g. SDE III).

The exact technical competencies you'll be evaluated against vary by role. But here are some common ones for SDE roles:

  • Problem solving
  • Object oriented design
  • Data structures

C) Leadership Principles

Your interviewer will also grade you on Amazon's 16 Leadership Principles and assess whether you're "raising the bar" for those too. As mentioned above each interviewer is given two or three Leadership Principles to grill you on. Here are some of the most commonly tested principles for SDE roles:

  • Customer Obsession
  • Bias for Action
  • Have Backbone; Disagree and Commit

D) Overall recommendation

Finally, each interviewer will file an overall recommendation into the system. The different options are along the lines of: "Strong hire", "Hire", "No hire", "Strong no hire".

1.3 What happens behind the scenes

Your recruiter is leading the process and taking you from one stage to the next. Here's what happens at each of the stages described above:

  • After the phone screens , your recruiter decides to move you to the onsite or not, depending on how well you've done up to that point
  • After the onsite , each interviewer files their notes into the internal system, grades you and makes a hiring recommendation (i.e. "Strong hire", "Hire", "No hire", "Strong no hire")
  • The "Debrief"  brings all your interviewers together and is led by the Bar Raiser , who is usually the most experienced interviewer and is also not part of the hiring team. The Bar Raiser will try to guide the group towards a hiring decision. It's rare, but they can also veto hiring even if all other interviewers want to hire you.
  • You get an offer. If everything goes well, the recruiter will then give you an offer, usually within a week of the onsite but it can sometimes take longer

It's also important to note that recruiters and people who refer you have little influence on the overall process. They can help you get an interview at the beginning, but that's about it.

2. Example questions

Here at IGotAnOffer, we believe in data-driven interview preparation and have used Glassdoor data to identify the types of questions that are most frequently asked at Amazon.

For coding interviews, we've broken down the questions you'll be asked into subcategories (e.g. Arrays / Strings , Graphs / Trees , etc.), so that you can prioritize the most common ones in your preparation.

In addition, we've also listed 10 system design and 40+ behavioral questions asked at Amazon below. Let's start with coding questions.

2.1 Coding questions

Amazon coding interview questions

Amazon software development engineers solve some of the most difficult problems the company faces with code. It's therefore essential that they have strong problem-solving skills.

This is the part of the interview where you want to show that you think in a structured way and write code that's accurate, bug-free, and fast.

Here are the most common question types asked in Amazon coding interviews and their frequency. Please note the list below excludes system design and behavioral questions which we cover later in this article.

  • Graphs / Trees  (46% of questions, most frequent)
  • Arrays / Strings (38%)
  • Linked lists (10%)
  • Search / Sort (2%)
  • Stacks & Queues  (2%)
  • Hash tables (2% of questions, least frequent)

We've also listed common examples used at Amazon for these different question types below. For each example, we've modified the phrasing of the question to match the closest Leetcode problem and we've linked to a free solution on Leetcode.

Finally, we recommend reading our guide on  how to answer coding interview questions  to understand more about the step-by-step approach you should use to solve these questions, as well as our list of 49 recent Amazon coding interview questions for more practice.

Example coding questions asked by Amazon

1. Graphs / Trees (46% of questions, most frequent)

  • "Given preorder and inorder traversal of a tree, construct the binary tree." ( Solution )
  • "Given a non-empty binary tree, find the maximum path sum. For this problem, a path is defined as any sequence of nodes from some starting node to any node in the tree along the parent-child connections. The path must contain at least one node and does not need to go through the root." ( Solution )
  • "Design an algorithm to serialize and deserialize a binary tree. There is no restriction on how your serialization/deserialization algorithm should work. You just need to ensure that a binary tree can be serialized to a string and this string can be deserialized to the original tree structure." ( Solution )
  • "Given n nodes labeled from 0 to n-1 and a list of undirected edges (each edge is a pair of nodes), write a function to check whether these edges make up a valid tree." ( Solution )
  • "Given a list of airline tickets represented by pairs of departure and arrival airports [from, to] , reconstruct the itinerary in order. All of the tickets belong to a man who departs from JFK . Thus, the itinerary must begin with JFK ." ( Solution )
  • "Given a matrix of integers A  with  R  rows and C  columns, find the maximum  score of a path starting at  [0,0]  and ending at [R-1,C-1] ." ( Solution )
  • "There are a total of n courses you have to take, labelled from 0 to n-1 . Some courses may have prerequisites , for example, if prerequisites[i] = [ai, bi] this means you must take the course bi before the course ai . Given the total number of courses numCourses and a list of the prerequisite pairs, return the ordering of courses you should take to finish all courses." ( Solution )

2. Arrays / Strings (38%)

  • "Given an array of integers nums and an integer target , return indices of the two numbers such that they add up to target . You may assume that each input would have exactly one solution , and you may not use the same element twice." ( Solution )
  • "Given an array nums of n integers, are there elements a , b , c in nums such that a + b + c = 0? Find all unique triplets in the array which gives the sum of zero." ( Solution )
  • "Say you have an array for which the i th element is the price of a given stock on day i . If you were only permitted to complete at most one transaction (i.e., buy one and sell one share of the stock), design an algorithm to find the maximum profit. Note that you cannot sell a stock before you buy one." ( Solution )
  • "Given a string s , find the longest palindromic substring in s . You may assume that the maximum length of s is 1000." ( Solution )
  • "Convert a non-negative integer to its english words representation. Given input is guaranteed to be less than 2 31 - 1." ( Solution )
  • "Given an array of strings products and a string searchWord . We want to design a system that suggests at most three product names from products  after each character of  searchWord is typed. Suggested products should have common prefix with the searchWord. If there are more than three products with a common prefix return the three lexicographically minimums products. Return list of lists of the suggested products after each character of  searchWord is typed." ( Solution )
  • "Given a paragraph and a list of banned words, return the most frequent word that is not in the list of banned words.  It is guaranteed there is at least one word that isn't banned, and that the answer is unique. Words in the list of banned words are given in lowercase, and free of punctuation.  Words in the paragraph are not case sensitive.  The answer is in lowercase." ( Solution )

3. Linked lists (10%)

  • "Given a linked list, reverse the nodes of a linked list k at a time and return its modified list. k is a positive integer and is less than or equal to the length of the linked list. If the number of nodes is not a multiple of k then left-out nodes in the end should remain as it is." ( Solution )
  • "Merge two sorted linked lists and return it as a new sorted list. The new list should be made by splicing together the nodes of the first two lists." ( Solution )
  • "You are given an array of k linked-lists lists, each linked-list is sorted in ascending order. Merge all the linked-lists into one sorted linked-list and return it." ( Solution )
  • "A linked list is given such that each node contains an additional random pointer which could point to any node in the list or null. Return a deep copy of the list." ( Solution )
  • "Given a node from a Circular Linked List which is sorted in ascending order, write a function to insert a value  insertVal into the list such that it remains a sorted circular list. The given node can be a reference to any single node in the list, and may not be necessarily the smallest value in the circular list." ( Solution )

4. Search / Sort (2%)

  • "Given an array of integers nums , sort the array in ascending order." ( Solution )
  • "Given a 2d grid map of '1' s (land) and '0' s (water), count the number of islands. An island is surrounded by water and is formed by connecting adjacent lands horizontally or vertically. You may assume all four edges of the grid are all surrounded by water." ( Solution )
  • "Given an array of meeting time intervals consisting of start and end times [[s1,e1],[s2,e2],...] (s i < e i ), find the minimum number of conference rooms required." ( Solution )
  • "Write an efficient algorithm that searches for a value in an m x n matrix. This matrix has the following properties: [1] Integers in each row are sorted in ascending from left to right. [2] Integers in each column are sorted in ascending from top to bottom." ( Solution )

5. Stacks / Queues (2%)

  • "Design a stack that supports push, pop, top, and retrieving the minimum element in constant time." ( Solution )
  • "Given n non-negative integers representing an elevation map where the width of each bar is 1, compute how much water it is able to trap after raining." ( Solution )

6. Hash tables (2% of questions, least frequent)

  • "Given a non-empty 2D array grid of 0's and 1's, an island is a group of 1 's (representing land) connected 4-directionally (horizontal or vertical.) You may assume all four edges of the grid are surrounded by water. Count the number of distinct islands. An island is considered to be the same as another if and only if one island can be translated (and not rotated or reflected) to equal the other." ( Solution )
  • "Given a non-empty list of words, return the k most frequent elements. Your answer should be sorted by frequency from highest to lowest. If two words have the same frequency, then the word with the lower alphabetical order comes first." ( Solution )

2.2 System design questions

Amazon products have millions of monthly active users. Amazon's engineers therefore need to be able to design systems that are highly scalable.

The coding questions we've covered above usually have a single optimal solution. But the system design questions you'll be asked are typically more open-ended and feel more like a discussion.

This is the part of the interview where you want to show that you can both be creative and structured at the same time. In most cases, your interviewer will adapt the question to your background.

For instance, if you've worked on an API product they'll ask you to design an API. But that won't always be the case so you should be ready to design any type of product or system at a high level.

As mentioned previously, if you're a junior developer the expectations will be lower for you than if you're mid-level or senior. In addition, for certain roles (e.g. infrastructure, security, etc.) you will likely have several system design interviews instead of just one.

Below are the most common system design questions according to the Amazon interview reports which can be found on Glassdoor. For more information, we recommend watching the following Amazon video guide  and using our list of 31 system design questions if you need more practice.

Example system design questions asked at Amazon

  • How would you design a warehouse system for Amazon.com
  • How would you design Amazon.com so it can handle 10x more traffic than today
  • How would you design Amazon.com's database (customers, orders, products, etc.)
  • How would you design TinyURL
  • How would you design Google's search autocomplete
  • How would you design Dropbox
  • How would you design a real time ranking system for Fortnite
  • How would you design a parking payment system
  • How would you design an electronic voting system
  • How would you design a distributed cache system

2.3 Behavioral questions

Amazon’s SDE interview process heavily focuses on assessing if you live and breathe the company’s 16 Leadership Principles . The main way Amazon tests this is with behavioral questions, which you'll be asked in every interview.

Amazon leadership principles

SDE interviews tend to primarily focus on the first four principles we have highlighted below, according to the Amazon ex-interviewers on our coaching team. The other twelve topics also come up but less frequently.

Amazon's Leadership Principles:

  • Invent and Simplify
  • Are Right, A Lot
  • Deliver Results
  • Hire and Develop the Best
  • Learn and Be Curious
  • Insist on the Highest Standards
  • Strive to be Earth's Best Employer
  • Success and Scale Bring Broad Responsibility

Below is a breakdown of each leadership principle and how you’ll be asked about them during your interview process with Amazon.

2.3.1 "Customer obsession" interview questions

Customer obsession — "Leaders start with the customer and work backwards. They work vigorously to earn and keep customer trust. Although leaders pay attention to competitors, they obsess over customers.”

Customer obsession is about empathy. Interviewers want to see that you understand the consequences that every decision has on customer experience. You need to know who the customer is and their underlying needs, not just the tasks they want done.

This is by far the most important leadership principle used at Amazon. Therefore, it is the most critical one to prepare for.

Example "customer obsession" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a time you had to deal with a difficult customer
  • Tell me about a time you made something much simpler for customers
  • Which company has the best customer service and why?
  • Tell me about a time you said no to a customer request and why

2.3.2 "Ownership" interview questions

Ownership — "Leaders are owners. They think long term and don’t sacrifice long-term value for short-term results. They act on behalf of the entire company, beyond just their own team. They never say “that’s not my job.”

Interviewers at Amazon want to avoid hiring people who think, “That’s not my job!” When answering ownership questions, you’ll want to prove that you take initiative, can make tough decisions, and take responsibility for your mistakes.

Example "ownership" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a time you did something at work that wasn't your responsibility / in your job description
  • Describe an instance where you had to make an important decision without approval from your boss
  • Tell me about a time you took ownership of a problem that was not the focus of your organization
  • When was the last time that you sacrificed a long term value to complete a short term task?

2.3.3 "Bias for action" interview questions

Bias for action — "Speed matters in business. Many decisions and actions are reversible and do not need extensive study. We value calculated risk taking.”

Since Amazon likes to ship quickly, they also prefer to learn from doing (while also measuring results) vs. performing user research and making projections. They want to see that you can take calculated risks and move things forward.

Example "bias for action" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a time you had to change your approach because you were going to miss a deadline
  • Tell me about a time you had to make a decision with incomplete information. How did you make it and what was the outcome?
  • Tell me about a time when you launched a feature with known risks
  • Tell me about a time you broke a complex problem into simple sub-parts

2.3.4 "Have backbone; disagree and commit" interview questions

Have backbone; disagree and commit — "Leaders are obligated to respectfully challenge decisions when they disagree, even when doing so is uncomfortable or exhausting. Leaders have conviction and are tenacious. They do not compromise for the sake of social cohesion. Once a decision is determined, they commit wholly.”

Any group of smart leaders will disagree at some point. Amazon wants to see that you know when to challenge ideas and escalate problems to senior leadership. At the same time, they want to know you can sense the right time to move forward regardless of your disagreement.

Example "have backbone; disagree and commit" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a time you had a conflict with a coworker or manager and how you approached it
  • Tell me about a time you disagreed with your team and convinced them to change their position
  • Tell me about a time you had a conflict with your team but decided to go ahead with their proposal
  • Tell me about a time your work was criticized

2.3.5 "Invent and simplify" interview questions

Invent and simplify — "Leaders expect and require innovation and invention from their teams and always find ways to simplify. They are externally aware, look for new ideas from everywhere, and are not limited by “not invented here." Because we do new things, we accept that we may be misunderstood for long periods of time.”

Amazon relies on a culture of innovation. Answering invent and simplify questions is an opportunity to show your ability to create solutions when there is no obvious answer. You’ll also want to show that you know how to execute big ideas as simply and cheaply as possible.

Example "invent and simplify" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a time you suggested a new approach
  • What is the most innovative idea you've ever had?
  • Tell me how you built a feature in an innovative way, give specific details

2.3.6 "Dive deep" interview questions

Dive deep — "Leaders operate at all levels, stay connected to the details, audit frequently, and are skeptical when metrics and anecdote differ. No task is beneath them.”

When something isn’t working, SDEs need to quickly find a solution. Interviewers want to see that you are excited to dive deep when problems arise.

Example "dive deep" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a project in which you had to deep dive into analysis
  • Tell me about the most complex problem you have worked on
  • Describe an instance when you used a lot of data in a short period of time

2.3.7 "Are right, a lot" interview questions

Are right, a lot — "Leaders are right a lot. They have strong judgement and good instincts. They seek diverse perspectives and work to disconfirm their beliefs.”

Amazon expects its Software Development Engineers to produce solutions as quickly as possible and to make a lot of decisions with little information. You’ll want to demonstrate skill in taking calculated risks and show that you're comfortable disproving your own opinions before moving ahead.

Example "are right, a lot" questions asked by Amazon

  • Describe a time you made a mistake
  • Tell me about a time you applied judgment to a decision when data was not available
  • Tell me about a time you had very little information about a project but still had to move forward

2.3.8 "Deliver results" interview questions

Deliver results — "Leaders focus on the key inputs for their business and deliver them with the right quality and in a timely fashion. Despite setbacks, they rise to the occasion and never settle.”

Amazon values action over perfection. When answering questions related to delivering results, you’ll want to indicate that you dislike slipped deadlines and failed goals.

Example "deliver results" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about the most challenging project you ever worked on
  • How do you prioritize in your current role?
  • What do you think are the most difficult parts of software engineering?

2.3.9 "Think big" interview questions

Think big — "Thinking small is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Leaders create and communicate a bold direction that inspires results. They think differently and look around corners for ways to serve customers.”

Amazon is huge and its SDEs need to build products that reach significant scale to make a difference for the business. As a result, interviewers will want to see that you can develop and articulate a bold vision.

Example "think big" questions asked by Amazon

  • Describe a time you proposed a non-intuitive solution to a problem and how you identified that it required a different way of thinking
  • Give a specific example where you drove adoption for your vision and explain how you knew it had been adopted by others
  • Tell me about your most significant accomplishment. Why was it significant?

2.3.10 "Hire and develop the best" interview questions

Hire and develop the best — "Leaders raise the performance bar with every hire and promotion. They recognize exceptional talent, and willingly move them throughout the organization. Leaders develop leaders and take seriously their role in coaching others. We work on behalf of our people to invent mechanisms for development like Career Choice.”

As mentioned above, Amazon wants new hires to “raise the bar.” Interviewers will want to see that you are not afraid of working with and hiring people smarter than you.

You should also show you enjoy coaching younger colleagues and know how to get the most out of top performers. You’ll notice the examples listed here are general interview questions, but they provide a perfect opportunity for you to address this principle.

This leadership principle is typically discussed in interviews for very senior engineering positions that involve people management or building a team (e.g. Software Development Manager, Director, etc.).

Example "hire and develop the best" questions asked by Amazon

  • Describe a time you stepped in to help a struggling teammate
  • Tell me about a time you helped boost your team morale
  • Tell me about a time you hired or worked with people smarter than you are
  • Why do you want to work at Amazon?

2.3.11 "Frugality" interview questions

Frugality — "Accomplish more with less. Constraints breed resourcefulness, self-sufficiency, and invention. There are no extra points for growing headcount, budget size, or fixed expense.”

At every touchpoint, Amazon tries to provide customers with as much value for as little cost as possible. Interviewers will be looking for how you can support this idea while maintaining a constant drive for innovation.

Example "frugality" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a time you successfully delivered a project without a budget or resources
  • Describe the last time you figured out a way to keep an approach simple or to save on expenses

2.3.12 "Learn and be curious" interview questions

Learn and be curious — "Leaders are never done learning and always seek to improve themselves. They are curious about new possibilities and act to explore them.”

Amazon demands constant improvement in every part of their business. You’ll want to show that you are interested in learning new things and exploring new ideas.

Some examples listed here are general interview questions, but they provide a perfect opportunity for you to address this principle.

Example "learn and be curious" questions asked by Amazon

  • Explain something interesting you’ve learned recently
  • Tell me about a time you taught yourself a skill
  • Why Software Engineering?

2.3.13 "Insist on the highest standards" interview questions

Insist on the highest standards — "Leaders have relentlessly high standards — many people may think these standards are unreasonably high. Leaders are continually raising the bar and drive their teams to deliver high quality products, services, and processes. Leaders ensure that defects do not get sent down the line and that problems are fixed so they stay fixed.”

Amazon takes the view that nothing is ever “good enough.” They’d like to see that you push for standards that are difficult to meet.

Example "insist on the highest standards" questions asked by Amazon

  • Describe a project that you wish you had done better and how you would do it differently today
  • Tell me about the most successful project you've done
  • How do you ensure standards are met when delivering projects?

2.3.14 "Earn trust" interview questions

Earn trust — "Leaders listen attentively, speak candidly, and treat others respectfully. They are vocally self-critical, even when doing so is awkward or embarrassing. Leaders do not believe their or their team’s body odor smells of perfume. They benchmark themselves and their teams against the best.”

The key part of that principle that candidates often miss is the “vocally self-critical” bit. Amazon wants SDEs who focus on fixing mistakes instead of figuring out who to blame.

You’ll want to show that you take action when something is wrong and acknowledge your own faults before blaming other people and teams.

Example "earn trust" questions asked by Amazon

  • How do you earn trust with a team?
  • Tell me a piece of difficult feedback you received and how you handled it
  • A co-worker constantly arrives late to a recurring meeting. What would you do?

2.3.15 "Strive to be Earth's best employer" interview questions

Strive to be Earth's best employer — " Leaders work every day to create a safer, more productive, higher performing, more diverse, and more just work environment. They lead with empathy, have fun at work, and make it easy for others to have fun. Leaders ask themselves: Are my fellow employees growing? Are they empowered? Are they ready for what's next? Leaders have a vision for and commitment to their employees' personal success, whether that be at Amazon or elsewhere. ”

Similar to the principle “hire and develop the best,” this principle is more likely to come up in interviews for senior and/or managerial positions. In this case, you’ll want to show that you’ll not only boost your team, but also create a safe, diverse, and just work environment.

Essentially, if “hire and develop the best” means picking and training a top team, being “Earth’s best employer” means keeping that team safe, enriched, and engaged once you’ve got them.

Example "strive to be Earth's best employer" questions asked by Amazon

  • Tell me about a time that you went above and beyond for an employee
  • Tell me about a time you saw an issue that would negatively impact your team. How did you deal with it?
  • How do you manage a low performer in the team? How do you identify a good performer in the team and help in their career growth?

2.3.16 "Success and scale bring broad responsibility" interview questions

Success and scale bring broad responsibility — "W e started in a garage, but we're not there anymore. We are big, we impact the world, and we are far from perfect. We must be humble and thoughtful about even the secondary effects of our actions. Our local communities, planet, and future generations need us to be better every day. We must begin each day with a determination to make better, do better, and be better for our customers, our employees, our partners, and the world at large. And we must end every day knowing we can do even more tomorrow. Leaders create more than they consume and always leave things better than how they found them. ”

Amazon wants its employees to understand the responsibility of working for a vast, impactful company.

Show how you measure the impact of your decisions, both in your workspace and in the world around you (e.g. sustainability, justice, etc.). You must always be willing to improve.

Example "success and scale bring broad responsibility" questions asked by Amazon

  • Give me an example on when you made a decision which impacted the team or the company
  • Can you tell me a decision that you made about your work and you regret now?

3. How to prepare

Now that you know what questions to expect, let's focus on how to prepare. Here are the four preparation steps we recommend to help you get an offer as an Amazon (or Amazon Web Services) software development engineer.

3.1 Learn about Amazon's culture

Most candidates fail to do this. But before investing tons of time preparing for an interview at Amazon, you should take some time to make sure it's actually the right company for you.

Amazon is prestigious and it's tempting to assume that you should apply, without considering things more carefully. But, it's important to remember that the prestige of a job (by itself) won't make you happy in your day-to-day work. It's the type of work and the people you work with that will.

If you know engineers who work at Amazon or used to work there, talk to them to understand what the culture is like. The Leadership Principles we discussed above can give you a sense of what to expect, but there's no replacement for a conversation with an insider.

We would also recommend reading the following resources:

  • Amazon's technology culture video mix (by Amazon)
  • Amazon vision and mission analysis (by Panmore Institute)
  • Amazon strategy teardown (by CB Insights)

3.2 Practice by yourself

As mentioned above, you'll have to answer three types of questions at Amazon: coding, system design, and behavioral. The first step of your preparation should be to brush up on these different types of questions and to practice answering them by yourself.

3.2.1 Coding interview preparation

For coding interviews, we recommend getting used to the step-by-step approach hinted at by Amazon in the video below.

Here is a summary of the approach:

  • Ask clarification questions to remove ambiguity about the problem
  • Explore the edges of the problem
  • Discuss potential approaches you could take
  • Pick an approach and lay out the high level steps
  • Write clean code, not pseudocode
  • Comment on your code as you go
  • Start by testing with a simple example
  • Try breaking your code with edge and corner cases
  • Calculate time complexity
  • Discuss how you can optimize your solution

We recommend using our coding interview prep  article as your one-stop-shop to guide you through this preparation process.

3.2.2 System design interview preparation

For system design interviews, we recommend getting used to the step-by-step approach hinted at by Amazon in the video below.

  • Understand the goal of the system (e.g. sell ebooks)
  • Establish the scope of the exercise (e.g. end-to-end experience, or just API?)
  • Gather scale and performance requirements (e.g. 500 transactions per second)
  • Mention any assumptions you're making out loud
  • Lay out the high level components (e.g. front-end, web servers, database)
  • Drill down and design each component (e.g. front-end first)
  • Start with the components you're most comfortable with (e.g. front-end if you're a front-end engineer)
  • Work with your interviewer to provide the right level of detail
  • Refer back to the requirements to make sure your approach meets them
  • Discuss any tradeoffs in the decisions you've made
  • Summarize how the system would work end-to-end

We'd also recommend studying our  system design interview guide  and learning  how to answer system design interview questions . These guides cover a step-by-step method for answering system design questions, and they provide several example questions with solutions. 

3.2.3 Behavioral interview preparation

For behavioral interviews, we recommend learning our step-by-step method . For Amazon, it's particularly important that you are able to demonstrate some of Amazon's Leadership Principles as you answer behavioral questions.

Finally, a great way to practice coding, system design, and behavioral questions, is to interview yourself out loud. This may sound strange, but it will significantly improve the way you communicate your answers during an interview.

Play the role of both the candidate and the interviewer, asking questions and answering them, just like two people would in an interview.

3.3 Practice with peers

Practicing by yourself will only take you so far. One of the main challenges of coding interviews is that you have to communicate what you are doing as you are doing it.

To get used to this kind of "thinking out loud" we strongly recommend practicing live coding interviews with a peer interviewing you. 

If possible, a great place to start is to practice with friends. This can be especially helpful if your friend has experience with software engineer interviews, or is at least familiar with the process.

3.4 Practice with ex-interviewers

Finally, you should also try to practice software engineer mock interviews with expert ex-interviewers, as they’ll be able to give you much more accurate feedback than friends and peers.

If you know a software engineer who has experience running interviews at Amazon or another big tech company, then that's fantastic. But for most of us, it's tough to find the right connections to make this happen. And it might also be difficult to practice multiple hours with that person unless you know them really well.

Here's the good news. We've already made the connections for you. We’ve created a coaching service where you can practice 1-on-1 with ex-interviewers from leading tech companies like Amazon.  Learn more and start scheduling sessions today . 

Applying for other companies?  Check out our other guides for  Facebook , Google ,  Microsoft ,  LinkedIn , and  Airbnb  software engineer interviews. 

Interview coach and candidate conduct a video call

  • Automated reasoning
  • Cloud and systems
  • Computer vision
  • Conversational AI
  • Information and knowledge management
  • Machine learning
  • Operations research and optimization
  • Quantum technologies
  • Search and information retrieval
  • Security, privacy, and abuse prevention
  • Sustainability
  • News and features
  • Publications
  • Code and datasets
  • Alexa Prize
  • Academics at Amazon
  • Amazon Research Awards
  • Research collaborations

History of SCOT lead image.jpg

Solving some of the largest, most complex operations problems

How amazon’s supply chain optimization technologies team has evolved over time to meet a challenge of staggering complexity..

https://www.amazon.science/latest-news/solving-some-of-the-largest-most-complex-operations-problems

Amazon’s ability to grow to an unprecedented scale, while simultaneously meeting the growing expectations of its customers, particularly around delivery speeds, is a success story on many levels.

One of the keys to that success is a team that is fundamental to Amazon’s increasingly rapid transformation. A largely unsung team that in little more than a decade has built one of the largest and most sophisticated automated decision-making systems in the world. A team that has harnessed simulation, mathematical optimization, and machine learning to create the capability to deliver products at speeds once thought impossible at the mass market scale — in some cases within 2 hours — across a fulfillment network of dizzying complexity.

This is Amazon’s Supply Chain Optimization Technologies team (SCOT). If the Amazon Store were a human body, think of SCOT as its nervous system: essential to life, quietly acting in the background to automatically optimize critical functions and flows.

“At SCOT, using science and technology to optimize the supply chain is not just an enabler, it's our core focus,” says Ashish Agiwal, vice president, Fulfillment Optimization.

Today, SCOT’s systems have end-to-end responsibility for orchestrating Amazon Store’s supply chain.

SCOT is responsible for computing the delivery promises Amazon Store customers see when ordering, forecasting demand for its hundreds of millions of products, deciding which products to stock and in what quantities , allocating stock to warehouses and fulfillment centers (FCs) in anticipation of regional customer needs, offering markdown pricing when necessary, working out how to consolidate customer orders for maximum efficiency, coordinating inbound and inventory management from millions of sellers worldwide, and so much more.

But it was not always thus. Far from it, says Deepak Bhatia, vice president of SCOT, whose team’s methodologies and mechanisms will be a topic of conversation at INFORMS , the world’s largest operations research and analytics conference, taking place next week in Indianapolis, Indiana.

“A very different world”

In 2011 when Bhatia joined Amazon, the team that would evolve into SCOT was much smaller, he recalls, and its main concern was trying to automate Amazon’s product buying and inventory management.

“It was a very different world. The notion of an end-to-end supply chain tech function wasn’t there. But there were powerful intellects and a lot of energy in that team.”

It was a huge deal. Will it improve things, and if so by how much? Will it completely break? In the beginning, we took baby steps. We made changes one product category at a time.

In 2011, Amazon’s total revenue reached nearly $48 billion, and it was already clear to the senior leadership that the company’s scale would require the automation of buying and the management of inventory; monitoring spreadsheets was not a long-term solution. Indeed, even then the sheer range of products offered by Amazon meant the “illusion of control” was already kicking in among the groups managing inventory, says Bhatia. In fact, Bhatia notes, the sheer complexity and scale meant the challenge was beyond the scope of any team, let alone an individual.

In response, Bhatia and his colleagues set out to develop complex algorithms that could make buying and inventory placement decisions for a given category of products. And while that was all well and good in theory, trying it for real was a watershed moment.

“It was a huge deal. Will it improve things, and if so by how much? Will it completely break? In the beginning, we took baby steps. We made changes one product category at a time.”

Media category products were the early adopters. In randomized, controlled trials that ran over several months, some of these products were managed in the traditional way, and some by the new algorithms. Crucially, human judgement could still override the system’s decisions if deemed necessary.

The trial went well — the algorithms’ decisions were overridden only a small percentage of the time — and the approach was expanded across additional categories, including consumables such as groceries.

Going all in

“Then one day, in a high-level meeting someone said: ‘What if we go all in and make these categories 100% automated?’, Bhatia recalls. “Someone responded ‘All hell will break loose’.” And that, Bhatia notes, is where Amazon’s comfort with risk-taking came into play. “They decided to go all in.” That was around 2014. And the systems worked as designed, improving customer experience outcomes like in-stock rates while reducing costs.

One day, in a high-level meeting someone said: ‘What if we go all in and make these categories 100% automated?’ Someone responded ‘All hell will break loose’.

“After this success, automating one product category at a time started to feel too risk-averse,” says Bhatia.

Over the next few years, the technology was rapidly rolled out across the retail business, all the while being iterated and improved upon, with increasing success in terms of efficiency and customer satisfaction. At the same time, the rapidly growing SCOT team was developing technologies that would enable them to join the dots from one end of the Amazon supply chain to the other.

For example, SCOT grew its own demand forecasting team , with a sharp focus on scientific and technological innovation. The forecasting aspect of SCOT’s work started out as a patchwork of models, which evolved eventually to deep learning approaches to decide what features of the retail data were most important.

Today, building on a 2018 in-house research breakthrough, the forecasting team is using a single model that learns business-critical demand patterns without even being told what to look for. Called the Multi-Horizon Quantile Recurrent Forecaster , the model can accurately forecast shifting seasonal demand, future planned-event demand spikes and even “cold-start forecasting” for products with limited sales history.

Forecast accuracy is particularly important at Amazon’s scale.

“SCOT is directing hundreds of billions of dollars of product flows. That means just a few percentage points of change in our topline predictions equates to several fulfillment centers worth of products,” says Salal Humair, a SCOT vice president and Amazon distinguished scientist.

As SCOT’s demand forecasting has improved, so too has its ability to ensure that products were best positioned to fulfill those anticipated customer orders .

The challenge of One-Day Delivery

While Amazon’s largely manual inventory management system became increasingly automated in the early part of the previous decade, those changes proved insufficient for the logistical challenges that lay ahead: Amazon’s ever more ambitious customer-delivery promises, particularly its One-Day Delivery promise in the US in 2019, and Prime Now, Amazon's 2-hour grocery businesses.

“Before we announced the One-Day Delivery promise, a detailed SCOT simulation called Mechanical Sensei was the key to figuring out how much additional inventory we would need, where it would be placed, and how that would affect shipping costs,” says Humair.

So, at a time when Amazon was continuing to expand globally, the company’s bold delivery promises meant there was a pressing need to locate products closer to Amazon customers. This meant a significant increase in local distribution facilities, and yet another challenge: which items should be locally placed?

“Most of our systems were designed to operate under the simplifying assumption that demand for each item sold on the website is independent, but we know that’s not the case in reality,” says Jeffrey Maurer, vice president, Inventory Planning and Control. “When one product goes out of stock, or isn’t available for fast delivery, demand shifts to other products. We can’t make every product locally available in every location, so how do we account for these constraints while trying to maximize customer satisfaction?”

That nut has yet to be comprehensively cracked, but the simple fact of adding local warehousing resulted in a supply chain network of such layered complexity, that the SCOT team realized its automated network would need yet another radical redesign.

From left to right, Ashish Agiwal, vice president, Fulfillment Optimization; Deepak Bhatia, vice president of SCOT; Salal Humair, a SCOT vice president and Amazon distinguished scientist; Jeffrey Maurer, vice president, Inventory Planning and Control; and Piyush Saraogi, vice president, Fulfillment By Amazon.

It took them several years to solve for the new set of challenges.

“We had to iterate, fail, iterate, fail, iterate, fail many times,” Humair recalls.

Then, in 2020, the team unveiled its latest breakthrough: the “ multi-echelon system ”. This is a multi-product, multi-layered, multi-fulfillment center model for optimizing inventory levels for varying delivery speeds in a space where future demand, product lead times and capacity constraints are all uncertain, and where real-time customer promises and fulfillment make the demand patterns seen by FCs very hard to characterize.

“We have a strong sense of pride for the work the SCOT team is doing,” says Bhatia. “These sorts of solutions are just unheard of in academia and industry.”

The SCOT team was able to demonstrate significant improvements to inventory buying and placement through the multi-echelon system, but rolling it out across the business was a challenge.

“Not only did the teams, systems and coordination mechanisms all need to be rebuilt, but we also had to keep the business running,” says Humair. “We had to change the engine while still flying the plane!”

An overhead image shows a fulfillment center with boxes and conveyor belts in a large, open facility

And then there was COVID. “The impact of COVID on our supply chain brought capacity management to the forefront,” says Maurer. “It was no longer enough to be approximately right at network level in terms of capacity management; we needed to get it exactly right at every facility and connection in our network.”

Ultimately, the successful combination of powerful forecasting, multi-echelon inventory management‚ and several other algorithms and systems — running the gamut from fulfillment to customer promise, inventory health, and inventory placement — along with unparalleled distribution capacity enabled Amazon to deal with the effects of COVID as well as the enormous surges in demand created by shopping events such as Cyber Monday and Amazon’s own Prime Day. The latter, this year, resulted in the record-breaking purchase of more than 300 million items across more than 20 countries .

Future challenges

So what are the current and future challenges in SCOT’s sights?

“The range of problems requiring disruptive technology solutions is not exhausted,” Humair notes.

For example, about 60% of the Amazon Store’s sales is through Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA), a service for small-and-medium sized businesses to provide unique selection for Amazon customers at low costs and fast speeds.

Optimizing supply chain efficiency would be hard enough at Amazon’s scale, even if Amazon was in full control of every aspect of its fulfillment network. “However we work with millions of FBA sellers with different cost structures and inventory management practices who independently decide what to sell, how much to inbound, and how to price their products,” notes Piyush Saraogi, vice president, FBA.

Origin-destination flow targets.png

These businesses share Amazon’s storage capacity and transportation network, but make their own decisions on pricing and inventory management. COVID played a role here as well: capacity constraints meant the FBA team had to adopt limits on restocking.

“Balancing the supply and demand of capacity in a network with 60% FBA inventory is an incredibly complex business problem,” Saraogi says. “To balance capacity in the marketplace setting, we have to invent new approaches that offer predictability to our sellers and are consistent with our general laissez-faire approach to FBA, while giving Amazon the flexibility to balance the network and ensure our store has all the in-stock selection customers are looking for.

Sellers may have developed a blockbuster new product, received fresh capital, or shifted distribution toward FBA. The science for leveraging this key seller input in a scalable manner into our inventory and capacity management systems is an unchartered territory that our scientists, engineers, and product managers are working on.”

“This is a big challenge for SCOT,” Bhatia agrees. “How can we support all our independent third-party sellers in ways that result in a triple win, for them, for Amazon, and for our customers?”

The SCOT team also wrestles with something that is increasingly prevalent in the modern world of complex optimization modelling and machine learning: how to explain automated decisions to the people who need to understand why things are happening as they are.

“We have hundreds of people fielding questions from selling partners and other stakeholders,” says Humair. “Why have my in-stock rates changed? Why do I have more inventory? Each such question requires manual deep dives, hundreds of person hours to answer.” The team is currently developing new methods to make its systems more explainable.

These systems optimize millions of customer promises every second and billions of customer order fulfillment plans daily. This is done by evaluating hundreds of millions of potential transport routes across the network and tracking over a billion real-time inventory updates every day

Indeed, the very fact that such technology is extremely complex and requires a sophisticated technical background to fully understand makes the idea of going all-in on data science a daunting proposition,” says Humair.

“Data is always ambiguous, so you need a lot of conviction and judgment to stay the course. But it has yielded spectacular benefits for Amazon, for our selling partners, and, most importantly, for our customers.”

Another big challenge is managing transportation through Amazon’s growing delivery fleet of trucks, planes, sort centers, and delivery stations. SCOT’s Fulfillment Optimization team, led by Agiwal, runs the systems that makes outbound fulfillment decisions.

“These systems optimize millions of customer promises every second and billions of customer order fulfillment plans daily. This is done by evaluating hundreds of millions of potential transport routes across the network and tracking over a billion real-time inventory updates every day,” he says.

Amazon’s operation of its own transportation network has created what Agiwal calls “a very exciting problem space” that his team is now addressing. “Designing the network topology, optimizing connections in a multi-tier multi-modal network, and coordinating all operational resources at Amazon scale is unprecedented,” he notes.

“Our new priority is ensuring that our own delivery trucks or cargo planes are as full as possible while also meeting our customer-delivery windows,” says Bhatia.

That problem space also illustrates why Amazon SCOT is so unique.

“We are solving some of the largest, most complex problems in operations using solutions entirely built in-house,” says Agiwal. “We have some of the best scientists, engineers and product managers in the world, working together and controlling their own destiny. We have the luxury of large and diverse data sets and the ability to innovate and experiment at a massive scale with immediate, measurable impact on customer experience and costs. It is truly gratifying.”

That complexity also explains why SCOT is so appealing to data scientists, economists, and machine learning scientists of all stripes.

“Our problem dimensionality is high and closed-form solutions are rarely applicable,” notes Maurer. “Our teams continually invent and implement new algorithms and evolve the fundamental structure of our systems as the physical network changes. SCOT is a great place for people who are drawn to exceptionally complex problem spaces and motivated by having high production impact.”

  • Supply Chain Optimization Technologies (SCOT)
  • Inventory planning
  • Transportation planning

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An Amazonian, Michael Tapich, poses in the Amazon Spheres

About three years ago, Mike Taptich's career took an unplanned detour. At the time, he was working as a researcher and lecturer in UC Berkeley’s Civil and Environmental Engineering department. He felt content with his work, which focused on supply chains and their impact on the planet.

But people in his network kept mentioning a scientist position on Amazon's sustainability team. He needed to look at this position, friends urged him—it was as if he'd written it for himself.

To Taptich, the role seemed almost too good to be true. A research position focused on using big data to drive transportation sustainability at a big company? It seemed to fit perfectly with his interests and expertise. So he submitted his resume. After a few conversations with team members at Amazon, his initial nonchalance turned into excitement.

An Amazonian, Michael Tapich, poses in the Amazon Spheres

"I called my wife and was like, 'Yeah … you know how I told you it was a 10 percent chance?'" Taptich said. "'Yep, definitely taking this job.'"

The turning point for Taptich, now a senior research scientist on Amazon's sustainability team, was the opportunity to translate his research into tangible results that would inform solutions in the real world.

"I was writing papers for a long while in this space, trying to guide companies—in theory—to read this information and maybe make changes," Taptich said. "When I came to Amazon, I actually had the opportunity to apply the change I had been writing about for so long. "

Doing hard things well For scientists who join Amazon, fast-tracking ideas from theory to reality is often too compelling to pass up. Scientists at Amazon work on a wide variety of applied science projects aimed at continually improving the customer experience and creating positive change in the world . These might include pioneering natural language understanding technology for Alexa, designing solutions at the forefront of robotics, or helping increase safety for employees. Amazon has more than 2,000 scientists with PhDs working on applied science.

"Amazon is a bottomless well of interesting scientific problems, many of which have not been solved yet," said Pat Bajari, chief economist and vice president, Amazon Core AI. "The leaders here value high-quality science, and scientists at Amazon have the ability every day to improve the lives of hundreds of millions of people."

A man stands on stage at a conference, presenting on "Innovating with AI"

Bajari joined Amazon in 2010, a time when relatively few scientists were employed at the company. The following year, he said, an urgency emerged around hiring experts in artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve the decision-making capabilities of software. The number of scientists working for the company expanded quickly.

One of them was Guido Imbens, a professor at Stanford University who teaches econometrics—a discipline that applies statistical methods to analyze large sets of data. Bajari first invited Imbens to give a series of talks to Amazon's economists. But as Imbens spoke with Amazonians on his visits, he uncovered opportunities to do even more.

"Amazon had a fascinating array of problems that fit exactly the types of questions I'd been working on," he said. Imbens joined the company in 2014 while maintaining his role at Stanford and continuing to teach, with part of his time spent working on projects aimed at improving the site's recommendations for customers.

That arrangement has since been formalized and broadened with Amazon Scholars , a program that allows academics to join Amazon in a flexible role. Like Taptich and Bajari, Imbens was drawn to the idea that he could test new ideas with real-world data. “It was a chance, he said, to see "how the methods I'd been working on would actually work in practice in a high-stakes environment where the answers really mattered."

Science meets the real world When he joined Amazon, Taptich soon found himself at the center of the company's most high-stakes environmental project to date: the launch of its Climate Pledge to be carbon neutral by 2040, 10 years earlier than the targets set under the Paris Agreement.

Taptich worked on the research, models, and language to estimate and communicate Amazon’s carbon footprint . The fall 2019 pledge announcement was a gratifying moment after three years spent developing a methodology that went far beyond the status quo for corporate greenhouse gas reporting.

"It was, hands down, the most gratifying thing I've ever done," Taptich said. "I didn't know what to expect when I joined Amazon, but it certainly wasn't going carbon neutral by 2040. I always knew we would do something big—but that, to me, was colossal."

Taptich shares his research with teams from across the company and helps Amazonians integrate his models into their daily operations. He also participates in a larger science community at the company, where he attends events aimed at helping scientists continue to learn and network—such as internal conferences where scientists can present their work, source peer reviews, and learn about submitting research for publication in scholarly journals.

“People have been incredibly collaborative,” Imbens said. “If I say, hey, I need some help here, people are very quickly willing to give their time to move the whole thing forward. There's a very clear understanding that there's a common goal.”

The number and diversity of scientists at Amazon today lend an academic feel to an otherwise business-driven and customer-focused environment. For those familiar with some of the processes that slow down research at universities, the bias for action embedded in Amazon's leadership principles is refreshing.

"There’s a vibrant and growing science community here," Taptich said. "We do research every day, but it's focused less on funding and more on building solutions, which is awesome."

Learn more about Amazon Scholars

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Amazon Technical Program Manager Interview Guide

Detailed, specific guidance on the Amazon Technical Program Manager interview process - with a breakdown of different stages and interview questions asked at each stage

The role of an Amazon Technical Program Manager

A Technical Program Manager(TPM) plays a critical role in helping drive company strategy, aligning teams, collaborating with cross-functional stakeholders, and delivering on multiple complex projects for the company. Given the rapid expansion of companies in the digital space, it has become imperative for companies, especially ones with a large digital footprint, to hire TPMs.

Amazon is the world's largest e-commerce company and also a tech major. With a variety of products and services such as Alexa, AWS, E-commerce, logistics, Amazon needs TPMs who can lead and manage technical projects in these areas, and thus drive its growth.

Amazon TPMs don different hats depending upon the teams/programs they are assigned to. Some of the different teams at Amazon where TPMs have to lend their services are:

  • Amazon Devices Team
  • Amazon Advertising Products Group
  • AWS Services Team
  • Automation, Tooling and Insights team
  • Transportation Financial Systems Team

Here's a more generic description of the role of a TPM at Amazon:

  • Working with product management to define business strategy, requirements and timelines.
  • Leading multiple cross-functional development teams through design, delivery, and management and support.
  • Regularly communicating with senior management on progress, risks and change control.

Skills/Qualifications required

  • Experience managing projects across cross-functional teams, building sustainable processes and coordinating release schedules
  • 5+ years of relevant engineering experience
  • 3+ years of technical program management experience
  • Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science or related field
  • Computer Science fundamentals in object-oriented design, data structures, algorithm design, problem-solving, and complexity analysis
  • Proficiency in, at least, one modern programming language such as C, C++, C#, Java, or Perl
  • 1+ year of MySQL or similar database experience
  • Strong sense of ownership, urgency, and drive
  • Strong knowledge of data structures, algorithms, and designing for performance, scalability, and availability
  • Experience with UI frameworks such as Spring MVC, GWT, jQuery, Swing, etc.
  • Experience with Amazon Web Services
  • 3+ years of experience in software development and full product life-cycles

Amazon Technical Program Manager(TPM) salary

  • Entry level salary :USD 130,000.
  • Senior positions   :USD 315,000. 
  • Median salary      :USD 189,000 with base component being USD 140,000, stock component being USD 32,000 and bonus being USD 16,000.

Interview Process Overview

The interview process for the Amazon Technical Program Manager role consists of 3 stages as under:

  • Recruiter Screen(30 minutes)
  • Phone screen(about 1 hour)
  • Onsite round(5-6 hours)

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Amazon tpm - recruiter screen.

The interview process commences with a 30-minute interview with the recruiter. This interview call is aimed at assessing your cultural and experiential fit for the role at the company. The interviewer is likely to pose questions regarding your background and previous work experience in the relevant domain, and may also discuss previous projects you have handled. Be thoroughly prepared with your CV. Keep a crisp and convincing answer ready for questions such as "why do you think you are best for the role?" or "why should we hire you?" Since Amazon TPM has many roles/teams, the recruiter screen also tries to match you with the best teams/roles based on your skill sets and experience.

Make sure your resume is perfect for Amazon by sending it for review to an Amazon recruiter!

Amazon tpm - phone screen.

The recruiter screen is followed by a telephonic interview with the company's hiring manager. This interview is roughly of 1 hour duration and consists of 3 sections of 20 minutes each.

The first section is a test of your program management skills. By asking questions related to your background and previous work experience, the interviewer tries to assess your program management expertise. 

In the second section of your phone screen, the interviewer asks technical questions to  assess your ability as a TPM. Candidates have often reported to have been asked questions on system design and architecture design. So, prepare these topics well. Also, brush up your coding.

The third section is the behavioural interview. Here, the interviewer will ask you questions on Amazon's 14 Leadership Principles.. Therefore, you must learn and understand these principles. For each leadership principle, you must be ready to share an experience where you applied that principle.

Tips to do well in the phone screen

  • Practice a lot of system design/architecture design questions.
  • Be thorough with Amazon's 14 leadership principles. Use them when the interviewers ask you behavioural questions.

Interview Questions

Program Management Section

  • Tell us briefly how you go about executing a project.
  • Have you handled multiple teams within a program?
  • Can you share an experience where you worked on improving a system without being asked by the customer?
  • There is an internal customer/consumer of your service who is not benefiting from your service improvements. How will you convince them to use your service?

Technical Section

  • Define a complex system and it's system design.
  • What is a hypervisor?
  • Design Uber frontend
  • What is Java construct?
  • What is a field in Java?
  • You are trying to make music content available to customers for the first time. How would you go about it?
  • How would you design a database schema for a certain configuration manager?
  • What is your favorite app and how would you improve it?
  • Customer requirement is to "display an ebook after 60 seconds from purchase"- What you should do in order to support that requirement?

Behavioural Interview Section

  • What is the toughest decision you faced and how did you overcome it?
  • Tell us about a time when you disagreed with the entire team and why?
  • How did you manage when a project deadline was missed?

Watch the video for Amazon TPM Phone Interview

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Amazon tpm - onsite round.

The on-site interview is a full day event. It comprises 5-6 interviews each lasting about 1 hour.  The on-site can essentially be perceived to be an extended version of the phone interview. The interview panel consists of Amazon employees currently working there in various capacities such as Product Manager, Technical Program manager, Software Developer, Software development manager, a bar raiser, and the hiring manager. The onsite interview is going to be replete with questions testing your understanding of Amazon's 14 leadership principles.

Each of these interview scores is going to be counted to assess your overall performance  (except the bar raiser). A bar raiser is an interviewer from a different business unit. The interviewer of the bar raiser round will be a more senior executive than the level you are applying for and holds the final call regarding your selection. Bar raisers make sure that candidates who get selected are at least better than 50% of the current employees of the company.

Most asked questions in the onsite round

  • What was the most complex design project you've worked on?
  • Say you’re working on a project and it comes to your notice that the company has changed its goals, how do you adapt?
  • What is the difference between TCP and UDP? Describe the TCP protocol
  • Design the front end of a travel booking platform.
  • When pursuing a project goal, how do you deal with failure?

The onsite round is the most complex of all the rounds and you can expect questions that are technical, such as system design questions and coding questions, some program.management questions, and also some behavioural questions. The behavioural section is particularly important, and you must be thorough with Amazon's 14 leadership principles for this round.

Ace the onsite round by booking a mock interview with an Amazon TPM expert!

Frequently asked questions.

What can I do to stand out as a candidate during the TPM interview process at Amazon?

How long does the entire TPM interview process at Amazon typically take?

What should I know about Amazon's approach to program management and innovation during the interview process?

Are there behavioral or situational interview questions in the process?

Relevant interview guides

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How to Nail your next Technical Interview

You may be missing out on a 66.5% salary hike*, nick camilleri, how many years of coding experience do you have, free course on 'sorting algorithms' by omkar deshpande (stanford phd, head of curriculum, ik), help us with your details.

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Amazon QA Engineer Interview Questions

Dipen Dadhaniya

Amazon operates across several industries providing customer-focused products and services. Quality is an essential facet of Amazon’s consumer-centric vision.

Quality Assurance (QA) engineers at Amazon work closely with software developers to evaluate the functionality of products and services through manual or automated tests. QA engineers run a series of test suites and cases to identify product defects and drive quality initiatives.

QA engineers play an important role at Amazon, ensuring the company’s products and services meet the highest standards of excellence.

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In this article, we’ll look at the Amazon Quality Assurance Engineer interview process, including the type of questions asked at the interview. We also offer tips and insights to help you prepare for and ace your upcoming QA interview.

In this article, we’ll cover:

  • The Amazon QA Interview Process

Amazon QA Interview Questions

  • Tips to Crack the Amazon QA Interview

How to Prepare for a QA Interview

Amazon qa interview process.

Amazon’s QA interview process is similar to Amazon’s coding interview process. Amazon’s QA interview process comprises the following 5 stages:

  • Evaluation of Your Coding Skills

Your knowledge of basic data structures (Arrays, Strings, Linked Lists, etc.) is assessed at this stage. To ace this coding interview , you have to be adept at an object-oriented programming language such as Java, Python, or C++.

  • Evaluation of Your Testing Skills

At this stage of the Amazon QA engineer hiring process, you will be evaluated on your ability to plan and execute test strategies in a real-time situation. Experience in software testing is necessary to be successful in this round.

  • Evaluation of Your Analytical Skills

Your ability to debug code, among other analytical skills, will be assessed in this round. Although similar to the coding interview , questions asked in this round will be more challenging and will involve algorithmic problems.

  • Evaluation of Your Behavioral Skills

Amazon follows a unique method to evaluate candidates’ behavioral skills. Amazon’s behavioral interview is based on Amazon’s 14 Leadership Principles .

In this round, you’ll be asked questions on workplace conduct and discipline, collaboration, leadership, initiative, and inclusion.

  • The Amazon Bar Raiser Interview

The Bar Raiser round is the final stage of the interview process. It is conducted by a member of Amazon’s Bar Raiser team , i.e., a group of employees specially trained to hire only the best talent.

At the Bar Raiser interview, you’ll be asked questions pertaining to:

  • Your prospective role
  • Your past projects and productivity
  • Your potential value contribution to the team
  • Your views on work-life balance and workplace situations

Questions asked at Amazon’s QA interview are a mix of coding, testing, analytical, and behavioral questions. Given below are sample Amazon QA interview questions .

Amazon QA Interview Questions on Testing

Testing for bugs, errors, and inconsistencies is the primary role of an Amazon QA engineer. Below are some testing questions asked at Amazon’s QA interview:

  • Explain the different types of software testing with examples.
  • Explain the difference between bug leakage and bug release.
  • Explain the automation challenges software quality testers face.
  • Devise a test strategy for a newly launched e-commerce website that sells books.
  • Write test cases for an app that uploads files from a remote machine to the cloud.
  • Write a test case to validate an API for which the input is a URL to an HTML webpage.
  • Write test cases for when customers make credit card payments for products purchased online.
  • What testing approach would you adopt for a smartphone that turns off when the alarm rings?
  • How would you test (optimally) the search feature on the Amazon e-commerce platform? How would you automate the process to check if search results are displayed correctly?
  • Write smoke tests for the given situation: There are three modules with a fundamental defect in one of the modules. Module 3 gets its input from Module 1 and 2. How would you identify and report defects?

Amazon QA Interview Questions on Coding and Analytical Skills

Knowing how to code and approach problem-solving analytically is an essential requirement for QA engineers.

Below are some coding questions asked at the Amazon QA interview . These questions are generally based on coding topics such as arrays, strings, linked lists, graphs, trees, hashing, and other coding concepts on algorithms and data structures.

  • Given K sorted arrays ‘arr’, of size N each, merge them into a new sorted array ‘res.’ ( Solution )
  • Given an array of integers ‘arr’ of size n, which is analogous to a continuous stream of integers input, find K largest elements from a given stream of numbers. ( Solution )
  • Given an array of integers, find any non-empty subarray whose elements add up to zero. ( Solution )
  • Find all magic triplets in a given integer array ‘arr’ of size n. A magic triplet is a group of three numbers whose sum is zero. Note that magic triplets may or may not be made of consecutive numbers in arr. ( Solution )
  • Given an integer, check whether it is a palindrome. ( Solution )
  • Given an integer n, find all possible ways to position n queens on an n×n chessboard so that no two queens attack each other. ( Solution )
  • Given the root node of a binary tree T, modify that tree in place, transform it into the mirror image of the initial tree T. ( Solution )
  • Given a variety of coin types defining a currency system, find the minimum number of coins required to express a given amount of money. Assume an infinite supply of coins of every type. ( Solution )
  • Given the daily prices of a stock, what’s the maximum possible profit one can generate by first buying one share of that stock on a certain day and then selling that share at least one day later? ( Solution )
  • Given a sequence, return its next lexicographically greater permutation. If such a permutation does not exist, then return it in ascending order. ( Solution )

Go through more coding questions and their answers to improve your QA coding interview prep.

Amazon QA Interview Behavioral Questions

Behavioral interviews are a key part of the interview process at Amazon for all roles, whether junior, mid, or senior-level roles. Below are some sample behavioral questions asked at Amazon’s QA interview:

  • What are the characteristics of a good leader?
  • Give us an instance when you had to make an important decision based on limited data.
  • How do you avoid distractions at work?
  • What do you think makes for perfect work-life balance?
  • How would you engage clients to keep them interested in a product or service?
  • How would you deal with conflict with a coworker?
  • Describe how you handled an uncooperative coworker.
  • Describe a disagreement you had with a superior on the course of a project.
  • Tell us about a time you had to enhance your skills to meet project requirements.
  • What was the most difficult project you ever worked on? What were your key learnings from it?

For more behavioral questions that can be asked at Amazon’s QA engineer interview, check out these pages on Amazon Behavioral Interview Questions and Amazon Leadership Principles Interview Questions .

Tips to Crack the Amazon QA Engineer Interview

Given below are some tips to help you ace your next QA engineer interview.

  • Create an Impressive Project Portfolio

A strong project portfolio can give you a competitive edge. Create your portfolio using the STAR format, which highlights situations, tasks, actions, and results for each project. This will give interviewers the right context and clarity about projects as you talk about them.

  • Prepare Well for the Behavioral Interview

Behavioral interviews are a very important part of the Amazon interview process. Amazon’s behavioral interviews differ from behavioral interviews at other FAANG companies. The Bar Raiser round at Amazon focuses primarily on Amazon’s 14 Leadership Principles .

Make sure you prepare answers to behavioral questions using the STAR format. Appearing unprepared at the behavioral round by answering questions unsatisfactorily can negatively impact your interview results.

  • Uplevel Your Problem-Solving and Analytical Skills

Practice as many coding problems as possible before your interview. Try to practice at least 80 problems before your interview. This will help you identify different patterns that you can apply to solve new problems.

  • Earmark Adequate Time to Prepare for Your Interview

Give yourself a minimum of 8 weeks to prepare for the interview. Inadequate preparation time can cause you to overlook crucial technical concepts, weakening your competitive edge.

  • Practice Mock Interviews

Mock interviews with the right professionals are a great way to polish your interviewing skills and become confident.

At Interview Kickstart , you can practice mocks with instructors who are hiring managers and technical leads at Tier-1 companies, including Amazon.

Kickstart your interview prep for your next QA engineer interview by availing the best guidance on technical interviews. Register for our free webinar to learn how to structure your interview prep.

At IK, we help you develop a winning strategy to beat the competition and crack technical interviews at the biggest companies . Register to uplevel your career now!

FAQs about Amazon AQ Engineer Interview Questions

Q1. what skills do i need to be a qa engineer at amazon.

Interviewers at Amazon look for QA engineers with experience in testing web technologies, services, and physical devices. Moreover, proficiency in QA methodology and expertise in working closely with development and business teams is a must. Knowledge of Scrum, Kanban, and Lean methodologies puts you in a stronger position. 

Q2. How much does a QA Engineer I at Amazon make? 

The average salary of an Amazon QA Engineer I is ₹12,21,481 per year. It can range from ₹5,75,717 - ₹14,64,284 per year.

Q3. Is coding required for QA engineers?

Coding skills can be beneficial for QA professionals, but they are not mandatory for the role. The knowledge helps them collaborate with other team members. However, QA professionals usually deal with test planning, test case design, test execution, and defect management. So, they can excel in their roles with a strong foundation in testing methodologies and techniques, not necessarily coding.

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Amazon Interview Questions: The Ultimate Preparation Guide

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Getting an interview at Amazon is a major accomplishment. With thousands of applicants every year and intense competition, securing an interview slot is an achievement in itself. Now you need to put in the work to make sure you ace the interview process.

In this comprehensive guide, we will cover everything you need to know to crush your Amazon interviews, including:

  • The full breakdown of Amazon's rigorous interview process
  • How to thoroughly prepare for Amazon's behavioral and technical interviews
  • Detailed examples of the most common Amazon interview questions
  • 5 techniques to really impress your interviewers
  • Pro tips and strategies to stand out from the competition
  • Insights into Amazon's company culture and leadership principles
  • Recommended resources for practice and study

This guide will equip you with the skills, stories, and knowledge to master your Amazon interviews. Let's dive in!

Chapter 1 - Amazon's Interview Process Fully Explained

The first step to acing Amazon's interview gauntlet is understanding exactly what you will face. Let's break down what to expect in each stage of Amazon's notoriously rigorous interview process.

The Recruiter Phone Screen

Your journey starts with a recruiter phone screen, usually scheduled for 30 minutes. Here's what to expect:

Introductions - The recruiter will give brief background on themselves and ask you to walk through your resume and experience. Be succinct but thorough when summarizing your background.

Motivations - Expect questions about why you are interested in Amazon and the role you applied for. Be specific - do your research so you can speak intelligently about the team, products, and technologies involved in the position.

Experience - The recruiter will probe into details of your work history, especially your major technical projects and accomplishments. Be ready to talk technically about the most relevant parts of your background.

Leadership principles - Some recruiters may ask you to describe how experiences tie back to Amazon's leadership principles. Have these principles on the tip of your tongue and relate your background to them.

Questions - The recruiter will ask if you have any questions. Always have thoughtful questions ready that show your understanding of and enthusiasm for the role.

Next steps - If interested, the recruiter will outline next steps and timelines. This usually involves a technical phone screen.

With practice and preparation, you can ace the recruiter screen and move on to the more difficult technical interviews.

The Technical Phone Screen

If you impress the recruiter, next up is the technical phone screen, usually scheduled for 45-60 minutes. This is often your first coding/architecture interview, so bring your A game. Here's what to expect:

Introductions - You'll be introduced to an Amazon engineer who will conduct the technical interview. Expect them to briefly summarize their role.

Coding - The core of the interview will be data structure, algorithm, and language questions. Think 2-3 mediums from LeetCode. Communicate clearly and check edge cases.

Architecture - Expect at least one system design or object oriented design question. Get clarification, highlight tradeoffs, and explain reasoning.

Experience - The interviewer may ask you to expand on parts of your background relevant to the role. Keep answers clear and concise.

Next Steps - If you pass, next is a full day of on-site final interviews. Ask about recommended preparation.

The technical screen will evaluate both your computer science fundamentals and communication skills. Practice mock interviews extensively so you are comfortable responding confidently to a wide range of technical prompts.

The All-Day Final Interviews

If you successfully navigate the phone screens, you'll be invited to Amazon's headquarters for 4-6 back-to-back interview sessions. This is an all day affair, usually lasting 6-8 hours, including breaks between sessions.

What can you expect during these final on-site interviews?

Diverse interviewers - You will meet with various managers, engineers, and senior leaders from the department you are interviewing for.

Mix of questions - Expect behavioral, technical, and leadership principle questions across your different sessions.

Coding challenges - At least two of the interviews will involve writing code in a relevant language like Python or Java. Brush up on those whiteboard coding skills.

System design - Be ready to discuss approaches to core system design problems like scaling databases or designing highly-available services.

Projects and experience - Interviewers will probe into your resume, past work, side-projects, and qualifications. Be an expert on your own background.

Culture and principles - As an executive frontrunner, Amazon cares about culture fit. Showcase how your values align.

Meals - You'll have lunch with employees and get a feel for Amazon's culture. Use this time to ask good questions and learn.

The final round is intense. Thorough preparation of your stories, technical skills, and thinking is key. You want to enter the office confident and ready to tackle whatever comes your way over the course of this long day.

The Hiring Manager Review

After running through the on-site gauntlet, the final step is review by the hiring manager. The individual interviewers will submit their evaluations and commentary on your performance.

The hiring manager looks at factors like:

  • Did you pass a majority of the interview bars?
  • Do the interviewers agree you have the right skills for the role?
  • Did you stand out in any particular area?
  • Do you show mission alignment with Amazon's principles?

If the hiring manager gives the thumbs up, congratulations! Expect a call with the official job offer details. Time to celebrate.

However, it's not uncommon for candidates to get rejections at this stage due to mixed interview feedback or concerns raised over the course of the day's assessments.

If you receive a "no" from the hiring manager, you may be able to re-apply and restart the process after 6-12 months. Use the time to brush up your skills and prepare to come back stronger.

Chapter 2 - How to Thoroughly Prepare for Amazon's Behavioral and Technical Interview Questions

You landed an interview at Amazon. Awesome! But don't let up now. The real work starts here. Thorough preparation is what will set you apart. Here is a detailed guide to getting ready for Amazon's behavioral, technical and leadership focused interviews.

Preparing for the Behavioral Interview

Nail the behavioral part of your Amazon interviews by following these preparation tips:

Understand Amazon's Leadership Principles Cold

Amazon's leadership principles are 14 core values that drive their culture and guide employee behaviors. Master them inside and out:

Customer obsession - Earn and keep customer trust above all else. Make their problems your problems and find solutions.

Ownership - Take end-to-end ownership of your work. Don't settle for less than excellence.

Invent and simplify - Solve complex problems with simple, elegant solutions. Cut through ambiguity.

Are right, a lot - Make data-driven decisions, even if unpopular. Base choices on research, analysis and judgement.

Learn and be curious - Be inquisitive. Seek knowledge and truth in all things. Stay hungry to learn.

Hire and develop the best - Only keep stunning colleagues. Coach them towards excellence.

Insist on the highest standards - Expect only the best in quality and performance from yourself and others.

Think big - Create bold, game-changing ideas. Make no small plans.

Bias for action - Move fast. Empower teams to act without constant supervision.

Frugality - Accomplish more with less. Constraints breed creative solutions. Eliminate waste.

Earn trust - Listen closely. Treat others respectfully. Keep your word.

Dive deep - Invest the time to fully understand details, issues and priorities before making decisions.

Have backbone; disagree and commit - Challenge assumptions respectfully. Then unify behind group decisions.

Deliver results - Focus on key inputs and outputs. Set challenging goals and exceed them. Get the right things done.

You will be expected to tie your interview answers directly to demonstrating these principles.

Craft Stories That Showcase Leadership Principles

Practice storytelling by structuring compelling stories from your background that highlight Amazon principles like customer obsession, high standards, and bias for action.

Make your stories concise and impactful. Set the context briefly, build up the challenge, then spend time on the resolution and your actions demonstrating leadership.

Prepare for Classic Behavioral and Situational Questions

Expect Amazon behavioral questions like:

  • Tell me about a time you had a conflict at work. How did you handle it?
  • Give me an example of how you solved a difficult problem.
  • Describe a time you had to deal significant ambiguity. What did you do?

Research common behavioral and situational questions asked at Amazon. Draft stories from your background that set up challenges clearly, walk through your response, and highlight leadership principles you exhibited.

Practice Mock Interviews Extensively

Set up practice behavioral interviews with colleagues and friends. Don't memorize stories verbatim, but practice telling them clearly while highlighting Amazon values.

Get feedback on where your interview skills are strong versus areas that need polish. Refine stories to be clear, concise and impactful.

Mock interviews are the best way to build confidence for real Amazon behavioral and situational questions. Put in the practice time here.

Preparing for the Technical Interview

Amazon's technical interview will rigorously assess your programming, algorithms, system design and computer science skills. Be ready with:

Fluency in Key Data Structures and Algorithms

You need mastery of fundamental data structures like arrays, linked lists, trees, graphs, stacks and queues.

Master core algorithms including sorting, searching, recursion, breadth/depth first search, dynamic programming, and common algorithms on trees and graphs.

Spend time implementing key data structures and algorithms from scratch. Understand time and space complexities.

Practice LeetCode, HackerRank, Etc

Work through problems on LeetCode, HackerRank, and other online judges to hone your skills.

Aim to complete at least 50-100 problems across difficulty levels so you have seen a wide range of coding and algorithm challenges.

Focus especially on Amazon-frequent topics like arrays, strings, trees, graphs, hashmaps, sorting, and breadth/depth first search.

Brush Up on Core Object Oriented and System Design Concepts

Study principles like inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, abstraction, and design patterns.

Review system design approaches for large scale services - load balancing, databases, caching, microservices, etc.

Be able to intelligently discuss options and tradeoffs for designing complex systems like Amazon's platforms.

Do Regular Mock Technical Interviews

Set up practice technical interviews to get comfortable with formulating approaches to new problems while thinking out loud.

Ask your interviewer for detailed feedback on areas like how clearly you communicated, if you considered edge cases, and the efficiency of your solution.

Mock interviews will expose weaknesses and gaps in knowledge to focus your studying. They are instrumental to acing Amazon's technical gauntlet.

Thorough technical preparation and practice will ensure you are comfortable responding confidently to a wide range of technical interview questions.

Mastering Amazon's Leadership Principles

Given Amazon's intense focus on culture and leadership values, you need to go in with a mastery of their leadership principles. Some tips:

Know Examples That Demonstrate Each Principle

Come equipped with stories that highlight owning decisions, bias for action, customer obsession, high standards, and other Amazon values. Have vivid examples ready.

Reference the Principles in Your Responses

Weave connections to Amazon principles like "earn trust" and "are right a lot" into your interview answers. Show you embody these values.

Ask Good Questions About Culture and Principles

When given the opportunity, ask smart questions about how Amazon lives the leadership principles day-to-day. Show your interest.

Do Your Research

Study how Amazon leaders talk about the company's values. Learn from examples of employees demonstrating the principles.

Evaluate Your Own Alignment

Reflect on your own values and principles. How do they align with Amazon's culture? Highlight these synergies.

Mastering Amazon's principles will help you stand out and prove you are mission aligned with their culture. Put in the work here - it will pay dividends.

Chapter 3 - Examples of Common Amazon Interview Questions (With Detailed Answers)

Preparing for Amazon interviews is all about practice. Mastering the content is step one, but you need to hone your communication skills for succinctly responding to prompts.

Let's review some of the most common Amazon interview questions, along with detailed guidance and sample answers to each.

Examples of Common Amazon Behavioral Interview Questions

Behavioral questions are critical in Amazon's interview process. Practice crafting compelling stories that shine light on your background while demonstrating Amazon's leadership principles.

Here are some common behavioral interview questions with sample answers:

Question: Tell me about yourself and walk me through your resume.

Sample Answer: I'm a software engineer with 5 years experience building scalable cloud services...(brief summary of background). I started my career at Acme Co developing APIs in Python. We served over 50 million users so I became well versed in building secure, highly reliable systems. Next I joined Stealth Startup as an early engineer where I designed core infrastructure for their blockchain platform. I opted for a startup so I could gain experience rapidly owning large parts of the system. Most recently, I spent 2 years at Wonder Technologies focused on machine learning applications. Across these experiences, I've consistently demonstrated strengths around diving deep into complex technical problems, taking ownership of my work, insisting on high standards, and keeping the customer top of mind. I'm passionate about leveraging my background in high scale distributed systems and machine learning to help Amazon develop innovative cloud services. That's why I was so excited to apply for this role.

Key Takeaway: Succinctly summarize your background while highlighting relevant experience. Wrap with enthusiasm for Amazon's mission.

Question: Tell me about a time you had to deal with ambiguity on a project. How did you handle it?

Sample Answer: Early in my tenure as lead engineer on the platform team at Wonder Technologies, our product roadmap was very ambiguous. Requirements were vague and it was unclear how features would work. Rather than make assumptions, I scheduled time with product managers and designers to understand their vision, priorities and constraints. I asked probing questions to clarify unknowns and get insights into what success looked like for them. As options became clearer, I put together wireframes and technical proposals outlining tradeoffs so we could pick a direction. By diving deep into the details and insisting on clear requirements before charging ahead, we designed an optimal solution that made customers very happy.

Key Takeaway: Outline the uncertainty you faced, then demonstrate skills like diving deep, interacting cross-functionally, and insisting on clarity.

Question: Tell me about a time you had a conflict at work. How did you handle it?

Sample Answer: As the tech lead on a key project at Acme Co, I had a disagreement with our newest developer about the right technical approach. Rather than assert my perspective, I listened closely to understand their rationale and the assumptions underlying their idea. I asked thoughtful questions, avoiding knee-jerk reactions. To move forward, we collaboratively designed some prototypes to test our hypotheses and figure out which approach was optimal based on data. By keeping an open mind rather than pushing bias, we arrived at a superior solution. Our team learned that listening and experimenting resolves disagreements.

Key Takeaway: Show emotional intelligence and collaboration by being open, curios, and data-driven.

Question: Describe a time when you went above and beyond customer expectations. Why did you do this?

Sample Answer: When I was leading development of a new analytics feature at Wonder Technologies, I proactively reached out to some beta users to understand how they would leverage the reports. One customer detailed an unexpected use case we hadn't considered around correlating web traffic with marketing spend. I proposed building custom aggregations to support their needs, even though it was out of scope. My team worked evenings and weekends to deliver this capability because I knew it would add huge value for that customer's business if we could enable their workflow. Our efforts paid off - they expanded usage significantly after we over-delivered for them. I took the initiative driven by my focus on customer value.

Key Takeaway: Go above and beyond for customers by proactively understanding their needs and delivering solutions.

Question: Tell me about a time you had to explain a complex technical concept to people without technical backgrounds. How did you ensure understanding?

Sample Answer: As a machine learning engineer at Wonder Technologies, our CEO asked me to present our new anomaly detection algorithms to the Board. While technically knowledgable, most of the Board lacked ML expertise. I knew a dense technical presentation would miss the mark. Instead, I built an intuitive analogy using relatable concepts like social media connections to explain concepts like clustering. I kept the session interactive with Q&A time to assess understanding. Based on feedback, I refined my future explanations of our ML approach to focus on the business value delivered versus academic details. My ability to break down complex technical details accessibly helped the Board grasp how our technology differentiated us.

Key Takeaway: Demonstrate you can break down technical concepts and tailor communication for the audience's needs.

Question: Tell me about a time you failed or made a mistake at work. What did you learn from it?

Sample Answer: Early in my first software role out of college, I was tasked with speeding up our customer portal's page load times, which were suffering due to technical debt. I jumped right into overhauling our caching infrastructure without sufficient planning or testing. While well intentioned, this led to outages that impacted customers. I learned the hard way that diving deep into diagnostics, creating rollback plans, and having robust testing discipline is mandatory, especially for critical systems. This experience shaped my approach of being methodical, risk averse, and obsessive about resiliency when modifying production systems today.

Question: Tell me about a time you had to make a difficult decision with limited information. How did you approach it?

Sample Answer: As the tech lead for a new product launch at Acme Co, we faced constant ambiguity around requirements that made decisions difficult. To plan effectively, I focused the team on small milestones rather than multi-month goals. We reviewed our priorities and unknowns regularly to get everyone aligned. When struggles arose, I drove rapid prototyping and iteration to validate hypotheses and prevent wasted effort. My relentless focus on facts and data helped us course correct quickly. While not every decision was perfect due to uncertainty, this empirical approach optimized our chances of success.

Key Takeaway: Make rational decisions amidst uncertainty by focusing on data, rapid validation, and continuous alignment.

Question: Describe a time when you solved an analytically complex problem. What was your process?

Sample Answer: My team at Stealth Startup faced reliability issues with our Kubernetes cluster that made debugging tricky. Pod failures seemed random and intermittent. I studied patterns in logs but saw no obvious correlations. Rather than conjecture, I decomposed step-by-step what happens when Kubernetes schedules pods. I wrote tools to collect metrics at each stage. After analyzing the data, I discovered resource bottlenecks on specific nodes. By methodically eliminating hypotheses, I uncovered the root cause. This experience demonstrated the importance of having an analytical, patient approach rather than jumping to conclusions when solving thorny technical issues.

Key Takeaway: Demonstrate analytical rigor by collecting data, synthesizing insights, and driving to root causes.

Question: Tell me about a time you had to adapt to a colleague's working style in order to complete a project or achieve your objectives.

Sample Answer: Early in my tenure at Acme Co, I was partnered with a colleague on a key web architecture project who had a markedly different work style. He preferred rapid prototyping versus detailed planning. I tend towards thorough upfront design. To collaborate effectively, I focused our syncs on aligning on project needs and constraints first before debating technical options. When we disagreed, I'd suggest we prototype both our ideas in parallel to see what performed best. By embracing his experimental approach as complementary rather than contrary to mine, we landed on solutions that blended our perspectives. I learned to lead flexibly based on each team member's working style.

Key Takeaway: Adapt your leadership style to get the best from each person. Seek collaborative solutions.

Question: Tell me about a time when you gave a simple solution to a complex problem.

Sample Answer: As a software engineer at Stealth Startup, our automated testing setup had become convoluted with dependencies across services slowing test times. I conducted an analysis identifying redundant test jobs and unnecessary layers of abstraction that had accrued over time. My proposal was to simplify radically - consolidating workflows, eliminating pointless mocks, and focusing tests on core functionality. With this redesign, testing became extremely streamlined. This example highlighted that simplicity and elegance should be design goals even in complex domains. By cutting through convoluted legacy, we can reframe problems in terms of core needs.

Key Takeaway: Seek simple, elegant solutions to even complicated domains by focusing on root needs.

Examples of Common Amazon Technical Interview Questions

Let's review some of the most frequent technical interview questions seen at Amazon, along with approaches for structuring your responses:

Question: Design an LRU cache data structure.

  • Clarify requirements like cache size, O(1) get, key types, etc.
  • Propose HashMap and Doubly Linked List. HashMap holds keys and references to nodes in linked list
  • Put() moves new node to front of list
  • Get() moves hit node to front of list
  • When full, remove oldest node from end of linked list

Discuss complexity analysis and possible extensions like adding expiration.

Key Takeaway: Discuss data structures, logic, complexity, and extensions for implementing system requirements.

Question: Given a string, reverse the order of characters in each word within it.

  • Iterate string word by word using split()
  • For each word, iterate characters backwards and append to output list
  • Join output list into space separated string
  • Consider edge cases like punctuation, numbers, etc.

Discuss algorithm efficiency and optimizations like in place reversal.

Key Takeaway: Walk through logical steps to solve coding challenge. Analyze efficiency and handle special cases.

Question: Estimate how many gas stations are in your city.

  • Clarify assumptions needed - size of city, any known data points, etc.
  • Estimate gas stations per square mile based on sample neighborhoods
  • Calculate total square miles for city
  • Derive nationwide gas station density per capita as baseline
  • Compare densities to produce estimate of total gas stations

Discuss assumptions, sensitivity analysis, and approaches to refine estimate.

Key Takeaway: Demonstrate analytical reasoning and data-driven estimation skills. Discuss assumptions and refinements.

Question: Design a system like Twitter to handle massive tweet volume.

  • Outline core API endpoints like post tweet, get timeline, follow user, etc.
  • Propose high level architecture - application layer, caching, NoSQL database for storage
  • Discuss partitioning schemes to handle writes across shards
  • Optimize timelines for celebrities with high followers using dedicated caches
  • Scale reads via caching, replication, DB read replicas

Dive into areas like reliability, scaling pain points, and optimizations.

Key Takeaway: Provide system design covering APIs, architecture, partitioning, caching, scale and reliability.

Question: You have millions of users uploading photos. How do you store them efficiently?

  • Clarify requirements like expected user base, access patterns, and storage limitations
  • Propose distributed object storage like AWS S3 to manage large volume of unstructured data
  • Discuss challenges like managing access controls, optimizing latency, handling failures
  • Suggest optimizations like CDNs for caching, metadata DBs for queries, compression to reduce storage footprint

Emphasize scalability in discussing architecture.

Key Takeaway: Outline architecture to address scale and performance challenges prompted by question.

Question: Given a binary tree, print all root-to-leaf paths.

  • Traverse the tree recursively, maintaining path in each recursion
  • Add node to path before recursive call and remove after
  • When reach a leaf, print accumulated path
  • Handle formatting output like inserting arrows between nodes

Discuss algorithm complexity and potentially iterative solutions.

Key Takeaway: Walk through key steps in traversal algorithms and handle output formatting.

Chapter 4 - How to Stand Out: 5 Techniques to Impress Amazon Interviewers

Now that you are armed with an understanding of Amazon's interview format, leadership principles, and practice responding to sample questions - let's discuss some pro tips to stand out from the competition.

Implement these strategies to impress your Amazon interviewers and highlight why you are the ideal candidate:

1. Demonstrate Deep Passion for Customer Obsession

Customer obsession is arguably Amazon's number one cultural value. Come ready with vivid stories that demonstrate putting customer needs first.

Frame your background and experience back to examples of delighting customers, solving pain points, and building human centered products.

Ask thoughtful questions around how teams prioritize solving customer problems and gather insights.

Show you live and breathe this principle in all you do.

2. Display Leadership Maturity Beyond Your Years

Interviewers want evidence you can handle ambiguity, make sound decisions, and lead with maturity.

Demonstrate these qualities by highlighting projects or initiatives you drove end-to-end.

Discuss challenges faced pragmatically, rather than complaining or blaming external factors.

Show you can operate autonomously and make shrewd calls in the face of uncertainty.

Come across as unflappable in dealing with stress and obstacles.

3. Balance Smarts with Humility

While intellect and analytical abilities are key, arrogance is a non-starter.

Highlight your capabilities and track record for results without ego or entitlement.

Admit openly when you don't know something rather than trying to fake it.

Embrace mentoring opportunities to showcase you are continually learning.

Check any tendencies towards stubbornness or now-it-all attitudes.

4. Ask Insightful Questions

Interviews go two ways. Asking smart, researched questions impresses interviewers.

Inquire about team challenges, Amazon's future ambitions, org culture, technical architecture, etc.

Focus questions on learning more about the role problems versus just impressing.

Jot down questions as you prep so you enter interviews armed with a list.

5. Demonstrate Alignment with Mission and Values

Interviewers want to know you'll thrive within Amazon's culture.

Do your research to understand Amazon's history, principles, ambitions, and challenges.

Highlight where your skills, values, and priorities align with Amazon's mission.

Get specific on why you are so excited to bring your experience and passion to help Amazon innovate.

Check any misconceptions of Amazon or red flags that contradict their principles.

Sell why this is your dream job aligned with your long term growth.

Implementing these strategies will help you enter interviews with confidence, ace the conversations, and convince Amazon you are mission-focused talent worth investing in.

Chapter 5 - Amazon Interview Preparation Resources

Looking for additional resources to master Amazon's interview process? Here are some recommendations:

Some great books to study include:

Grokking the Coding Interview - Amazon-focused programming interview prep with 200+ practice problems and 5 mock interviews.

Designing Data Intensive Applications - Gives broad and deep technical grounding for system design interviews.

Decode and Conquer - Provides frameworks and practice for approaching case interviews, estimation, and other business prompts.

Online Courses

Recommended online courses include:

Grokking the System Design Interview - Visual course on system design preparation with architecture walkthroughs and coding challenges.

Grokking System Design Fundamentals - Learn system design essentials required for designing scalable and high-performance systems.

Software Engineer Interview Unleashed - Over 21 hours of video focused exclusively on Amazon-specific software engineering interview prep.

Mock Interviews

Some options to get practice include:

Pramp - Free peer mock interviews where you can practice technical prompts and feedback skills.

Interviewing.io - Anonymous mock interviews with senior engineers from top companies like Amazon, then get rated/reviewed.

LeetCode Mock Interview - Structured mock interview platform to practice solving coding challenges with shared editors and voice chat.

The best preparation comes from diligent practice through mock interviews tailored closely to Amazon's actual interview techniques and questions. Leverage these resources to refine your skills.

If you've made it this far - congratulations, you now have exhaustive preparation for nailing the Amazon interview process.

From phone screens to onsite rounds, behavioral prompts to coding challenges, leadership principles to technical architecture - we've covered it all.

You have the knowledge and tools to showcase your experience powerfully while impressing upon interviewers your alignment to Amazon's mission and culture.

Be relentlessly customer focused. Champion high standards. Apply engineering rigor and creativity. Let your passion for innovation shine through.

Keep this preparation guide handy as you practice and refine stories, coding skills, design chops, and communication style.

You are now equipped to master the Amazon interview gauntlet. Go get that offer! Your dream job awaits.

Here are a few more resources on Amazon's tech interview:

  • System Design Interview Survival Guide (2023): Preparation Strategies and Practical Tips
  • 18 System Design Concepts Every Engineer Must Know Before the Interview.
  • Ace Your System Design Interview with 7 Must-Read Papers in 2023
  • Grokking Scalability in System Design

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technical problem solving amazon

TPM Interview Prep

At Amazon, our goal is to be the world’s most customer-centric company by delivering innovative products, services, and ideas. The Technical Program Manager (TPM) interview is designed to identify candidates who have the technical proficiency, behavioral skills, and cultural fit required to help us achieve this mission.

What does a TPM do at Amazon?

Our TPMs work with multiple teams to deliver the functionality those teams are responsible for. The TPM is the glue that holds these teams together. They keep a bird’s-eye view on what the teams are delivering and how those deliverables fit together.

  • The “Technical” part of “TPM” requires identifying dependencies and technical risks that affect their teams.
  • The “Program Manager” part of “TPM” involves scheduling, managing sprints, creating milestones, and reporting status.

The interplay of these two responsibilities means the TPM not only coordinates schedules, but also helps teams execute against their schedules. View video transcript

The process

To be considered for an TPM role, you must first submit a job application. If you meet the basic qualifications for the role, you’ll be asked to complete a technical phone screening. Depending on the team and role, you may be asked to complete a second phone screening as well. If your technical phone screening is successful, a recruiter will contact you to arrange an interview loop, and they’ll send you a writing assessment. If your interview loop is successful, you’ll be made an offer.

Job Application

Technical Phone Screening

Writing Assessment (2 days prior to interview loop)

Interview Loop

Interview Outcome (within 5 business days)

Offer Discussion

Technical phone screening

Your technical phone screening will be with a senior leader on our team. It will last 60 minutes and will cover behavioral/situational and technical questions.

  • Project management Project management
  • Leadership Principles Leadership Principles
  • Question tips Question tips

Interview loop

Your loop will include five 55-minute interviews where you’ll meet with members of our technical program management community.

You’ll have the chance to discuss your experiences and expertise in several areas that help us determine success at Amazon.

These areas include both technical competencies and non-technical competencies that are based off of our Leadership Principles, which different interviewers will be assigned to evaluate.

View video transcript

Sample competencies

(May vary depending on team and project)

Interview 1 (55 mins)

System Design and two Leadership Principles

Interview 2 (55 mins)

Technical Problem Solving and two Leadership Principles

Interview 3 (55 mins)

Program Management and two Leadership Principles

Interview 4 (55 mins)

Stakeholder Management and two Leadership Principles

Interview 5 (55 mins)

Three Leadership Principles and Writing Assessment

System design

At Amazon, designing software systems is unique due to our size and speed of change. Expect at least one question on software systems design.

Your interviewer will ask questions related to your design, and you should ask questions to complete and validate your design.

  • Practicality
  • Reliability
  • Optimization
  • Scalability

System design resources

  • Interview topics Interview topics
  • Resource links Resource links

System design videos

SDM/TPM Interview – Systems Design

Tips for interviewing for the systems design interview TPM.

NETFLIX System Design

Take a look at one of our famous questions asked in many interviews.

Design a Parking Lot

This example can be asked as a coding, system design, or object-oriented design question.

Object-Oriented Design

Go through the creation of a Use Case, Object Model, Sequence Diagram, and Class Diagram.

Management skills

Be ready to showcase your contributions to product and program strategy. This includes your ability to start from a customer-centric perspective, establish meaningful metrics, and successfully manage end-to-end projects.

You’ll want to demonstrate effective communication, proactive identification of obstacles, adept handling of escalations, how you’ve made trade-offs, and how you’ve balanced business requirements and technical limitations.

  • Time Management
  • Realistic Goals
  • Process Improvement

Competencies

  • Program management Program management
  • Stakeholder and partner management Stakeholder and partner management
  • Sample questions Sample questions
  • Writing exercise Writing exercise

Technical Program Manager (TPM) Interview Prep

Learn how to prepare for your interview.

Bar Raiser: Anna

Anna, an Amazon Bar Raiser, shares her top interview tip.

Bar Raiser: Florian

Florian, an Amazon Bar Raiser, shares his top two interview tips.

Amazon Leadership Principles

Get insight to help you be successful when interviewing for Amazon’s Leadership Principles.

Behavioral interview

A significant portion of the conversation will focus on how you’ve demonstrated our Leadership Principles in your past jobs. This is because past behavior is an indicator of future success. We won’t ask brain teasers. Instead, we’ll focus on the ‘what’ and ‘how’ of your experiences, as well as the ‘why’ of your decisions.

Each interviewer will typically ask two or three behavioral-based questions about successes or challenges and how you handled them using our Leadership Principles.

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How to prepare

First, think about your most memorable experiences in your previous jobs and recall specific details. Amazon is a data-driven company, so your answers should include metrics or data where applicable. Then, consider how you applied the Leadership Principles in your experiences.

Have examples that showcase your expertise and demonstrate how you’ve taken risks, succeeded, failed and grown. Make sure your answers are well-sructured. Use the STAR method to frame your responses.

  • STAR method STAR method
  • Best practices Best practices
  • Virtual interviewing Virtual interviewing

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Find Careers

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Cracking the Top Amazon Coding Questions | DataTrained

technical problem solving amazon

Introduction

Amazon is known for its rigorous and challenging interview process, and one of the most important aspects of this process is the coding questions that candidates are asked to solve. amazon coding questions are designed to test a candidate’s technical skills and problem-solving abilities in a real-world context.

Candidates can expect to be given a set of coding problems to solve within a limited time frame, usually around 45-60 minutes. These problems may be based on various topics such as data structures , algorithms, object-oriented programming, and system design.

In addition to technical skills, Amazon also places a strong emphasis on its leadership principles in its interview process . Candidates may be asked to explain their thought process, communicate their solutions clearly, and demonstrate their ability to work well in a team.

Overall, amazon coding questions are challenging but manageable with preparation and practice. It’s important for candidates to familiarize themselves with the types of questions that may be asked, practice coding in a timed environment, and brush up on their technical and communication skills. By doing so, candidates can increase their chances of success in the Amazon interview process.

Types of Amazon Coding Questions

Types of Amazon Coding Questions

Amazon coding questions can cover a wide range of topics and formats, depending on the specific role and team the candidate is applying for. Here are some common types of Amazon coding questions:

Algorithmic Problems: These types of questions typically involve solving a problem using algorithms, data structures, and mathematical logic. Examples of algorithmic problems include sorting and searching algorithms, graph algorithms, and dynamic programming problems.

Object-Oriented Design: These questions assess a candidate’s understanding of object-oriented programming concepts and their ability to design and implement complex systems using Java or other programming languages.

System Design: System design questions evaluate a candidate’s ability to design and develop large-scale distributed systems that can handle high traffic and ensure reliability and availability. Candidates may be asked to design a system from scratch or improve an existing system.

Behavioral Questions: These types of questions are not coding-related, but are designed to evaluate a candidate’s soft skills and fit with Amazon’s culture and leadership principles. Candidates may be asked to provide examples of how they have handled difficult situations, worked in a team, or demonstrated customer obsession.

Amazon coding question can be presented in various formats, including whiteboarding, online coding challenges, or live coding sessions with an interviewer. Candidates may also be asked to provide code samples or solutions to coding challenges before the interview process begins.

Click here to read: Top 15+ Amazon Coding Questions

Sample Amazon Coding Questions

Sample Amazon Coding Questions

Amazon coding questions can cover a wide range of topics, including data structures, algorithms, system design, and object-oriented programming. Here are a few examples of the types of questions you might encounter:

Investment banking and financial modeling

Given an array of integers, find the two numbers that add up to a given target. Solution: Use a hash table to keep track of the values you’ve seen so far, and check if the target minus the current value is in the table.

Implement a function to reverse a string in-place. Solution: Use two pointers, one at the start of the string and one at the end, and swap characters until you reach the middle of the string.

Design a data structure to efficiently store and retrieve user information, such as name, email address, and phone number. Solution: Use a hash table to map each user’s information to a unique ID, and store the information in a separate data structure (such as a linked list or array) for fast retrieval.

Given a binary tree, find the maximum sum of any path from a leaf node to another leaf node. Solution: Use recursion to traverse the tree, and keep track of the maximum sum seen so far.

Implement a function to sort an array of strings by the length of each string. Solution: Use a custom comparator to compare the lengths of the strings, and use a sorting algorithm such as quicksort or mergesort to sort the array.

These are just a few examples of the types of coding questions you might encounter in an Amazon interview. Each question will require you to think critically and come up with an efficient solution in a limited amount of time.

Tips for Solving Amazon Coding Questions

Tips for Solving Amazon Coding Questions

Solving coding questions in an Amazon interview can be a challenging task, but it can be made easier with the right approach. Here are some tips to help you prepare and succeed:

Practice regularly: The more you practice, the more familiar you become with the types of questions that might be asked. Use resources like coding challenge websites or books to practice regularly.

Understand the problem: Before starting to code, make sure you have a clear understanding of the problem statement. Identify the inputs, outputs, and constraints of the problem.

Use a systematic approach: Break down the problem into smaller sub-problems, and tackle each one separately. This will make it easier to understand the problem and find the solution.

Write clean code: Write code that is easy to read and understand. Use appropriate variable names and comments to make your code more readable.

Investment banking and financial modeling

Test your code: Test your code thoroughly to make sure it handles all possible inputs and outputs. Use test cases that cover all possible scenarios.

Optimize your solution: Once you have a working solution, try to optimize it for performance. Look for opportunities to reduce time and space complexity.

Be familiar with common algorithms and data structures: Practice using common algorithms and data structures like sorting algorithms, binary search, and hash tables. These are often used in Amazon coding questions.

By following these tips, you can improve your chances of success in Amazon coding interviews. Remember to stay calm and focused during the interview, and don’t be afraid to ask for clarification if you’re unsure about something.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Solving Amazon Coding Questions.

Tips for Solving Amazon Coding Questions

When solving Amazon coding questions, it’s easy to make mistakes that can hinder your success in the interview process. Here are some common mistakes to avoid:

Not understanding the problem statement: It’s essential to read and understand the problem statement thoroughly before starting to code. Misinterpreting the problem statement can lead to incorrect solutions.

Not testing your code: Not testing your code thoroughly can lead to errors that can be hard to spot later. It’s crucial to test your code with different test cases to ensure that it works correctly.

Investment banking and financial modeling

Not optimizing your code: Amazon is looking for efficient and optimized code. Not optimizing your code can lead to longer execution times and can cost you points in the interview.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Solving Amazon Coding Questions

Not communicating your thought process: It’s important to communicate your thought process as you solve the problem. Amazon is interested in seeing how you approach the problem, so make sure to explain your thought process clearly.

Rushing to solve the problem: Take your time to understand the problem and come up with a solution. Rushing to solve the problem can lead to mistakes and can affect your performance in the interview.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can increase your chances of success when solving Amazon coding questions.

Technical Skills Needed for Solving Amazon Coding 

Questions: Programming Languages and Data Structures:

To solve Amazon coding questions, one must have a strong foundation in programming languages and data structures. Some of the commonly used programming languages at Amazon include Java, C++, Python, and JavaScript. One must have a thorough understanding of the syntax and semantics of the language they choose to use. Additionally, one must be able to implement algorithms and manipulate data structures using their chosen language.

Data structures are essential in solving coding questions because they allow for efficient manipulation and retrieval of data. Some of the commonly used data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and hash tables. One must be able to analyze the problem at hand and select the most appropriate data structure for the task.

Moreover, familiarity with various algorithms such as sorting, searching, and graph algorithms can be useful in solving Amazon coding questions. Understanding the time and space complexity of these algorithms can help optimize the code to meet the given constraints. Additionally, knowledge of operating systems and computer networks can be helpful in solving system design questions.

How to Prepare for Amazon Coding Questions

Resources and Practice Exercises, Preparing for Amazon coding questions requires a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Here are some ways to prepare: 

Brush up on the basics: Review fundamental programming concepts such as data types, algorithms, and data structures.

Study common topics: Familiarize yourself with common topics such as dynamic programming, graph algorithms, and string manipulation.

Practice coding: Practice coding regularly to improve your problem-solving skills. Use resources such as coding challenges on websites like LeetCode, HackerRank, and CodeSignal.

Review Amazon’s Leadership Principles: Amazon values leadership principles as much as technical skills. Familiarize yourself with these principles and practice incorporating them into your coding solutions.

Take online courses: Consider taking online courses on coding and algorithm design, such as those offered by Coursera, Udemy, and edX.

Attend coding boot camps: If you have the time and resources, consider attending coding boot camps or coding workshops to improve your coding skills and problem-solving abilities.

Seek feedback: Ask for feedback from peers or mentors on your coding solutions and problem-solving approach. This can help you identify areas for improvement and refine your skills.

Interview Process for Amazon Coding Questions: What to Expect and How to Prepare

The interview process for Amazon coding questions typically consists of several rounds, with each round focusing on a specific area of expertise. The first round is usually a phone or video interview, where the interviewer asks questions related to algorithms, data structures, and programming concepts. The next rounds may include in-person interviews, where the candidate is given coding problems to solve on a whiteboard or a computer. The candidate may also be asked to explain their approach and optimize their solutions.

To prepare for these interviews, it is important to have a solid understanding of computer science fundamentals, including data structures, algorithms, and programming concepts. Candidates should also be comfortable with at least one programming language and be able to write clean, efficient code. Practicing coding problems and participating in coding challenges on websites like LeetCode and HackerRank can also help candidates prepare for the interview process.

In addition to technical skills, candidates should also be able to communicate effectively and work well in a team. During the interview process, candidates may be asked behavioral and situational questions to assess their problem-solving and teamwork skills. It is important to prepare for these types of questions and have examples ready to share.

Amazon Leadership Principles and Their Role in Coding Questions

Amazon’s Leadership Principles are a set of 14 guiding principles that reflect the company’s values and culture. These principles play a crucial role in the company’s recruitment process, including the coding questions interviews. Amazon expects candidates to demonstrate their alignment with these principles and incorporate them into their problem-solving approach during the coding interview.

For instance, one of the Leadership Principles is “Customer Obsession,” which requires employees to prioritize the customer’s needs and satisfaction above all else. In coding questions, this principle could be demonstrated by designing a solution that prioritizes user experience and addresses the customer’s needs effectively.

Another principle is “Ownership,” which emphasizes taking ownership of problems and accountability for the outcome. Candidates can showcase this principle by being proactive in identifying potential issues and taking ownership of their code’s performance.

Overall, understanding Amazon’s Leadership Principles is essential for success in coding questions interviews. It helps candidates align their approach with Amazon’s values, which is crucial for finding the right cultural fit within the company.

Success Stories and Tips from Past Amazon Interviewees on Solving Coding Questions.

Learning from the experiences of past Amazon interviewees can be incredibly helpful for preparing for coding questions. Many successful interviewees have shared their stories and tips on various online platforms. Some common themes that emerge from these stories and tips include:

Practice, practice , practice: Most interviewees stress the importance of practicing as many coding questions as possible, both from previous Amazon interviews and from other sources. This helps build familiarity with common problem-solving techniques and data structures.

Focus on fundamentals: While practicing, it’s important to focus on building a strong foundation in data structures and algorithms. Interviewees recommend studying these concepts thoroughly before attempting more complex problems.

Collaborate with others: Working with a study group or practice partner can be helpful for learning new problem-solving techniques and getting feedback on your approach.

Communicate your thought process: During the interview, it’s important to communicate your thought process clearly and concisely. This helps the interviewer understand how you approach problem-solving and can also help you catch mistakes early on.

Use Amazon’s leadership principles: Amazon places a strong emphasis on its leadership principles in its hiring process, and interviewees recommend incorporating these principles into your problem-solving approach.

By following these tips and incorporating them into your preparation strategy, you can increase your chances of success when it comes to solving Amazon coding questions.

In conclusion, Amazon coding questions are an essential part of the interview process for software development roles at Amazon. These questions are designed to test the technical skills , problem-solving ability, and overall thought process of the candidates. Amazon coding questions can cover a variety of topics and formats, including data structures, algorithms, system design, and more.

To succeed in the Amazon interview process, candidates must have a strong foundation in programming languages, data structures, and algorithms. Additionally, candidates should be familiar with Amazon’s leadership principles and incorporate them into their problem-solving approach.

Preparation is key to succeeding in Amazon coding questions. Candidates should utilize study resources, such as coding exercises and practice questions, and practice solving problems under timed conditions. Additionally, understanding the interview process and what to expect can help alleviate nerves and increase confidence.

By following these tips and strategies, candidates can improve their chances of success in the Amazon interview process and land their dream software development role at Amazon.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What types of coding questions can I expect in an Amazon interview?

Amazon coding questions can cover a variety of topics, including data structures, algorithms, object-oriented programming, and system design. They may also involve real-world scenarios and problem-solving.

2. What programming languages are commonly used in Amazon coding questions?

 Amazon coding questions can be in any programming language, but some of the commonly used languages are Java, C++, Python, and JavaScript.

3. How can I prepare for Amazon coding questions?

 To prepare for Amazon coding questions, you can practice coding exercises and algorithms, review data structures and design patterns, and study the Amazon leadership principles. You can also use online resources and practice platforms to test your skills.

4. How much time do I have to solve an Amazon coding question?

 The time given to solve an Amazon coding question can vary, but it’s typically around 30-45 minutes. However, some questions may require longer or shorter amounts of time to solve.

5. How important are the Amazon leadership principles in coding questions?

The Amazon leadership principles play an important role in coding questions as they are a fundamental part of Amazon’s company culture. Interviewers may assess how well candidates embody these principles and use them to guide their problem-solving approach.

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Amazon Assessment Test 2024: What to Expect and How to Pass Your Online Assessment

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This page will help you prepare for any Amazon Assessment test, using the most accurate and up-to-date practice on the web.

Each of the pages in the list below includes a complete guide that covers the relevant Amazon assessment and provides sample questions and realistic practice simulations.

Choose Your Amazon Assessment

Behavioural and personality preps.

  • Amazon Work Simulation Assessment - Get to know one of the trickiest Amazon assessments, which evaluates your analytical skills, decision-making, and your use of Amazon's Leadership Principles.
  • Amazon Area Manager Assessment  -  Complete preparation for the four modules of the assessment (including Working with Metrics).
  • Amazon Work Style Assessment - Learn about Amazon's most common personality test (sent to almost every Amazon applicant).
  • Amazon Pathways Test - start your journey toward senior management by familiarizing yourself with the acceptance exam and its challenges.
  • Amazon Operations Manager Assessment Test  - Exclusive prep for the main screening step that any Amazon Operations Manager must pass.
  • Amazon MBA Online Assessment - Get info & prep for the initial online assessment that any Amazon MBA candidate has to pass.
  • Amazon Warehouse Assessment Test   - Complete preparation for behavioral & personality assessments that are a crucial part of the Amazon warehouse & fulfillment assessments.
  • Amazon Financial Analyst Assessment   - Exclusive practice tests covering all sections of the online assessment - Work Simulation, Work Style, and MS Excel.
  • Amazon Interview Preparation - prepare for your Amazon technical and/or behavioral interviews with former Amazon hiring managers who know the ins and outs of Amazon's culture.

Technical Preps

  • Amazon Ramsay Test - Thorough prep for the toughest part of the Amazon maintenance tech's hiring process (created by certified engineers).
  • AWS Assessment Test - Learn more about the AWS online assessment that's sent to candidates for Solution Architect, Cloud Support, Cloud Architect, and many other AWS roles.
  • Amazon Coding Assessment - Thorough prep, important tips, and inside info to help you pass the Amazon SDE coding and behavioral assessments.
  • Amazon Mechatronics & Robotics (RME) Apprenticeship Skills Battery Test - Get an exclusive and in-depth preparation for the RME apprenticeship assessment.
  • Amazon Control Systems Technician Test - Similar to the Maintenance Technician Test, yet focuses more on electricity, electronics, and robotics.
  • Amazon ATA Technical Assessment - Get exclusive practice for all three Amazon Technical Academy tests - AMCAT, Work Style Assessment, and Technical Assessment.

If your assessment is not on this list or if you have any questions about your upcoming test, please send us an email  and we'll get back to you within 24 hours.

To apply for an Amazon job, visit our Amazon jobs search page.

What Is the Amazon Assessment Test?

The Amazon assessment test is a series of online tests that Amazon uses to screen its candidates. The most common assessments are the Work Simulation and Work Style Assessment, but there are over 10 other assessments for specific roles, such as SDE, AWS, Maintenance, and more.

The Amazon Recruitment Process

For most positions, the Amazon hiring process looks like the following:

  • Submitting an Amazon Job Application .
  • Resume Screening
  • Online Assessment

Phone Interview

  • Virtual Interview / On-site Interviews

Below is an overview of the most popular Amazon assessment tests:

Amazon Work Simulation

The Amazon Work Simulation is one of the most common Amazon assessment tests and it's used to screen candidates for numerous positions.  In this assessment, you’ll get an inside look at the types of challenges commonly faced by Amazon employees.

This work simulation assesses your prioritization, multitasking skills, problem-solving skills, how you work under pressure, and of course – your use of Amazon’s Leadership Principles.

Each scenario will begin with email communication that gives context into the nature of the issue you’ll face. When the simulation starts, you’ll be prompted with emails and instant messages from your virtual Team Lead, team members, etc.

Within each scenario, you’ll get more details to help you solve the problem in the form of charts, graphs, spreadsheets, and tables. You’ll then be asked questions and given a set of responses you need to choose from.

Note : there's a less common test version, which is called "Amazon Hiring Simulation," that is used for some positions. It resembles the Work Simulation but focuses more on analyzing and interpreting numerical data reports and tables and graphs. JobTestPrep offers accurate practice materials for the Hiring Simulation version as well.

Amazon Work Simulation Sample Question

Amazon Work Simulation Practice Question

While examining Samuel’s document, you noticed an error in the metrics calculations that may cause differences between the stated and actual costs to the customers. How would you address this error? Rate based on how effective each response will be.

Email Samuel to notify him of the specific issue, while also cc’ing the team lead.

  • Ineffective
  • Slightly Effective
  • Moderately Effective
  • Very Effective
  • Highly Effective

Note : the full question in the preparation pack has 4 additional responses

💡 The Amazon Work Simulation is an evaluative tool that offers an authentic glimpse into the role of an Amazon employee. Comprising five distinct modules, the simulation takes approximately 50 minutes to complete. During this assessment, participants are presented with typical operational scenarios at Amazon and are expected to provide solutions to complex work-related problems. 

Our newly updated Amazon Work Simulation offers a variety of Work Simulation, Hiring Simulation, and Work Style practice questions, which are accompanied by thorough answers and explanations. For a price starting at 79$, you can begin your road to a career as an Amazon worker today, by maximizing your potential ahead of the test.

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The Amazon Software Development Engineer online assessment combines coding and behavioral tests given to candidates for SDE positions - interns, new grads, and experienced roles.

For interns and new grad positions, the Amazon online assessment is divided as follows: two coding questions, Work Simulation, and Work Style Assessment.

For more experienced SDE roles, you’ll get a coding test that includes two coding questions, a coding approach questionnaire, a Work Style assessment (two parts), and a Work Simulation assessment.

Note that Amazon puts a premium and bases its behavioral and personality assessments on the 16 leadership principles . So, learn them and take them into account while choosing your responses.

Amazon SDE Assessment Sample Question & Answer (SDE Work Simulation)

You've received the following email from your colleague:

We have to develop a system to provide a solution for image thumbnails of the inventory items.

I wish to hear about your thoughts, as I have already outlined a few storage options that may be helpful.

Here are some storage options that could be used. Which option is the most effective one?

  • Flat-file store
  • Relational database
  • Key-value data store
  • Elastic search
  • Cloud file store

The most effective option is (5) - Cloud file store

Amazon S3 Simple Storage Service (S3) is a secure, highly durable, and extremely cheap cloud-based file store. S3 stores files and data objects as objects, and not file system directories like other cloud storage providers.

S3 is an ideal storage solution for storing valuable data that can be retrieved in the shortest amount of time. S3 can also be used for storing and retrieving files such as images, pdfs, etc. The storage over cloud over own server will be better and easy to access and use connections, it will be helpful to look at the firewall.

  Access the complete Amazon SDE online assessment prep guide here >>

Amazon Pathways

If you are a recent Master's graduate or have been discharged from the armed forces, Pathways is a program designed to get you on an accelerated path to senior management. 

Amazon's rationale behind this program is to bring in people with proven leadership abilities and walk them through all the information they need to maintain management positions at the company, without requiring them to take on entry-level positions first.

As such, the 5-year program is considered challenging, packed, and intense. However, its successful completion will guarantee a full-time management position at Amazon.

JobTestPrep is happy to accompany you through the initial selection process using preparation materials and guides.

Read more about our Amazon Pathways Test package.

Amazon Work Style Assessment

The Amazon Work Style assessment is a personality test that evaluates your work preferences and qualities to determine your suitability to Amazon’s unique culture.

In most cases, this test comes before or after other Amazon online assessments, and you’ll rarely receive it as a single exam.

On this assessment, which takes about 15 minutes to complete, you’ll see pairs of statements, and you’ll need to decide which is most like you or more like you.

Amazon’s Work Style Assessment is completely based on the Amazon Leadership Principles . These are core values that are super important to Amazon, and its workers address and follow them daily.

So, before starting the Work Style Assessment, read the Leadership Principles and learn how to implement them in your past work experiences.

Amazon Work Style Assessment Sample Question & Answer

Amazon Work Style Assessment Sample Question

Both these statements highlight the Leadership Principle: Earn Trust

Amazon team members do not over-inflate their capabilities and achievements. They are ‘vocally self-critical’ and come forward when problems occur and they need assistance. When help is offered, they always publicly acknowledge it and appreciate it.

MOST or MORE

Most of us have been assisted and supported by colleagues on many occasions and acknowledging this support on a daily basis is important. There are however potentially people who have previously worked alone or independently. We recommend choosing the answer "more like me"; however, this would thus be an item that could go both ways, "Most" or "More".

To access the complete practice for the assessment, visit our Amazon Work Style Page .

Amazon Maintenance Technician Test

The Amazon Maintenance Technician Test (also referred to as Amazon Tech 2 or Tech 3) is a Ramsay Corporation test assessing your theoretical and practical knowledge over a variety of topics. It contains 75 multiple-choice questions and lasts around 2.5 hours.

Test topics include:

  • Print reading
  • Electrical theory
  • Control circuits
  • Power tools
  • Preventive maintenance
  • And more...

Amazon Maintenance Technician Test Sample Question & Answer

Try this Print Reading sample questions that resemble questions from the actual test:

What will happen if the forward button is pressed and released after a while?

amazon ramsay maintenance test print reading sample question

  • M1 will start running and keep working even if the forward button is released
  • M1 will start running and stop when the forward button is released
  • M2 will start running and keep working even if the forward button is released
  • M2 will start running and stop when the forward button is released

The correct answer is (1) .

Answer choices C and D cannot be true because M2 is not affected.

In this circuit, the forward button is an in-parallel auxiliary connection with M1. This means the forward switch enables M1.

However, when the forward button is released, the M1 connection maintains the current and keeps energizing the forward circuit.

💡Our Amazon Maintenance Technician Test Preparation offers an extensive practice plan designed to strengthen the theoretical knowledge essential for succeeding in the test. It consists of:

Comprehensive mock tests for each of the three potential assessments, namely The Amazon Ramsay Maintenance Test, The Amazon Mechanical Skills Assessment, and The Wiesen Test of Mechanical Aptitude .

Detailed questions, answers, and explanations covering all assessed topics such as print reading, power transmission & preventive maintenance, tools, materials & equipment, pneumatics & hydraulics, electrical theory & control circuits, test instruments, piping, electronics & PLC.

Complete preparation for Amazon's behavioral assessments, as well as the additional screening tests that are often administered to job candidates. 

For a starting price of $79, you can begin your pathway to a career as an Amazon employee today, optimizing your potential ahead of the examination.

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Amazon Control Systems Tech/Lead Assessment

The Amazon Control Systems Assessment is used for tech and lead positions in Amazon, and revolves around 8 topics, including schematics, process control, electrical theory, motors, and more.

The overall time to solve the test is around 90 minutes. Similar to other Amazon technical tests, this test is also conducted by Ramsay Corporation.

Amazon Control Systems Technician Assessment Sample Question & Answer

Try this Power Distribution sample question that resembles some of the questions on the real test:

In a 110V electrical system, there are three appliances: appliance A (550W) appliance B (770W), and appliance C (330W). Given that all appliances operate simultaneously, what is the minimum required fuse rating?

The correct answer is C .

The minimal fuse rating should be higher than the normal operating current of the system. Since an electrical system is connected in parallel, the total current in the system when all three appliances are working is the sum of all three.

The current consumption of each appliance is calculated by:

  • I = Current [Ampere]
  • P = Power [Watt]
  • V = Voltage [Volt]
  • Appliance A consumes 550/110 = 5A
  • Appliance B consumes 770/110 = 7A
  • Appliance C consumes 330/110 = 3A

The total current in the system is 5 + 7 + 3 = 15A

In order to withstand normal working conditions, the minimal fuse amperage rating must be greater than 15A, thus 20A.

For more information and prep materials, visit the Amazon Control Systems Test page .

Amazon AWS Online Assessment

The AWS Support Engineer assessment has almost the same structure as the AWS Solution Architect assessment.

It includes a job simulation, a multiple-choice assessment on general technical knowledge, a profile preference and proficiency questionnaire for the many AWS cloud support roles, and a work-style questionnaire.

The technical questions’ content is different from the SA assessment, as it requires different levels of technical knowledge.

The Amazon Solution Architect (SA) online assessment takes about 75-90 minutes and is divided into five different sections: Work Simulation, Work Style Assessment, General Technical Knowledge section, Proficiency Interest Survey, Technical Indicator Assessment. Here is an example of an AWS question you might face :

Amazon AWS Online Assessment Sample Question & Answer

Here's an example from the Technical Knowledge test section of the AWS Online Assessment test (taken from the full prep package):

Which option from the following will likely ensure the minimum transfer time in migrating 10 PB data from one data center to another in a diverse geographical location or continent?

  • It would help if you had a new and dedicated internet connection for the data migration.
  • Store the data to an external device and transport it via airship.
  • Transfer the compressed data files via FTR on the internet.
  • Transfer the encrypted and compressed data via the VPN connection.

The correct answer is (2).

Petabytes and terabytes of data from one data center to another on the other side of the continent will take months and years to transfer the data no matter how fast your network is.

A practical method to transfer 10 PB of data is to load it to a physical appliance and ship it to a cloud provider. However, another cost-effective, time-saving method is AWS Snowball, where shippable snowball edge storage optimized devices are used to migrate petabyte data and ship the data to the AWS cloud.

💡The JobTestPrep Amazon AWS Online Assessment prep is your best bet for realistic practice! Here’s what you get in our prep pack:

  • Work Simulation Practice for all AWS positions where you can tackle work scenarios just like the real test, learning how to pick the best answers based on Amazon’s principles and unique vibe.
  • Work Style Assessment Practice is also for all AWS positions, with 40 questions and detailed explanations to understand the preferred answers and the reasoning behind them.
  • Working With Customers' Simulation Practice, can be very helpful for Solutions Architects and Technical Account Managers, to handle complex work scenarios and check your customer service and technical know-how.
  • Work Preferences & Skills Practice - Perfect for Solutions Architects & TAM, with 36 questions evaluating your technical and computing knowledge.
  • Technical Knowledge Test Practice for Support Engineers & Associates, preparing you with 24 questions for the most technical part of the assessment. 
The cool part. You can start your journey to becoming an Amazon employee today, for just a starting price of 79$! Get the max out of your potential before the test!

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Amazon Area Manager Assessment, Operations Manager Assessment, and Pathways Assessment 

The Amazon Area Manager and Operations Manager assessments include 4-5 sections that evaluate your knowledge and skills in several different aspects: Working With the Team, Working With Metrics, Planning for the Team, Work Style Assessment, and Work Experiences.

Let's see an example of an Amazon Area Manager question.

Amazon Working With Metrics Sample Question & Answer

The table shows the sales for different products of a retail store. Select the best response for the question, based on the information from the table:

Product sales by month (in thousands):

Amazon Working with Metrics Practice Question

Online stores place the hottest product on the main page every month, based on their recent sales. Which product should be put on the main store’s page in October based on this information?

The correct answer is (5) .

The table shows five products’ sales numbers across five months. According to the question, hot products are displayed on the website’s main page. We should be using the given data to look for the best-selling product of the previous month to choose which product is the hottest and is to be placed on the main page.

In this case – the month we should be looking at is September – where the best-selling product, according to the table, is Product E (765,000 sales).

💡Each simulation in the Amazon Area Manager PrepPack is meticulously designed to enhance the necessary skills for succeeding in the Amazon assessment.  

  • Working With the Team : This module aims to elevate your understanding and application of Amazon’s Leadership Principles (LPs), and strengthen your critical thinking and decision-making abilities.
  • Working With Metrics : This section is intended to develop your numerical, data interpretation, and logical reasoning capabilities.
  • Planning for the Team : This module is designed to enhance your prioritization proficiency, aligning it closely with Amazon’s Leadership Principles.
  • Work Style Assessment : This section is intended to evaluate and improve your alignment with Amazon’s organizational culture, guided by its Leadership Principles and unique requirements.
  • Work Experiences : This final section is engineered to instruct the optimal responses to demonstrate your suitability for a managerial position within Amazon.
For a price starting at 79$, you can begin your road to a career as an Amazon Area Manager today, by optimizing your abilities before the test.

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Amazon Technical Academy (ATA) Assessments

To get accepted into the Amazon Technical Academy, there are three Amazon ATA assessments you must pass (as well as other hiring stages). Here's a quick overview of these assessments:

  • AMCAT Test : The Aspiring Minds Computer Adaptive Test (AMCAT) is a 24-question logical reasoning test that takes 35 minutes to complete.
  • Work Style Assessment : This assessment is a unique type of personality test that's widely used by Amazon. It evaluates certain personality traits and behaviors to see if they fit Amazon's famous 16 Leadership Principles.
  • Technical Assessment : This 3-hour assessment measures your Java fundamentals knowledge. It includes multiple-choice questions that assess your theoretical coding knowledge as well as a coding question that evaluates your practical coding skills in Java.

In addition to these three assessments, you'll need to have a positive manager nomination form and to pass an interview process. There's also an optional coding project, which was mandatory in previous Cohorts.

Amazon ATA Assessment Sample Question & Answer (AMCAT)

Which of the given options does not follow the same pattern as the others?

The correct answer is (3) .

To answer the question – each answer should be examined to find the pattern it follows while using the alphabetical order: 1. AZB – Z is the final letter in the alphabet; therefore, the following letter in the pattern would be A. The order of Z and A was swapped – and B is the next letter in order. 2. EDF – this option has the same pattern as option A – the order of D and E was swapped, and F is the next letter in order. 3. LMN – this option shows a different pattern from the other options – it follows the alphabet in regular order, so it is the correct answer. 4. XWY - this option has the same pattern as options A and B – the order of W and X was swapped, and Y is the next letter in order.

To get more information about the Amazon ATA assessments and access an exclusive practice for all three of them, make sure you visit this page .

Amazon Financial Analyst Assessment Test

The road to becoming an Amazon Financial Analyst includes a series of challenging assessments and interviews.

For most Financial Analyst positions at Amazon, the assessments will include:

  • Work Simulation : a unique situational judgment test with scenarios that represent situations you might experience on the job at Amazon. Takes about 50 minutes to complete.
  • Work Style Assessment : a 15-minute personality assessment that evaluates qualities important to your success within Amazon.
  • Financial Analyst Excel Test : the Amazon Excel assessment test requires you to master the different features of the software. Most of the questions on this excel assessment will deal with formulas, macro creation, advanced formatting, advanced formula creation, and document properties.

Amazon Financial Analyst Assessment Sample Question & Answer (Work Style)

Amazon Work Style Assessment Sample Question

Disclosing weaknesses, mistakes, and failures to colleagues and acknowledging the assistance of others builds teamwork, connection, and mutual respect in the wider organization and builds foundations of trust. Being self-motivated is required at Amazon rather than a person needing others to prompt them before considering desirable actions such as expressing thanks to others.

Interdependence and the building of trust are a strong foundation for building effective and cohesive teams. This is thus a trait worthy of being marked ‘Most like Me’ or ‘More like Me’ depending on whether it is a key personal quality of yours or not. We recommend the answer "more like me"; however, if this is a personal strength, mark it as ‘Most’.

  Learn more about the Amazon Financial Analyst assessment test on our dedicated page >>

Amazon MBA Online Assessment

Note:  We have a new practice pack for the MBA assessment. Click here for more info .

The Amazon assessment test for MBA is the first online assessment given to MBA and master’s level graduates and interns applying to full-time roles and internships.

The online MBA assessment includes three sections, in which no specific Amazon or functional knowledge and skills are evaluated. Nevertheless, you must successfully pass it to advance to the interview stage. These three sections are:

  • Work simulation : a simulation that presents scenarios (mini business cases) you might encounter while working at Amazon.
  • Work Style assessment : a personality test that evaluates your preferred work preferences, tendencies, and qualities.
  • Agree or Disagree:  a series of statements regarding your personality, traits, preferences and etc. You will be asked to rate each statement on a scale of five options - between Strongly Agree and Strongly Disagree.
  • Work priorities : ranking questions where you rank your interest in different activities that Amazon workers may encounter in their everyday work environments.

Amazon MBA Sample Question & Answer (Agree or Disagree)

I am very good at persuading reluctant stakeholders to embrace process modifications.

  • Strongly Disagree
  • Neither Agree nor Disagree

The correct answer is (4), Agree .

The capacity to influence others is an essential quality in the team, both for leaders and, to a lesser degree, for team members. This is likely to be an essential trait in production and project roles , at least at a moderate level for team members and at a high level for leaders.

  To learn more about the assessment, try sample questions, and access the complete prep package, visit the Amazon MBA assessment page .

Amazon Numerical Reasoning Test (SHL)

The Amazon numerical reasoning test is a multiple-choice interactive aptitude test designed by a huge test provider named SHL. It tests your mathematical abilities by the use of graphs and charts. You will be evaluated in relation to other test takers and will face a strict time limit.

The SHL test Amazon uses is comprised of 10 questions and takes 18 minutes to complete. There's also a less common version consisting of 18 questions that take 25 minutes, depending on the job you're applying for.

On these numerical reasoning tests, you'll be given partial numerical data that you'll need to calculate in order to find missing data. Then, based on the data you've found, you'll need to tweak blank graphs accordingly.

This SHL numerical assessment requires excellent math skills and a quick eye for details. On the real test, there's only about a minute and a half for each question. That includes reading it, conducting the calculations, and tweaking the graphs.

To get a taste of the real test, try the following free SHL numerical sample test.

And if you’d like to read more about the Amazon Numerical test and access its complete practice pack, visit this page on our UK Site .

Amazon Assessment Test for Warehouse

Candidates for Amazon’s Warehouse and fulfillment associate positions take an online assessment named Amazon Associate Game On Virtual Job Tryout .

The assessment consists of two sections:

Tell Us Your Story : On this part, you’ll get 22 multiple-choice questions asking about your work experience, background, and approach. Here are a few examples of questions you’ll likely see on the assessment:

  • How would your most recent employer rate your attendance compared to others?
  • In your most recent job, how many times per year did you have an unexcused absence?
  • How would your most recent supervisor at work rate your drive to become a top performer compared to others?

You’ll see additional statements in which you’ll need to choose an answer from “Strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.”

Stow Pro : This section includes three games that showcase the type of work you’ll do as a Warehouse associate.

All three games have rules similar to those used in existing facilities. In these games, you’ll need to place virtual items onto shelves, load packages into aisles, and place grocer items into shopping bags.

What Happens After You Pass the Amazon Online Assessment?

After you pass the online assessment, you’ll usually start the interview process, which consists of several interview steps, detailed below:

The phone interview will be either behavioral or technical, depending on the job you’re applying to.

Behavioral interviews will focus on past situations or challenges you’ve faced and how you handled them, using the Leadership Principles to guide the discussion.

Technical interviews will usually include coding and system design problems that you’ll need to solve on a whiteboard. There are 10 technical topics that you might come up with during your interview, from data structures to artificial intelligence.

It’s recommended to contact your recruiter to find out which specific topics you’ll likely be asked about. Either way, Amazon won’t be evaluating your ability to memorize these topics, but rather your ability to apply what you know and solve problems efficiently.

You’ll usually hear back from Amazon within two business days after you finish the phone interview.

In-person Interview

As of 2021, all of Amazon’s face-to-face interviews are conducted virtually , using Amazon Chime.

As with the phone interviews, each of the in-person interviews will be either behavioral or technical (depending on your desired job).

For technical interviews , you’ll need to use a whiteboard and prepare to address these technical topics . For some positions, such as SDE, you'll also discuss and explain some aspects of your online assessment.

For the behavioral interviews , you’ll need to focus on Amazon’s Leadership Principles and implement them in your answers and when you describe past experiences.

The behavioral interview at this stage will be longer and more thorough than the behavioral phone interview. You’ll need to elaborate more on every answer you provide and the interviewers will “dive deep” into each of your examples with many follow-up questions. Additionally, the face-to-face interviews will include the famous "Bar Raiser" interview.

Expect to hear back from HR within five business days following your interview.

Written Exercise

The Amazon Written Exercise is another screening step that’s usually sent before the actual face-to-face interviews. It is sent to applicants for positions in level 5 or 6 and above.

The writing exercise will be answering one of two questions. The recommended length of your answer should be 2 to 4 MS Word pages (with 11-12 font size).

In most cases, you’ll have until 48 hours before your interview to submit the written exercise.

Amazon Interview Preparation (Behavioral & Technical)

Since the interview stage is the last and most crucial step before your hiring decision, it’d be wise to prepare for it beforehand.

If you’re looking for a thorough and reliable prep option, then JobTestPrep has the perfect fit for you.

We’ve teamed up with a leading interview prep platform that offers the following services for Amazon candidates:

  • Behavioral interview prep
  • Technical interview prep
  • Mock interviews
  • Written exercise help
  • Offer negotiation
  • System design practice

The coaching and prep services are given by former Amazon hiring managers that know Amazon’s unique culture and Leadership Principles inside out.

Interested in applying to other companies? Check out our Home Depot Interview and Test Prep .
  • 90% Refund @Courses
  • Guidelines to Write Experiences
  • Write Interview Experience
  • Write Work Experience
  • Write Admission Experience
  • Write Campus Experience
  • Write Engineering Experience
  • Write Coaching Experience
  • Write Professional Degree Experience
  • Write Govt. Exam Experiences

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Amazon Interview Questions

Most Asked Questions

  • K largest elements from a big file or array .
  • Find a triplet a, b, c such that a 2 = b 2 + c 2 . Variations of this problem like find a triplet with sum equal to 0. Find a pair with given sum. All such questions are efficiently solved using hashing. – Practice here
  • Binary tree traversal questions like left view, right view, top view, bottom view, maximum of a level, minimum of a level, children sum property, diameter etc.
  • Convert a Binary tree to DLL – Practice here
  • Lowest Common ancestor in a Binary Search Tree and Binary Tree.
  • Implement a stack with push(), pop() and min() in O(1) time.
  • Reverse a linked list in groups of size k – Practice here
  • Given two numbers represented by two linked lists, write a function that returns sum list – Practice here
  • Rotate a matrix by 90 degree.
  • Stock span problem
  • Next greater element
  • Maximum sum subarray such that no elements are consecutive – Practice here
  • Edit distance
  • Assembly line scheduling
  • Why Amazon?
  • Questions about projects done in previous company or final year.

Important Links :

  • Amazon Interview Experiences
  • Amazon Practice Questions
  • Amazon’s most frequently asked Questions – Set 2
  • Amazon Recruitment Process

Amazon Interview Video.

Whether you're preparing for your first job interview or aiming to upskill in this ever-evolving tech landscape, GeeksforGeeks Courses are your key to success. We provide top-quality content at affordable prices, all geared towards accelerating your growth in a time-bound manner. Join the millions we've already empowered, and we're here to do the same for you. Don't miss out - check it out now !

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Amazon Problem Solver Job Description Tamplate

Ankur Mahajan

Table of Contents

Amazon Problem Solver is a solution-oriented service designed to address the challenges faced by Amazon sellers. With in-depth knowledge of Amazon’s policies and marketplace, our team of experts provides effective strategies to solve problems such as listing issues, product restrictions, account suspension, and negative customer feedback. Through meticulous analysis, we tailor our solutions to ensure maximum success and profitability for our clients. For more information about the job description and requirements, please refer to the template provided below.

Click Here : ceo job description

Amazon Problem Solver Responsibilities:

1. Analyze customer inquiries and complaints to identify and resolve any issues or problems in a timely and efficient manner.

2. Collaborate with various teams across the company (including customer service, logistics, and operations) to gather data, information, and resources needed to solve customer problems.

3. Investigate root causes of customer problems and develop solutions to prevent recurrence.

4. Provide guidance and support to customer service representatives in handling complex customer issues.

5. Develop and implement strategies to improve customer satisfaction by addressing recurring or high-impact problems.

6. Monitor and analyze customer feedback and reviews to identify trends or patterns in order to proactively address potential issues.

7. Stay up to date on industry trends and best practices to continuously improve problem-solving responses and processes.

8. Collaborate with product management teams to provide insights and recommendations for product improvements or updates based on customer feedback and pain points.

9. Identify opportunities for process improvements within customer service and operations, and work with relevant teams to implement changes.

10. Document and maintain accurate records of customer issues, resolutions, and recommendations for future reference.

11. Conduct training sessions or workshops to share problem-solving techniques and best practices with other team members.

12. Serve as a point of escalation for complex or escalated customer complaints and provide guidance to customer service representatives on finding appropriate resolutions.

13. Develop and maintain strong working relationships with internal stakeholders to facilitate effective problem-solving and communication.

14. Lead or participate in cross-functional projects or initiatives aimed at improving customer experience and problem resolution processes.

15. Continuously monitor key metrics related to problem resolution, customer satisfaction, and service levels, and provide regular reports or updates to management.

Amazon Problem Solver Requirements:

As an AI language model, I can provide you with a general description of the requirements for Amazon Problem Solver jobs. However, it’s important to note that specific job requirements may vary depending on the level and specialization of the position. Here are some common requirements:

1. Education: A bachelor’s degree or higher in a related field such as computer science, engineering, mathematics, or a relevant technical discipline is often preferred.

2. Technical skills: Proficiency in programming languages like Python, Java, C++, or other relevant languages is typically required. Knowledge of data analysis tools and techniques, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or cloud technologies may also be beneficial.

3. Problem-solving abilities: Strong analytical and problem-solving skills are essential. Candidates should have the ability to analyze complex issues, break them down into manageable parts, and propose effective solutions.

4. Communication and collaboration: Effective communication skills, both written and verbal, are necessary to interact with team members, stakeholders, and customers. Collaborative skills and the ability to work well within a team setting are important as well.

5. Customer focus: Amazon places a strong emphasis on customer obsession. Therefore, a commitment to delivering exceptional customer service and understanding customer needs is important.

6. Flexibility and adaptability: The ability to thrive in a dynamic, fast-paced environment with changing priorities and ambiguity is crucial. Candidates should be adaptable, flexible, and comfortable working in a rapidly evolving industry.

7. Relevant experience: Experience in problem-solving roles, such as data analysis, engineering, software development, or technical consulting, is typically preferred. Prior experience working in e-commerce, supply chain management, logistics, or related fields may also be beneficial.

It’s worth noting that these requirements are provided as a general guide, and it’s important to review the specific job description and qualifications when applying for a specific position at Amazon or any other company.

Salary expectations for Amazon Problem Solver

The salary expectations for Amazon Problem Solver jobs can vary depending on several factors, including the specific role, level of experience, and location. In general, however, salaries for these positions at Amazon typically range from $70,000 to $150,000 per year. It’s important to note that these figures are approximate and can be influenced by various factors such as negotiation skills and additional benefits or bonuses.

Amazon Problem Solver Job Description Sample

Job Description 1: Amazon Problem Solver

Job Summary:

As an Amazon Problem Solver, your primary responsibility will be to troubleshoot and resolve customer issues related to Amazon’s products and services. You will work closely with customers, internal teams, and third-party sellers to provide timely and effective solutions. This role requires exceptional problem-solving skills, attention to detail, and a customer-centric approach.

Responsibilities:

1. Investigate and resolve customer inquiries, complaints, and technical issues via email, chat, and phone.

2. Utilize internal tools and systems to gather information, identify root causes, and provide accurate and efficient solutions.

3. Collaborate with various internal teams, including logistics, fulfillment, and sales, to ensure prompt resolution of customer problems.

4. Escalate complex and high-priority issues to senior team members or managers for further assistance.

5. Provide feedback and suggestions to enhance Amazon’s products, systems, and processes based on customer feedback and recurring issues.

6. Stay updated with Amazon’s products, services, policies, and procedures to effectively address customer concerns and inquiries.

7. Achieve key performance indicators (KPIs) and maintain high-quality standards in customer interactions.

Requirements:

1. Bachelor’s degree in a relevant field or equivalent work experience.

2. Strong problem-solving and analytical skills, with the ability to think creatively to resolve complex issues.

3. Excellent verbal and written communication skills, including active listening and empathetic customer service skills.

4. Proficient in using computer systems, internet navigation, and Microsoft Office Suite.

5. Ability to work in a fast-paced, dynamic environment with flexibility to adapt to changing priorities and customer needs.

6. Strong organizational skills with the ability to prioritize and manage multiple tasks simultaneously.

7. Experience in customer service or technical support roles preferred.

Job Description 2: Amazon Problem Solver (Technical Support)

The Amazon Problem Solver (Technical Support) role is focused on assisting customers with technical issues they may encounter while using Amazon’s products and services. This role requires a strong technical background, excellent problem-solving skills, and the ability to communicate complex technical concepts to non-technical customers.

1. Provide technical support to customers via phone, email, or chat, troubleshoot software or hardware issues related to Amazon products.

2. Analyze and diagnose customer problems, identify root causes, and provide effective solutions within defined service level agreements.

3. Escalate complex technical issues to senior team members or engineering teams, while keeping the customer informed throughout the process.

4. Document customer interactions, steps taken, and resolutions in internal systems to ensure accurate record-keeping and knowledge sharing.

5. Collaborate with cross-functional teams, including developers, product managers, and quality assurance, to identify and resolve recurring technical issues.

6. Stay updated on Amazon’s products, releases, and technological advancements to provide accurate and up-to-date support to customers.

7. Deliver exceptional customer service by actively listening and empathizing with customers’ concerns and providing clear and concise technical guidance.

1. Bachelor’s degree in computer science, information technology, or a related field, or equivalent work experience.

2. Strong technical skills with a deep understanding of software and hardware systems, internet protocols, and troubleshooting methodologies.

3. Excellent problem-solving and analytical skills, with the ability to break down complex technical issues into manageable steps for customers.

4. Exceptional verbal and written communication skills, including the ability to communicate technical concepts to non-technical individuals.

5. Experience in technical support or customer service roles, preferably in a software or technology company.

6. Ability to work in a fast-paced environment, prioritize tasks, and meet deadlines.

7. Professional certifications (e.g., AWS, CompTIA, Microsoft) are a plus.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Amazon Problem Solver job description highlights the essential skills required to effectively resolve issues and improve customer satisfaction. This role demands strong problem-solving abilities, analytical skills, and a deep understanding of Amazon’s systems and processes. With its emphasis on delivering exceptional customer experiences, this position offers a challenging and rewarding opportunity for individuals seeking to make a significant impact within the e-commerce industry.

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Our next-generation model: Gemini 1.5

Feb 15, 2024

The model delivers dramatically enhanced performance, with a breakthrough in long-context understanding across modalities.

SundarPichai_2x.jpg

A note from Google and Alphabet CEO Sundar Pichai:

Last week, we rolled out our most capable model, Gemini 1.0 Ultra, and took a significant step forward in making Google products more helpful, starting with Gemini Advanced . Today, developers and Cloud customers can begin building with 1.0 Ultra too — with our Gemini API in AI Studio and in Vertex AI .

Our teams continue pushing the frontiers of our latest models with safety at the core. They are making rapid progress. In fact, we’re ready to introduce the next generation: Gemini 1.5. It shows dramatic improvements across a number of dimensions and 1.5 Pro achieves comparable quality to 1.0 Ultra, while using less compute.

This new generation also delivers a breakthrough in long-context understanding. We’ve been able to significantly increase the amount of information our models can process — running up to 1 million tokens consistently, achieving the longest context window of any large-scale foundation model yet.

Longer context windows show us the promise of what is possible. They will enable entirely new capabilities and help developers build much more useful models and applications. We’re excited to offer a limited preview of this experimental feature to developers and enterprise customers. Demis shares more on capabilities, safety and availability below.

Introducing Gemini 1.5

By Demis Hassabis, CEO of Google DeepMind, on behalf of the Gemini team

This is an exciting time for AI. New advances in the field have the potential to make AI more helpful for billions of people over the coming years. Since introducing Gemini 1.0 , we’ve been testing, refining and enhancing its capabilities.

Today, we’re announcing our next-generation model: Gemini 1.5.

Gemini 1.5 delivers dramatically enhanced performance. It represents a step change in our approach, building upon research and engineering innovations across nearly every part of our foundation model development and infrastructure. This includes making Gemini 1.5 more efficient to train and serve, with a new Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture.

The first Gemini 1.5 model we’re releasing for early testing is Gemini 1.5 Pro. It’s a mid-size multimodal model, optimized for scaling across a wide-range of tasks, and performs at a similar level to 1.0 Ultra , our largest model to date. It also introduces a breakthrough experimental feature in long-context understanding.

Gemini 1.5 Pro comes with a standard 128,000 token context window. But starting today, a limited group of developers and enterprise customers can try it with a context window of up to 1 million tokens via AI Studio and Vertex AI in private preview.

As we roll out the full 1 million token context window, we’re actively working on optimizations to improve latency, reduce computational requirements and enhance the user experience. We’re excited for people to try this breakthrough capability, and we share more details on future availability below.

These continued advances in our next-generation models will open up new possibilities for people, developers and enterprises to create, discover and build using AI.

Context lengths of leading foundation models

Highly efficient architecture

Gemini 1.5 is built upon our leading research on Transformer and MoE architecture. While a traditional Transformer functions as one large neural network, MoE models are divided into smaller "expert” neural networks.

Depending on the type of input given, MoE models learn to selectively activate only the most relevant expert pathways in its neural network. This specialization massively enhances the model’s efficiency. Google has been an early adopter and pioneer of the MoE technique for deep learning through research such as Sparsely-Gated MoE , GShard-Transformer , Switch-Transformer, M4 and more.

Our latest innovations in model architecture allow Gemini 1.5 to learn complex tasks more quickly and maintain quality, while being more efficient to train and serve. These efficiencies are helping our teams iterate, train and deliver more advanced versions of Gemini faster than ever before, and we’re working on further optimizations.

Greater context, more helpful capabilities

An AI model’s “context window” is made up of tokens, which are the building blocks used for processing information. Tokens can be entire parts or subsections of words, images, videos, audio or code. The bigger a model’s context window, the more information it can take in and process in a given prompt — making its output more consistent, relevant and useful.

Through a series of machine learning innovations, we’ve increased 1.5 Pro’s context window capacity far beyond the original 32,000 tokens for Gemini 1.0. We can now run up to 1 million tokens in production.

This means 1.5 Pro can process vast amounts of information in one go — including 1 hour of video, 11 hours of audio, codebases with over 30,000 lines of code or over 700,000 words. In our research, we’ve also successfully tested up to 10 million tokens.

Complex reasoning about vast amounts of information

1.5 Pro can seamlessly analyze, classify and summarize large amounts of content within a given prompt. For example, when given the 402-page transcripts from Apollo 11’s mission to the moon, it can reason about conversations, events and details found across the document.

Reasoning across a 402-page transcript: Gemini 1.5 Pro Demo

Gemini 1.5 Pro can understand, reason about and identify curious details in the 402-page transcripts from Apollo 11’s mission to the moon.

Better understanding and reasoning across modalities

1.5 Pro can perform highly-sophisticated understanding and reasoning tasks for different modalities, including video. For instance, when given a 44-minute silent Buster Keaton movie , the model can accurately analyze various plot points and events, and even reason about small details in the movie that could easily be missed.

Multimodal prompting with a 44-minute movie: Gemini 1.5 Pro Demo

Gemini 1.5 Pro can identify a scene in a 44-minute silent Buster Keaton movie when given a simple line drawing as reference material for a real-life object.

Relevant problem-solving with longer blocks of code

1.5 Pro can perform more relevant problem-solving tasks across longer blocks of code. When given a prompt with more than 100,000 lines of code, it can better reason across examples, suggest helpful modifications and give explanations about how different parts of the code works.

Problem solving across 100,633 lines of code | Gemini 1.5 Pro Demo

Gemini 1.5 Pro can reason across 100,000 lines of code giving helpful solutions, modifications and explanations.

Enhanced performance

When tested on a comprehensive panel of text, code, image, audio and video evaluations, 1.5 Pro outperforms 1.0 Pro on 87% of the benchmarks used for developing our large language models (LLMs). And when compared to 1.0 Ultra on the same benchmarks, it performs at a broadly similar level.

Gemini 1.5 Pro maintains high levels of performance even as its context window increases. In the Needle In A Haystack (NIAH) evaluation, where a small piece of text containing a particular fact or statement is purposely placed within a long block of text, 1.5 Pro found the embedded text 99% of the time, in blocks of data as long as 1 million tokens.

Gemini 1.5 Pro also shows impressive “in-context learning” skills, meaning that it can learn a new skill from information given in a long prompt, without needing additional fine-tuning. We tested this skill on the Machine Translation from One Book (MTOB) benchmark, which shows how well the model learns from information it’s never seen before. When given a grammar manual for Kalamang , a language with fewer than 200 speakers worldwide, the model learns to translate English to Kalamang at a similar level to a person learning from the same content.

As 1.5 Pro’s long context window is the first of its kind among large-scale models, we’re continuously developing new evaluations and benchmarks for testing its novel capabilities.

For more details, see our Gemini 1.5 Pro technical report .

Extensive ethics and safety testing

In line with our AI Principles and robust safety policies, we’re ensuring our models undergo extensive ethics and safety tests. We then integrate these research learnings into our governance processes and model development and evaluations to continuously improve our AI systems.

Since introducing 1.0 Ultra in December, our teams have continued refining the model, making it safer for a wider release. We’ve also conducted novel research on safety risks and developed red-teaming techniques to test for a range of potential harms.

In advance of releasing 1.5 Pro, we've taken the same approach to responsible deployment as we did for our Gemini 1.0 models, conducting extensive evaluations across areas including content safety and representational harms, and will continue to expand this testing. Beyond this, we’re developing further tests that account for the novel long-context capabilities of 1.5 Pro.

Build and experiment with Gemini models

We’re committed to bringing each new generation of Gemini models to billions of people, developers and enterprises around the world responsibly.

Starting today, we’re offering a limited preview of 1.5 Pro to developers and enterprise customers via AI Studio and Vertex AI . Read more about this on our Google for Developers blog and Google Cloud blog .

We’ll introduce 1.5 Pro with a standard 128,000 token context window when the model is ready for a wider release. Coming soon, we plan to introduce pricing tiers that start at the standard 128,000 context window and scale up to 1 million tokens, as we improve the model.

Early testers can try the 1 million token context window at no cost during the testing period, though they should expect longer latency times with this experimental feature. Significant improvements in speed are also on the horizon.

Developers interested in testing 1.5 Pro can sign up now in AI Studio, while enterprise customers can reach out to their Vertex AI account team.

Learn more about Gemini’s capabilities and see how it works .

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Amazon Canada is a real treasure trove for problem-solving products. It's filled with pages upon pages of practical home goods, useful things for your car, and almost everything else you could ever need. If you love handy stuff, but don't want to spend your precious time sifting through the good, the bad, and the ugly, we've got your back. Whether you're looking to clean your bathroom tiles, make your cord situation less of a nightmare, or make meal prep a bit breezier, you're guaranteed to find something worth clicking "Add to Cart" on.

Here are a few problem-solvers from Amazon worth adding to your cart.

Sign up for an  Amazon Prime account  if Amazon Canada is your go-to site for shopping. It costs $99 a year (plus tax), but students can get it for only $49 (plus tax). If you’ve never tried it out, you can sign up for a 30-day trial period.

Disclaimer:  The prices displayed are accurate at the time of publication. We’ll do our best to keep them as up-to-date as possible, but you may see slight changes.

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7 growth stocks that will prove growth is back in 2024

Posted: February 15, 2024 | Last updated: February 15, 2024

<p><span>If you've been investing for any length of time, you've probably heard a lot of time-honored investment maxims. Things like "time in the market beats timing the market." One that I like to keep in mind is to "skate where the puck is moving."</span> </p> <p><span>There's a reason for that. Investors frequently believe they need special knowledge to be successful at investing. Let's be clear: you do have to put in the work. But the information you need to be a successful investor is not unknowable, even without a background in finance or accounting. </span> </p> <p><span>However, investors can choose from thousands of stocks, ETFs, and mutual funds. And that's just equities. There are also bonds, precious metals, real estate, and – for those so inclined – cryptocurrency to consider. It's impossible to stay on top of every emerging story. </span> </p> <p><span>Sometimes you need a little nudge. </span> </p> <p><span>This special presentation focuses on growth stocks that may be flying under investor's radars. Some of these stocks are already growing – and have room to grow some more. Others haven't participated in the rally but have strong growth potential in 2024 and beyond.</span> </p> <br> <br>

If you've been investing for any length of time, you've probably heard a lot of time-honored investment maxims. Things like "time in the market beats timing the market." One that I like to keep in mind is to "skate where the puck is moving."  

There's a reason for that. Investors frequently believe they need special knowledge to be successful at investing. Let's be clear: you do have to put in the work. But the information you need to be a successful investor is not unknowable, even without a background in finance or accounting.  

However, investors can choose from thousands of stocks, ETFs, and mutual funds. And that's just equities. There are also bonds, precious metals, real estate, and – for those so inclined – cryptocurrency to consider. It's impossible to stay on top of every emerging story.  

Sometimes you need a little nudge.  

This special presentation focuses on growth stocks that may be flying under investor's radars. Some of these stocks are already growing – and have room to grow some more. Others haven't participated in the rally but have strong growth potential in 2024 and beyond.  

<p>The first company on this list is from the fintech sector. But <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/NU/"><strong>Nu Holdings Ltd. (NYSE: NU)</strong></a> may not be well-known to investors. That's because it's not a U.S. company. However, Nu is the largest fintech bank in North America.  </p> <p>The digital-first bank was founded in 2013 as a way to disrupt the Latin American banking system, which is dominated by a small number of large banks. Among other things, this trapped customers in an ecosystem of high fees for limited services. </p> <p>The company has already signed up five million customers and has a total addressable market that can potentially bring in millions more. Revenue is growing year-over-year, and the bank is solidly profitable. Nu Holdings is also projecting earnings growth of 75% in the next 12 months.  </p> <p>The concern is how much of that growth is priced into a stock up 97% in the last 12 months. The <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/NU/price-target/">Nu Holdings analyst ratings on MarketBeat</a> show that analysts are beginning to bid NU stock higher, with <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/UBS/"><strong>UBS Group AG (NYSE: UBS)</strong></a> reiterating its Buy rating with a price target of $11.50.  </p>

#1 - Nu Holdings (NYSE:NU)

The first company on this list is from the fintech sector. But Nu Holdings Ltd. (NYSE: NU) may not be well-known to investors. That's because it's not a U.S. company. However, Nu is the largest fintech bank in North America.  

The digital-first bank was founded in 2013 as a way to disrupt the Latin American banking system, which is dominated by a small number of large banks. Among other things, this trapped customers in an ecosystem of high fees for limited services. 

The company has already signed up five million customers and has a total addressable market that can potentially bring in millions more. Revenue is growing year-over-year, and the bank is solidly profitable. Nu Holdings is also projecting earnings growth of 75% in the next 12 months.  

The concern is how much of that growth is priced into a stock up 97% in the last 12 months. The Nu Holdings analyst ratings on MarketBeat show that analysts are beginning to bid NU stock higher, with UBS Group AG (NYSE: UBS) reiterating its Buy rating with a price target of $11.50.  

<p>Artificial intelligence is driving a super cycle in the chip sector. <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NASDAQ/QUIK/"><strong>QuickLogic Corporation (NASDAQ: QUIK)</strong></a> is a fabless chipmaker. That means the company designs and markets semiconductors and owns its intellectual property. But since it's a fabless company, it doesn't fabricate (i.e., fab) them.  </p> <p>QuickLogic has seen a sharp spike in revenue largely fueled by unprecedented demand for chips to handle AI applications. In its most recent quarter, the company posted positive earnings. And the company is projecting a full year of positive earnings.  </p> <p>QUIK stock up 116% in the last 12 months. So, it's logical to wonder if it can move any higher. And the company is not widely covered by analysts. However, here's something to consider. QuickLogic is mainly known for designing chips for industrial and defense applications. That niche is likely to grow due to demand from aerospace and defense contractors. The company also has a history of beating analysts' expectations.  </p>

#2 - QuickLogic (NASDAQ:QUIK)

Artificial intelligence is driving a super cycle in the chip sector. QuickLogic Corporation (NASDAQ: QUIK) is a fabless chipmaker. That means the company designs and markets semiconductors and owns its intellectual property. But since it's a fabless company, it doesn't fabricate (i.e., fab) them.  

QuickLogic has seen a sharp spike in revenue largely fueled by unprecedented demand for chips to handle AI applications. In its most recent quarter, the company posted positive earnings. And the company is projecting a full year of positive earnings.  

QUIK stock up 116% in the last 12 months. So, it's logical to wonder if it can move any higher. And the company is not widely covered by analysts. However, here's something to consider. QuickLogic is mainly known for designing chips for industrial and defense applications. That niche is likely to grow due to demand from aerospace and defense contractors. The company also has a history of beating analysts' expectations.  

<p>Chinese stocks took a beating in 2023. <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NASDAQ/LI/"><strong>Li Auto Inc. (NASDAQ: LI)</strong></a> was a notable exception. The stock is up 18% in the last 12 months despite being down 25% in the last three months. Li Auto is the leading manufacturer of electric vehicles (EVs) within the People's Republic of China.  </p> <p>However, this appears to be a case of a rose getting buried among the thorns. A lack of demand in the United States has beaten down the EV sector. The same can't be said of China. In the company's third quarter 2023 earnings report, Li Auto reported a <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/originals/li-auto-smashes-estimates-proving-evs-can-be-profitable/">271% year-over-year increase in revenue</a>. And the bottom line grew at a similar year-over-year pace.  </p> <p>Elon Musk has already sounded the alarm about the <a href="https://www.axios.com/2024/02/14/chinese-ev-electric-vehicles-sold-america">potential dominance of Chinese EV makers</a>. In fact, Li Auto outsold <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NASDAQ/TSLA/"><strong>Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA)</strong></a> in October 2023 and now leads China in EV sales.  </p> <p>The <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NASDAQ/LI/price-target/">Li Auto analyst ratings on MarketBeat</a> project a stock price gain of 164% in that same time. That's likely due to the company's expectation that it will increase earnings by more than 83.5% in the next 12 months. </p>

#3 - Li Auto (NASDAQ:LI)

Chinese stocks took a beating in 2023. Li Auto Inc. (NASDAQ: LI) was a notable exception. The stock is up 18% in the last 12 months despite being down 25% in the last three months. Li Auto is the leading manufacturer of electric vehicles (EVs) within the People's Republic of China.  

However, this appears to be a case of a rose getting buried among the thorns. A lack of demand in the United States has beaten down the EV sector. The same can't be said of China. In the company's third quarter 2023 earnings report, Li Auto reported a 271% year-over-year increase in revenue . And the bottom line grew at a similar year-over-year pace.  

Elon Musk has already sounded the alarm about the potential dominance of Chinese EV makers . In fact, Li Auto outsold Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA) in October 2023 and now leads China in EV sales.  

The Li Auto analyst ratings on MarketBeat project a stock price gain of 164% in that same time. That's likely due to the company's expectation that it will increase earnings by more than 83.5% in the next 12 months. 

<p>No matter how you feel about <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/cryptocurrencies/bitcoin/"><strong>Bitcoin (BTC)</strong></a> as an asset class, you must acknowledge that it's been one of the best-performing assets in 2024. <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NASDAQ/RIOT/"><strong>Riot Platforms Inc. (NASDAQ: RIOT)</strong></a> gives you a way to invest in a blockchain future without owning the digital currency.  </p> <p>Here's why. Bitcoin is "mined" via specialized, high-speed computers that compete to solve complex cryptographic problems. Riot operates one of the largest blockchain mining networks in the world. As a result, it has the lowest mining costs, which means it's a very efficient company. That's not the case with many Bitcoin miners. </p> <p>The company's low mining costs will stand out as the next Bitcoin halving occurs in April 2024. This means miners' profits will be cut in half (as Bitcoin nears its maximum supply of 21 million). This will benefit efficient operators like Riot even as RIOT stock is up 161% in the last 12 months.  </p>

#4 - Riot Platforms (NASDAQ:RIOT)

No matter how you feel about Bitcoin (BTC) as an asset class, you must acknowledge that it's been one of the best-performing assets in 2024. Riot Platforms Inc. (NASDAQ: RIOT) gives you a way to invest in a blockchain future without owning the digital currency.  

Here's why. Bitcoin is "mined" via specialized, high-speed computers that compete to solve complex cryptographic problems. Riot operates one of the largest blockchain mining networks in the world. As a result, it has the lowest mining costs, which means it's a very efficient company. That's not the case with many Bitcoin miners. 

The company's low mining costs will stand out as the next Bitcoin halving occurs in April 2024. This means miners' profits will be cut in half (as Bitcoin nears its maximum supply of 21 million). This will benefit efficient operators like Riot even as RIOT stock is up 161% in the last 12 months.  

stock chart graphic

#5 - Enphase Energy (NASDAQ:ENPH)

Solar stocks zigged when they were supposed to zag last year. And if you were an investor in Enphase Energy Inc. (NASDAQ: ENPH) , you know how painful it's been. ENPH stock is down 39.5% in the last 12 months, and that's after a 41% increase in the stock price in the last three months.  

The issue was the company's guidance, which became prescient in its most recent quarter as revenue and earnings fell sharply year-over-year. However, the maker of solar-focused semiconductor-based home energy solutions continues to have a strong long-term story as the United States continues its transition to renewable energy.  

Enphase is forecasting 87% earnings growth in the next 12 months. A reason to believe in that forecast is that the company has the highest margins in the industry. Lower interest rates could also be a potential catalyst. And the E nphase Energy analyst ratings on MarketBeat show a 16% upside for ENPH stock.  

<p>Lithium stocks were expected to be attractive investments in 2023. But as supply outpaced demand on declining EV demand, many of these investments dragged down portfolios. <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/SQM/"><strong>Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile (NYSE: SQM)</strong></a> was no different. SQM stock is down over 55% in the last 12 months.  </p> <p>The Chilean-based company has a diversified portfolio, but about 75% of its revenue comes from lithium. That could hold the stock price down as lithium prices are expected to be down through at least the first half of 2024. </p> <p>However, the opportunity for the company comes in its brine asset, the Salar de Atacama, which has the highest lithium concentration in the world. The company is also taking steps to secure more lithium production in Australia and China. </p> <p>As the lithium supply-demand dynamic flips in its favor, SQM stock is an attractive long-term investment, trading at just 5.4x forward earnings.  </p>

#6 - Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile (NYSE:SQM)

Lithium stocks were expected to be attractive investments in 2023. But as supply outpaced demand on declining EV demand, many of these investments dragged down portfolios. Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile (NYSE: SQM) was no different. SQM stock is down over 55% in the last 12 months.  

The Chilean-based company has a diversified portfolio, but about 75% of its revenue comes from lithium. That could hold the stock price down as lithium prices are expected to be down through at least the first half of 2024. 

However, the opportunity for the company comes in its brine asset, the Salar de Atacama, which has the highest lithium concentration in the world. The company is also taking steps to secure more lithium production in Australia and China. 

As the lithium supply-demand dynamic flips in its favor, SQM stock is an attractive long-term investment, trading at just 5.4x forward earnings.  

<p><a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/HD/"><strong>Home Depot (NYSE: HD)</strong></a> is one part of a virtual duopoly with <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/LOW/"><strong>Lowe's Companies Inc. (NYSE: LOW)</strong></a> in the United States. HD stock presents an anomaly for investors. The stock is up 11% in the last 12 months, even though revenue and earnings have fallen year-over-year.  </p> <p>But a closer look at the HD chart shows that much of the growth has come in the last three months. That might suggest that investors are becoming bullish on interest rate cuts that could boost the housing market.  </p> <p>However, with the amount and timing of those rate cuts in question, Home Depot still appears to be a buy because the company has successfully integrated e-commerce and omnichannel services into its business model. That's important because home improvement is a niche market that even <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NASDAQ/AMZN/"><strong>Amazon.com Inc. (NASDAQ: AMZN)</strong></a> has been unable to successfully crack. </p> <p>The <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/HD/price-target/">Home Depot analyst ratings on MarketBeat</a> show that analysts are moving their price targets for the stock higher, and Home Depot offers a <a href="https://www.marketbeat.com/stocks/NYSE/HD/dividend/">solid dividend</a> that has increased for the last 14 years, has a 2.33% yield and an annual payout of $8.36 per share.   </p>

#7 - Home Depot (NYSE:HD)

Home Depot (NYSE: HD) is one part of a virtual duopoly with Lowe's Companies Inc. (NYSE: LOW) in the United States. HD stock presents an anomaly for investors. The stock is up 11% in the last 12 months, even though revenue and earnings have fallen year-over-year.  

But a closer look at the HD chart shows that much of the growth has come in the last three months. That might suggest that investors are becoming bullish on interest rate cuts that could boost the housing market.  

However, with the amount and timing of those rate cuts in question, Home Depot still appears to be a buy because the company has successfully integrated e-commerce and omnichannel services into its business model. That's important because home improvement is a niche market that even Amazon.com Inc. (NASDAQ: AMZN) has been unable to successfully crack. 

The Home Depot analyst ratings on MarketBeat show that analysts are moving their price targets for the stock higher, and Home Depot offers a solid dividend that has increased for the last 14 years, has a 2.33% yield and an annual payout of $8.36 per share.   

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The Problem with Anger: And How to Solve It

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Roddy Carter

The Problem with Anger: And How to Solve It Paperback – January 31, 2024

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We all know anger. We all see red-even feel red!-on occasion. We can be consumed by intense, full-body states of passionate rage. Or we can be afflicted by more modest manifestations, with accompanying feelings ranging from dissatisfaction, joylessness, and disconnection to deep helplessness and powerlessness.

Many of us have experienced anger used against us, sometimes with very painful consequences. Most of us have noticed the hurt that our anger-even when more measured in its expression-causes others.

Anger can be consuming, even compelling, and on the surface seems to wield its power to improve our lives and circumstances.

But have you ever noticed that anger doesn't really solve any problems? Have you noticed that, in fact, anger only seems to make things worse...for yourself, especially?

Enter the theatre of your imagination, and join Roddy as he learns about the fundamental problem with anger-and how to solve it.

  • Print length 80 pages
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  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Aquila Life Science, LLC (January 31, 2024)
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technical problem solving amazon

Roddy Carter

As a young physician, I spent my days and nights working with sick people; treating illness, fighting disease, looking for cures. I then specialized in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine. I devoted my efforts to helping Olympic athletes to achieve peak physical, mental and emotional performance. Through this work and the University of Life I have developed a deep appreciation for the profound links between body, mind and emotion.

Today, I mentor individuals and groups towards self-mastery. My first book, BodyWHealth, Journey to Abundance, outlines a personal growth strategy to unlock the "best possible you". Based on evolutionary principles and scientific evidence, BodyWHealth is a proven pathway to health, happiness, and prosperity.

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  26. 7 growth stocks that will prove growth is back in 2024

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