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If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the  search page  or the  Site Map . The Citation Chart  provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.

Conducting Research

These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.

Using Research

These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.

APA Style (7th Edition)

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster

Chicago Manual of Style

This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style

These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.

American Medical Association (AMA) Style

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.

Research Overview

We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?

Conducting Primary Research

Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.

Evaluating Sources of Information

Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

Searching Online

This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.

Internet References

This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.

Archival Research

This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.

This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.

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  • Knowledge Base
  • APA Style 7th edition
  • Setting Up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References (Examples)

Setting Up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References (Examples)

Published on November 4, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.

APA reference page (7th edition)

On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text.

Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page:

  • Place the section label “References” in bold at the top of the page (centered).
  • Order the references alphabetically .
  • Double-space all text.
  • Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 inches.

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Table of contents

Setting up the apa reference page, apa alphabetization guidelines, which sources to include on the reference page, annotated bibliography, creating apa references.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).

Word processors like Word or Google Docs and citation generators can usually order the reference list automatically. However, ordering becomes challenging when citing multiple works by the same author or works by authors with the same last name.

Our in-depth article on ordering references in APA Style explains what to do in these situations.

Only include references for sources cited in the body text (with an APA in-text citation ). Don’t include references for:

  • Sources that you only consulted;
  • Personal communications (e.g., emails or phone calls);
  • General mentions of websites or periodicals ;
  • Common knowledge .

For some student papers, it’s common to describe or evaluate the source in an annotation . These annotations are placed on a new line below the corresponding reference entry. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inches.

If an annotation consists of multiple paragraphs, the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs is indented an additional 0.5 inches.

APA annotated bibliography (7th edition)

The format of an APA reference differs depending on the source type. Play around with the options in the Scribbr Example Generator to get familiar with APA Style.

Scribbr Citation Generator

With Scribbr’s free APA citation generator you can easily cite your sources according to the new 7th edition guidelines. It’s accurate, fast, and easy to use. Give it a try!

APA Citation Generator

APA citation examples

Check out Scribbr’s citation examples to learn more about citing each type of source, ranging from books and journals to podcasts and tweets !

Periodicals

  • Journal article
  • Newspaper article

Reports and gray literature

  • Press release
  • Dissertation or thesis
  • Conference paper

Books and reference works

  • Dictionary entry
  • Encyclopedia entry

Audiovisual works

  • Movie or documentary
  • YouTube video

Online media

  • Personal communication
  • Tables and figures

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). Setting Up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References (Examples). Scribbr. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-reference-page/

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Master of Science Engineering Technology (MSET)

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Purdue OWL: APA

  • APA Guidlines
  • Videos on the Basics of APA
  • General Format
  • In-Text Citations: The Basics
  • Reference List: The Basics
  • Types of APA Papers
  • APA Changes 6th Edition
  • General APA Facts
  • APA Sample Paper
  • APA Formatting - The Basics
  • APA Formatting: Reference List Basics
  • APA References List: Complex Authors
  • APA References: Periodicals
  • APA References Entries for Books

Purdue OWL: Writing Tips

Choosing a Topic

Where Do I Begin?

Developing Strong Thesis Statements

Writing a Research Paper

Citation Management

  • Citation Management Tools
  • Quick Reference Generators

Citation management tools help you track and organize the articles you are gathering for your research.  Citation management tools also generate in-text citations, import records from databases, and reference pages.   NOTE : Errors do occasionally occur with citation managers, so always check your citations and references.

  • Zotero by Michael Witt
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  • Endnote Basic by Jerilyn Tinio
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APA Style Guide (7th Edition)

  • APA Resources
  • Formatting Your Essay

References page: The basics

References page: the details.

  • Building an Article Reference Entry
  • Building Specialized Reference Entries
  • In-text Citations
  • The Annotated Bibliography in APA

Books for APA questions

We have print books that you can access at all of our campuses and eBooks that you can access anywhere!

Cover: Publication Manual of the APA, 7th edition

This print copy of APA's  official publication  lays out every aspect of APA style formatting.  We have copies at every campus!

Cover: The Concise APA Handbook ebook

We also have eBooks, like this  online guide  that can be accessed anywhere through our library! 

Cover: Estilo APA en Accion

¡Incluso hay una guía APA en español disponible en línea!

For every in-text citation that you include in your assignment, you need to have a corresponding full citation on the References page. Similarly, every citation entry on your References page should represent at least one in-text citation. It is easiest to collect the full citation information for every resource that you find while doing your research, then drop the ones that you use into the References page as you use information from them in your narrative, as it can be very challenging if you wait to build your full citations while writing your paper!

  • Begin the Reference list on a new page immediately after the body of your text. It is the last page in your paper unless you have appendices or an index.
  • The word “References” in bold is centered at the top of the page.
  • Double space the entire list.
  • Each entry provides Author, Date, Title, and Source of the work being cited.  See the details section below for more information!
  • Entries are ordered alphabetically by Author.  
  • The first line of each entry is left justified with every subsequent line of the entry indented by 1/2".

Visit Purdue's OWL to see a  sample APA paper  including a References page; another example to help you visualize the format for a References page is shown here in a graphic by Jennifer Betts of Bibliography.com (2021):

purdue owl apa reference page example

A full citation for the References page of an APA work will include 4 basic elements separated with periods: Author. (Date). Title. Source. For additional information, the APA also a concise guide for full citations of journal articles, books, and book chapters, as well as an extensive list of example reference citations for various circumstances.

  • Example: Smythe, G. B. (Date). Title. Source.
  • International Association of Smythe Families. (Date). Title. Source.
  • Every author of a work is listed in the Reference citation using the basic format, separated by a comma between each author and with an ampersand (“&” symbol) before the last author’s name; you must list the first 20 authors this way, but if there are more than 20 authors, you show the first 20 (with no ampersand) followed by an ellipse (“…” symbol). Author names are shown in the same order as they appear in the publication.
  • Example: Smythe, G. B. & Jonas, L. (Date). Title. Source.
  • Example: Smythe, G., Smythe, L., Smythe, N. & Smythe, R. (Date). Title. Source.
  • If an Author has multiple entries, list them in order from oldest to most recent.
  • Example: Author. (2021a). Title. Source.
  • Use the title of the work in place of an unknown Author
  • Example: Yearbook of the International Association of Smythe Families. (Date). Source.
  • Example: Author. (2021). Title. Source.
  • Use the copyright year.
  • Use the date from the Journal volume in which article appears, even if it's different than the copyright year. Include only the year for the Date element; the full date of the journal is part of the Source element.
  • Do not assume the copyright date from the site's footer applies to the content that you are citing!
  • Example: Author. (2021, January 1). Title. URLincludinghttp://
  • Example with no date, retrieval date included: Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. Retrieved January 1, 2021, from URLincludinghttp://
  • Use the month, day, or season along with the year
  • Example: Author. (2021, Spring/Summer). Title. Source.
  • Example: Author. (2021, January 1). Title. Source.
  • Include a complete date when possible; if you can't find all of the date elements for the resource type, include as much information in the date element as you can find. If there is absolutely no date associated with the resource, then you use an abbreviation for "no date" in place of the date element. Use lower case letters with a period behind each letter and no spaces: (n.d.).
  • Use the title of the article or chapter as the Title element; the title of the whole work is included in the Source.
  • Includes journal and Newspaper articles, book chapters, etc.
  • Basic format is to use normal text (no quotes, italics, etc.) expressed in sentence case (i.e. only capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns).
  • Includes books, reports, etc.
  • Basic format is to italicize the Title and to use sentence case (i.e. only capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns).
  • Example: Author. (Date). This is the title: This is the subtitle. Source.
  • Example: Author. (Date). This is the title (2 nd ed., Vol. 7). Source.
  • The first part is a necessary element for all Sources; this is the publication information of the book (publisher) or the periodical (i.e. name of journal, volume and issue numbers, and page range of the article).
  • The second part, required when the work was accessed digitally, is the URL (web address or permalink as appropriate) or its DOI (Digital Object Identifier) which is a unique id permanently assigned to that object.
  • If the Title was used in place of the Author element, you skip the Title element.
  • If you cited part of a book for the Title (e.g. a book chapter or encyclopedia entry), the whole work is the Source.
  • Example: Author. (Date). Title. In F. M. Last (Ed.), This is the title for the whole book (pp. 101-142). Publisher. DOIorURLincludinghttp://
  • Example: Author. (Date). Title. In F. M. Last and F. M. Last (Eds.), This is the title for the whole book (p. 474). Publisher. DOIorURLincludinghttp://
  • If the editor’s name/s have already been used in the Author field, don’t repeat them in the Source; use “In This is the title …).
  • Example: Author. (Date). Title of the whole work . Publisher. DOIorURLincludinghttp://
  • Example: Author. (Date). Title. Journal Title , 42 (1), 18-24. DOIorURLincludinghttp://
  • Example: Author. (Date). Title. The Washington Post. URLincludinghttp://
  • You do not include any information on the database in which you found the resource unless that exact database is the only place for your reader to retrieve the work!
  • The URL or DOI in your Reference list should begin with http:// and they should be active links if your work is available online. You can use the default settings for active links (e.g. underlined blue text) or the links can be black without underlining.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th edition). 

Betts, J. (2021, March 17). APA Citation Generator (Free) & Complete APA Format Guide . Bibliography.com. https://www.bibliography.com/apa/apa-format-and-citations/

Purdue OWL. (n.d.).  APA Sample Paper . Purdue Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_sample_paper.html

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  • Chicago Style
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  • In-Text Citation

The APA or American Psychological Association style of citation is mainly used for the social sciences. The style is currently in its 7th edition.

Purdue OWL: APA  Formatting and Style Guide

APA OWL

This resource, updated to reflect the APA Handbook (7th ed.), offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the references page. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian!

purdue owl apa reference page example

Icons are from the Noun Project and under Creative Commons licence (CCBY): books by sandra , article by Arfan Khan Kamol , website by Julynn B , link by Nathan Diesel, Video by Aybige, Audio by Manasa, Image by Mohammad Iqbal, hashtag by Gregor Cresnar.

Book Icon

Some example citations are below, from the Purdue OWL APA Guide . Follow the link for more examples!

How To Cite...

Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend . Yale University Press.

Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication . American Psychological Association.

Artman, J., Sundquist, J., & Dechow, D. R. (2016). The craft of librarian instruction: Using acting techniques to create your teaching presence. Association of College and Research Libraries.

Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory  (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.

Article Icon

When citing a scholarly article from a database if you can not find a DOI, a permalink or a nondatabase URL then you do not need to provide a link in APA 9th edition, unless requested by your professor.   

Mc Aninch, D. (2019, July 15). Seeing France’s wild mountains through a clouded, classic windshield. New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/15/travel/cevennes-france-drive.html

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.  The Country Today , 1A, 2A.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15 (3), 5-13.

From an Online Database

Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning.  Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement ,   6 (1), 11 – 16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book  The self-knower: A hero under control , by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert].  Contemporary Psychology , 38 (5), 466–467.

Irwin, D. (2019, July 9). Wot I think: Gato Roboto. [Review of the video game Gato Roboto , published by Devolver Digital, 2019]. Rock Paper Shotgun .  https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/07/09/gato-roboto-review/

Website Icon

In APA style, individual webpages and documents hosted online are cited similarly to print content. Note, however, that the URL is typically included at the end of the entry. In APA style, you only need to include the date of access if the page's content will probably change over time (i.e. a wiki page).

Oxford College Library. (n.d.). Mission and Vision - Oxford College Library . https://oxford.library.emory.edu/about/about-oxford-college-library/mission-and-vision

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist . Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR . https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality

Digital Resources

Citing personal photos, digital files, or other electronic resources can be confusing. The important thing to remember is that everything you use for academic or professional work, even if you made it yourself , does need to be cited - every time!

Some URL Notes from Purdue OWL :

Link Icon

  • Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.
  • Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a permalink , which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

If you have a question or need to cite something not listed here, schedule a consultation with a librarian!

Visit the Purdue OWL Pages on citing Audiovisual Media and Electronic Sources in APA for more examples!

Play Button Icon

Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AMrJRQDPjk&t=148s

Tedx Talks. (2011, Nov. 15). TEDxHampshireCollege - Jay Smooth - How I learned to stop worrying and love discussing race [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbdxeFcQtaU

Speaker Icon

Zuckerman, J. (2015, July 22). To heal [Song]. https:// soundcloud.com/jeremy-zuckerman/to-heal

Dacus, L. (2018). Night shift [Song]. On Historian [Album]. Matador Records.

Personal Interview

A personal interview is one that you have conducted yourself - the "author" is the interviewee. Note that APA style does not require a reference to a personal interview.

Crowl, P. (2019, July 12). Personal interview.

Prime, K. (Host). (2019, March 29). For whom the cowbell tolls [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab . WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/story/whom-cowbell-tolls

Photo Icon

Remember to get the permission of all the people in the photo (or their guardians, if minors) before you use it in your work!

Garofalo, C. (2019, April 12). [CSCE contributor gift table] [Photograph]. https://www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A

Online Photo or Image

The title of the item for the reference comes from its caption, so if the image has no official caption, you will describe the item inside square brackets. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Williams, M. O. (2016, March 10). An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949 [Photograph]. https:// natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that

Cash, I. (2011, April 5). Infographic of infographics . [Infographic]. https:// imgur.com/DNxvj

Only include the first 20 words of the post/caption when citing a social media post in APA style. If the post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description. Also attempt to replicate emojis if possible; if not, describe the emoji (i.e. [Face with Tears of Joy emoji])

Hashtag Icon

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/USInterior/photos/a.155163054537384/2586475451406120/?type=3&theater

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January 12). Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now they’ve been documented assisting other members of their species—even strangers [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/1216346352063537154

BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a “wolf moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/

Figure 1.  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses

          

Note. From   Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses  [Painting], by Paul  Cézanne, 1890,   The Metropolitan Museum of  Art,  metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882 . Public Domain.

*Figures cited in-text must be both captioned and cited in the bibliography.

In-text citation:

(see fig. X)

(see fig. 3)

Figure Title and Note:

In APA, for images in papers you have the figure number, title and then a note, which serves as the caption. In the note if using copyrighted materials use From when reprinting an image and  Adapted from   if you have adapted an image. For description you place in Brackets this is often the format/medium of artwork, such as painting, photograph, sculpture, etc. 

Fig. X. Title of work or Description of the work 

Note.  From  Title  [description in brackets], by artist full name, c reation year; Institution, URL. Licensing information/public domain information/fair use notation. 

Figure 3.  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses

Note.  From   Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses  [Painting], by Paul  Cézanne, 1890,  The Metropolitan Museum of Art (metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882) . Public Domain.

Figure. 5.  Atlanta Streetcar, 

Note.  From Atlanta Streetcar [Photograph], by Lauren Holley, 2014, Flickr (flickr.com/photos/atlantadowntown/16106577510/). CC BY 2.0.

Bibliography:

Author Last Name, First Initial. (year of publication).  title  [description in brackets]. Source. URL.  Cézanne, P. (1890).  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses [Painting]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art ,  New York, NY, United States.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.

Image has no known title?

If the work has no title provide a concise but informative description of the work and put it in the brackets. 

Mackintosh, C. R. (1897-1900). [Chair of stained oak]. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England,

Image has no known author?

Omit the author's name, start with the title and move the date after the title:

Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses . 1890 .  The Metropolitan Museum of Art ,  New York, NY, United States. metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.

No creation date?

Use (n.d.) in place of the date, this means "no data"

Cézanne, P. (n.d).  Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses [Painting]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art ,  New York, NY, United States.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.

Are you using a video screenshot?

Fig. X. Still from title of work 

Note . From  title  [description in brackets], by director/ creator, c reation year; Institution, URL. Licensing information/public domain information/fair use notation. 

Figure 4. Still  Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring

Note. From  Lord of the rings: fellowship of the ring [Still from Film], by Peter Jackson, 2001, Wingnut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company. Copyright 2001 by The Saul Zaentz Company. 

  YouTube & Streaming Video:

  Creator name. (Year, Month day).  Title [description]. Platform, URL.

  Modern Librarian Memoirs. (2017, November 2) What is Information Literacy?  [Video]. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbe6xBibOL4.

APA uses parenthetical citations for in-text citation. Include the author's last name and the date of the work. Typically you put this at the end of the sentence just before the period.  

In APA, only include the page number if you are directly quoting a source. (If quoting more than one page, use pp. instead of p.).

To cite more than one source, put a semicolon between the two sources' citations.

For more information on APA, see the Purdue OWL page about in-text citation .

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Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide

Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

Author/Editor (By:)

Contributor, corporate author, related organizations, citation type.

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Annotated Bibliographies

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Print copies are available at the Ryan Help Desk, the Ryan Research Desk, the Arrigoni Help Desk, and on the reference shelves.

Online access to the apa style guide is available from the link below:.

  • APA Style - Online access

APA stands for the American Psychological Association and is the format for many disciplines in the social sciences.

Always check with your professor to know the preferred format.

It is essential in your academic writing to know how to use sources and how to cite them.

The APA manual provides guidelines and examples. It is available in the Iona Libraries at the Ryan Help & Research Desks, the Arrigoni Help Desk, the reference shelves R 150.03 A 51-7, and online at the APA website .

  • Use periods after the elements author, date, title, and source. 
  • If more than one author use an ampersand - & 
  • List authors' names and initials for up to 20 individuals
  • If there are 21 or more authors, use the first 19 names, then ellipses, and then the final name
  • Do not use a period after an URL or a DOI 
  • Format the DOI -  https://doi.org/xxxxx  
  • Hyperlink all URLs and DOIs (this means you do not need to write Accessed or Retrieved from) 
  • Use the title References on the top and center of the References page. The title should be bolded 
  • Add a Double spaced / hanging indent for each source 
  • Spell out the full name of the organization in the reference list but it can be abbreviated in the text. Example: National Council of Teachers of English in References, NCTE in the text.  
  • If information is missing follow the rules found on   APA - Missing Information
  • APA Style Official Website
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  • APA Style: Basics of 7th Edition Tutorial
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APA (American Psychological Association) Style is most commonly used in the  social and behavioral sciences.

  • APA General Format The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line spacing and font sizes. Follow the guidelines of your institution or publisher to adapt APA Style formatting guidelines as needed.
  • In-text Citations In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.
  • Reference List Check each reference carefully against the original publication to ensure information is accurate and complete. Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher and writer. Consistency in reference formatting allows readers to focus on the content of your reference list, discerning both the types of works you consulted and the important reference elements (who, when, what, and where) with ease. When you present each reference in a consistent fashion, readers do not need to spend time determining how you organized the information. And when searching the literature yourself, you also save time and effort when reading reference lists in the works of others that are written in APA Style.
  • Sample Paper This page contains several sample papers formatted in seventh edition APA Style.
  • DOI Lookup: Crossref Search "Metadata". Crossref makes research outputs easy to find, cite, link, assess, and reuse. We’re a not-for-profit membership organization that exists to make scholarly communications better.
  • Basics of APA Tutorial This tutorial is designed for writers new to APA Style. Learn the basics of seventh edition APA Style, including paper elements, format, and organization; academic writing style; grammar and usage; bias-free language; mechanics of style; tables and figures; in-text citations, paraphrasing, and quotations; and reference list format and order. The Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style tutorial will permanently stay on this site for free.

APA Style from Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL)

  • APA 7th Handout Two page PDF covering common citation and reference types in APA.
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APA Citation Help Guide

purdue owl apa reference page example

Welcome to the APA Style Help Guide!

This guide contains quick guide links and tools to help readers format their reference lists and in-text citations in APA 7th edition.

For additional assistance, please visit the writing center at this link -  https://writingcenter.unlv.edu/ .

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Help Guides

American psychological association resources.

  • APA Reference Examples More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual. Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.
  • Database Information in References 7th edition - Do not include database information for works obtained from most academic research databases or platforms because works in these resources are widely available. This includes journal articles, books, and book chapters from academic research databases.
  • APA 7th Style In-Text Citation Guide
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How to cite industry and market reports

  • Business Citations - APA 7th Edition - WVU Libraries
  • Citing Sources with APA 7th Edition: Specialized Databases - ORU Library
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Quick citation tools, formatting and organizing software.

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APA Style from OWL Purdue

  • APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL) guide to APA gives a user friendly overview of APA style. The linked overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using APA 7th edition, including how to format the reference page and in-text citations.
  • APA General Format This webpage provides an overview of the format of an APA style paper.
  • Reference List: Basic Rules This webpage review the basic format of the APA style reference list.
  • Reference List: Articles in Periodicals This webpage describes how to cite articles from journals, magazines, and newspapers.
  • Reference List: Books This webpage shows how to cite books and book chapters in APA style.
  • APA Sample Paper This webpage has an annotated paper that show what an APA style looks like.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: 7th Edition

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Table of Contents: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

  • Scholarly Writing and Publishing Principles​
  • Paper Elements and Format​
  • Journal Articles Reporting Standards​
  • Writing Style and Grammar​
  • Bias-Free Language Guidelines​
  • Mechanics of Style​
  • Tables and Figures​
  • Works Credited in the Text​
  • Reference List​
  • Reference Examples​
  • Legal References​
  • Publication Process

APA Style Blog

  • APA Style Blog Stay up-to-date on the lastest in APA Style.

Sample articles from the blog

How to cite ChatGPT  (April 7, 2023)

How to capitalize medication names (June 15, 2022)

Introducing APA Style Journal Article Reporting Standards for Race, Ethnicity, and Culture  (November 2, 2023)

APA Style Overview

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MLA (Modern Language Association) Style

Chicago style, apa (american psychological association) style.

Proper citation is an essential aspect of scholarship. Citing properly allows your reader or audience to locate the materials you have used. Most importantly, citations give credit to the authors of quoted or consulted information.

For detailed instructions on how to cite within the text of your paper, please consult a style manual listed below. 

Here are some  easy web options and more on zotero .

  • MLA Formatting and Style Guide at Purdue OWL

purdue owl apa reference page example

  • Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) Chicago Manual of Style

purdue owl apa reference page example

  • Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) APA Style Introduction
  • APA Reference examples

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  • Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

purdue owl apa reference page example

Edgerly, S. (2017). Seeking out and avoiding the news media: Young adults' proposed strategies for obtaining current events information. Mass Communication & Society, 20 (3), 358-377. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2016.1262424

Jex, S. M., & Britt, T. W. (2014). Organizational psychology: a scientist-practitioner approach.  Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

  • Eckerd College APA Quick Reference Guide, 7th Edition (2020)
  • APA Style Website Quick answers on APA references and formatting
  • APA Sample Paper Sample paper with explanations from Purdue OWL
  • APA Purdue OWL Purdue University's Online Writing Lab for APA Style

When citing journal articles in APA style, it is advisable to include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), even when using the print source.  This alphanumeric code provides a stable, long-lasting link to the article. It is NOT the same as an ISBN or accession number. You can find the DOI in the following places:

Article description page in OneSearch and other library databases

Article PDF

Search article title in  http://crossref.org/

If there is no DOI for an article, use the URL for the journal homepage or the URL where you found the article. It's also best to check the APA Style Guide for more details

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IMAGES

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  1. #CHUtorial : Common APA Citation Formats

  2. APA7

  3. APA 7th Edition: References Lists

  4. Citations: A Beginning (1/24/24)

  5. Spring 2024 Purdue OWL Website Introduction

  6. referencing APA style part 2

COMMENTS

  1. APA Sample Paper

    General Format In-Text Citations: The Basics In-Text Citations: Author/Authors Reference List: Basic Rules Reference List: Author/Authors Reference List: Articles in Periodicals Reference List: Books Reference List: Other Print Sources Reference List: Electronic Sources Reference List: Audiovisual Media Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources

  2. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

    The Basics General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. Reference List Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats Cite your source automatically in APA Cite

  3. Reference List: Electronic Sources

    Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited electronic sources. For a complete list of how to cite electronic sources, please refer to the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual. Webpage or Piece of Online Content

  4. Research and Citation Resources

    Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by APA Style (7th Edition) These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style.

  5. APA Style Guide

    Publication Date: 2019-10-01 The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab) provides instruction on how to use APA 7th. Below are a few topics covered by the OWL. APA Style Introduction APA 7th APA Overview and Workshop APA 7th

  6. Setting Up the APA Reference Page

    On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.

  7. APA Formatting and Style Guide

    Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.

  8. Reference examples

    More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...

  9. Purdue OWL: APA Formatting: Reference List Basics

    This vidcast introduces the viewers to the basics of APA style documentation, focusing on the reference list. For more information on this, please see the fo...

  10. APA Citation Format

    APA 7th Edition Citation Format instructions--Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style Manual Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. by American Psychological Association Call Number: BF76.7 .P83 2020 (three copies at HSSE reference desk, one in HICKS) ISBN: 9781433832161 Publication Date: 2020

  11. APA Citation Style

    Citation Management Basics This guide provides an overview of citation management software options, including basic functions and the differences between the various options available, including EndNote, EndNote Web, and Zotero.

  12. PDF APA 7th Edition (2020): Citations & Reference List

    For more detailed instructions and a greater variety of examples and scenarios, we recommend referring to the APA Publication Manual (2019) in book format or online (apastyle.apa.org), or the Purdue OWL (owl.purdue.edu). In-Text Citations Overview of In-Text Citations

  13. APA

    Purdue OWL: APA APA Guidlines Videos on the Basics of APA General Format In-Text Citations: The Basics Reference List: The Basics Types of APA Papers APA Changes 6th Edition General APA Facts APA Sample Paper Purdue OWL: Writing Tips Choosing a Topic Where Do I Begin? Developing Strong Thesis Statements Writing a Research Paper Citation Management

  14. LibGuides: APA Style Guide (7th Edition): References Page

    A full citation for the References page of an APA work will include 4 basic elements separated with periods: Author.(Date). Title. Source. For additional information, the APA also a concise guide for full citations of journal articles, books, and book chapters, as well as an extensive list of example reference citations for various circumstances. ...

  15. APA Style

    Purdue OWL: APA Formatting and Style Guide. This resource, updated to reflect the APA Handbook (7th ed.), offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the references page. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian! Publication Manual of ...

  16. Purdue Owl: APA Formatting & Style Guide

    English Developed by Purdue's Online Writing Lab. Contains resources on in-text citation and the references page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

  17. Research Guides: Annotated Bibliographies: More Help with APA

    Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association by American Psychological Association. Call Number: R 150.03 A 51-7. ISBN: 9781433832161 ... Use the title References on the top and center of the References page. The title should be bolded ; ... Purdue OWL APA Style Workshop (Quick Guide) Credo Video on APA Style, 7th Edition, Video ...

  18. APA 7th

    APA General Format The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line ...

  19. BIOL 225 Thomson: APA format citations

    Here are examples f rom Purdue OWL about in text citations: If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and "pp." for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

  20. APA Style 7th Edition

    (APA Manual 2.3-2.7) Your title page identifies you and announces the topic of the paper and your affiliations. Page Number (2.18): Use the "Insert Page Number" feature to include numbering flush-right in the header.

  21. Cite Your Sources (APA Help)

    Welcome to the APA Style Help Guide! This guide contains quick guide links and tools to help readers format their reference lists and in-text citations in APA 7th edition. For additional assistance, please visit the writing center at this link - https://writingcenter.unlv.edu/. Background photo created by freepik - www.freepik.com

  22. LibGuides: PSYC 6020 Course Guide: APA Style

    Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL) guide to APA gives a user friendly overview of APA style. The linked overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using APA 7th edition, including how to format the reference page and in-text citations.

  23. Reference List: Electronic Sources

    Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Media. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01 Wenn an resource was written by a group either organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally, for the author and site name are the same, omit aforementioned site name from the citation.

  24. Title page setup

    Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.

  25. PDF Using "et al." in APA 7: A Quick Rundown

    is a departure from previous edi ons of APA. The only me you would ever deviate from this format is if using the et al. would cause poten al confusion between different sources, such as having two ar cles from the same year with the same lead author. The Purdue OWL provides the following example with what would

  26. Citing Your Sources

    Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition by American Psychological Association The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the ...

  27. LibGuides: PO 316G: Women and Gender Politics Worldwide: APA

    APA Purdue OWL. Purdue University's Online Writing Lab for APA Style. When citing journal articles in APA style, it is advisable to include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), even when using the print source. This alphanumeric code provides a stable, long-lasting link to the article. It is NOT the same as an ISBN or accession number.