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Problem Solving using Fractions

Fractions are numbers that exist between whole numbers. We get fractions when we divide whole numbers into equal parts. Here we will learn to solve some real-life problems using fractions. ...Read More Read Less

Table of Contents

problem solving using fraction

What are Fractions?

Types of fractions.

  • Fractions with like and unlike denominators
  • Operations on fractions
  • Fractions can be multiplied by using
  • Let’s take a look at a few examples

Solved Examples

  • Frequently Asked Questions

Equal parts of a whole or a collection of things are represented by fractions . In other words a fraction is a part or a portion of the whole. When we divide something into equal pieces, each part becomes a fraction of the whole.

For example in the given figure, one pizza represents a whole. When cut into 2 equal parts, each part is half of the whole, that can be represented by the fraction  \(\frac{1}{2}\) . 

Similarly, if it is divided into 4 equal parts, then each part is one fourth of the whole, that can be represented by the fraction \(\frac{1}{4}\) .

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Proper fractions

A fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator value is called a  proper fraction.

For example ,  \(\frac{3}{4}\) ,  \(\frac{5}{7}\) ,  \(\frac{3}{8}\)   are proper fractions.

Improper fractions 

A fraction with the numerator higher than or equal to the denominator is called an improper fraction .

Eg \(\frac{9}{4}\) ,  \(\frac{8}{8}\) ,  \(\frac{9}{4}\)   are examples of improper fractions.

Mixed fractions

A mixed number or a mixed fraction is a type of fraction which is a combination of both a whole number and a proper fraction.

We express improper fractions as mixed numbers.

For example ,  5\(\frac{1}{3}\) ,  1\(\frac{4}{9}\) ,  13\(\frac{7}{8}\)   are mixed fractions.

Unit fraction

A unit fraction is a fraction with a numerator equal to one. If a whole or a collection is divided into equal parts, then exactly 1 part of the total parts represents a unit fraction .

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Fractions with Like and Unlike Denominators

Like fractions are those in which two or more fractions have the same denominator, whereas unlike fractions are those in which the denominators of two or more fractions are different.

For example,  

\(\frac{1}{4}\)  and  \(\frac{3}{4}\)  are like fractions as they both have the same denominator, that is, 4.

\(\frac{1}{3}\)  and  \(\frac{1}{4}\)   are unlike fractions as they both have a different denominator.

Operations on Fractions

We can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations on fractions.

Fractions with unlike denominators can be added or subtracted using equivalent fractions. Equivalent fractions can be obtained by finding a common denominator. And a common denominator is obtained either by determining a common multiple of the denominators or by calculating the product of the denominators.

There is another method to add or subtract mixed numbers, that is, solve the fractional and whole number parts separately, and then, find their sum to get the final answer.

Fractions can be Multiplied by Using:

Division operations on fractions can be performed using a tape diagram and area model. Also, when a fraction is divided by another fraction then we can solve it by multiplying the dividend with the reciprocal of the divisor. 

Let’s Take a Look at a Few Examples

Addition and subtraction using common denominator

( \(\frac{1}{6} ~+ ~\frac{2}{5}\) )

We apply the method of equivalent fractions. For this we need a common denominator, or a common multiple of the two denominators 6 and 5, that is, 30.

\(\frac{1}{6} ~+ ~\frac{2}{5}\)

= \(\frac{5~+~12}{30}\)  

=  \(\frac{17}{30}\) 

( \(\frac{5}{2}~-~\frac{1}{6}\) )

= \(\frac{12~-~5}{30}\)

= \(\frac{7}{30}\)

Examples of Multiplication and Division

Multiplication:

(\(\frac{1}{6}~\times~\frac{2}{5}\))

= (\(\frac{1~\times~2}{6~\times~5}\))                                       [Multiplying numerator of fractions and multiplying denominator of fractions]

=  \(\frac{2}{30}\)

(\(\frac{2}{5}~÷~\frac{1}{6}\))

= (\(\frac{2 ~\times~ 5}{6~\times~ 1}\))                                     [Multiplying dividend with the reciprocal of divisor]

= (\(\frac{2 ~\times~ 6}{5 ~\times~ 1}\))

= \(\frac{12}{5}\)

Example 1: Solve \(\frac{7}{8}\) + \(\frac{2}{3}\)

Let’s add \(\frac{7}{8}\)  and  \(\frac{2}{3}\)   using equivalent fractions. For this we need to find a common denominator or a common multiple of the two denominators 8 and 3, which is, 24.

\(\frac{7}{8}\) + \(\frac{2}{3}\)

= \(\frac{21~+~16}{24}\)    

= \(\frac{37}{24}\)

Example 2: Solve \(\frac{11}{13}\) – \(\frac{12}{17}\)

Solution:  

Let’s subtract  \(\frac{12}{17}\) from \(\frac{11}{13}\)   using equivalent fractions. For this we need a common denominator or a common multiple of the two denominators 13 and 17, that is, 221.

\(\frac{11}{13}\) – \(\frac{12}{17}\)

= \(\frac{187~-~156}{221}\)

= \(\frac{31}{221}\)

Example 3: Solve \(\frac{15}{13} ~\times~\frac{18}{17}\)

Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators of the 2 fractions.

\(\frac{15}{13}~\times~\frac{18}{17}\)

= \(\frac{15~~\times~18}{13~~\times~~17}\)

= \(\frac{270}{221}\)

Example 4: Solve \(\frac{25}{33}~\div~\frac{41}{45}\)

Divide by multiplying the dividend with the reciprocal of the divisor.

\(\frac{25}{33}~\div~\frac{41}{45}\)

= \(\frac{25}{33}~\times~\frac{41}{45}\)                            [Multiply with reciprocal of the divisor \(\frac{41}{45}\) , that is, \(\frac{45}{41}\)  ]

= \(\frac{25~\times~45}{33~\times~41}\)

= \(\frac{1125}{1353}\)

Example 5: 

Sam was left with   \(\frac{7}{8}\)  slices of chocolate cake and    \(\frac{3}{7}\)  slices of vanilla cake after he shared the rest with his friends. Find out the total number of slices of cake he had with him. Sam shared   \(\frac{10}{11}\)  slices from the total number he had with his parents. What is the number of slices he has remaining?

To find the total number of slices of cake he had after sharing we need to add the slices of each cake he had,

=   \(\frac{7}{8}\) +   \(\frac{3}{7}\)   

=   \(\frac{49~+~24}{56}\)

=   \(\frac{73}{56}\)

To find out the remaining number of slices Sam has   \(\frac{10}{11}\)  slices need to be deducted from the total number,

= \(\frac{73}{56}~-~\frac{10}{11}\)

=   \(\frac{803~-~560}{616}\)

=   \(\frac{243}{616}\)

Hence, after sharing the cake with his friends, Sam has  \(\frac{73}{56}\) slices of cake, and after sharing with his parents he had  \(\frac{243}{616}\)  slices of cake left with him.

Example 6: Tiffany squeezed oranges to make orange juice for her juice stand. She was able to get 25 ml from one orange. How many oranges does she need to squeeze to fill a jar of   \(\frac{15}{8}\) liters? Each cup that she sells carries 200 ml and she sells each cup for 64 cents. How much money does she make at her juice stand?

First  \(\frac{15}{8}\) l needs to be converted to milliliters.

\(\frac{15}{8}\)l into milliliters =  \(\frac{15}{8}\) x 1000 = 1875 ml

To find the number of oranges, divide the total required quantity by the quantity of juice that one orange can give.

The number of oranges required for 1875 m l of juice =  \(\frac{1875}{25}\) ml = 75 oranges

To find the number of cups she sells, the total quantity of juice is to be divided by the quantity of juice that 1 cup has

=  \(\frac{1875}{200}~=~9\frac{3}{8}\) cups

We know that, the number of cups cannot be a fraction, it has to be a whole number. Also each cup must have 200ml. Hence with the quantity of juice she has she can sell 9 cups,   \(\frac{3}{8}\) th  of a cup cannot be sold alone.

Money made on selling 9 cups = 9 x 64 = 576 cents

Hence she makes 576 cents from her juice stand.

What is a mixed fraction?

A mixed fraction is a number that has a whole number and a fractional part. It is used to represent values between whole numbers.

How will you add fractions with unlike denominators?

When adding fractions with unlike denominators, take the common multiple of the denominators of both the fractions and then convert them into equivalent fractions. 

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Questions and problems with solutions on fractions are presented. Detailed solutions to the examples are also included. In order to master the concepts and skills of fractions, you need a thorough understanding (NOT memorizing) of the rules and properties and lot of practice and patience. I hope the examples, questions, problems in the links below will help you.

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Featured here is a vast collection of fraction word problems, which require learners to simplify fractions, add like and unlike fractions; subtract like and unlike fractions; multiply and divide fractions. The fraction word problems include proper fraction, improper fraction, and mixed numbers. Solve each word problem and scroll down each printable worksheet to verify your solutions using the answer key provided. Thumb through some of these word problem worksheets for free!

Represent and Simplify the Fractions: Type 1

Represent and Simplify the Fractions: Type 1

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Represent and Simplify the Fractions: Type 2

Represent and Simplify the Fractions: Type 2

Before representing in fraction, children should perform addition or subtraction to solve these fraction word problems. Write your answer in the simplest form.

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Adding Fractions Word Problems Worksheets

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Subtracting Fractions Word Problems Worksheets

Crank up your skills with this set of printable worksheets on subtracting fractions word problems presenting real-world situations that involve fraction subtraction!

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Multiplying Fractions Word Problems Worksheets

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Fraction Division Word Problems Worksheets

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Exploring Fractions

  • The first group  gives you some starting points to explore with your class, which are applicable to a wide range of ages.  The tasks in this first group will build on children's current understanding of fractions and will help them get to grips with the concept of the part-whole relationship. 
  • The second group of tasks  focuses on the progression of ideas associated with fractions, through a problem-solving lens.  So, the tasks in this second group are curriculum-linked but crucially also offer opportunities for learners to develop their problem-solving and reasoning skills.   

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1.26: Solving Fractional Equations

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A fractional equation is an equation involving fractions which has the unknown in the denominator of one or more of its terms.

Example 24.1

The following are examples of fractional equations:

a) \(\frac{3}{x}=\frac{9}{20}\)

b) \(\frac{x-2}{x+2}=\frac{3}{5}\)

c) \(\frac{3}{x-3}=\frac{4}{x-5}\)

d) \(\frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{8 x}=0\)

e) \(\frac{x}{6}-\frac{2}{3 x}=\frac{2}{3}\)

The Cross-Product property can be used to solve fractional equations.

Cross-Product Property

If \(\frac{A}{B}=\frac{C}{D}\) then \(A \cdot D=B \cdot C\).

Using this property we can transform fractional equations into non-fractional ones. We must take care when applying this property and use it only when there is a single fraction on each side of the equation. So, fractional equations can be divided into two categories.

I. Single Fractions on Each Side of the Equation

Equations a), b) and c) in Example 24.1 fall into this category. We solve these equations here.

a) Solve \(\frac{3}{x}=\frac{9}{20}\)

\[\begin{array}{ll} \text{Cross-Product} & 3 \cdot 20=9 \cdot x \\ \text{Linear Equation} & 60=9 x \\ \text{Divide by 9 both sides} & \frac{60}{9}=x \end{array}\nonumber\]

The solution is \(x=\frac{60}{9}=\frac{20}{3}\).

\[\begin{array}{ll} \text{Cross-Product} & 5 \cdot(x-2)=3 \cdot(x+2) \\ \text{Remove parentheses} & 5 x-10=3 x+6 \\ \text{Linear Equation: isolate the variable} & 5 x-3 x=10+6 \\ & 2 x=16 \\ \text{Divide by 2 both sides} & \frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{16}{2}\end{array}\nonumber\]

the solution is \(x=8\).

\[\begin{array}{ll} \text{Cross-Product} & 3 \cdot(x-5)=4 \cdot(x-3) \\ \text{Remove parentheses} & 3 x-15=4 x-12 \\ \text{Linear Equation: isolate the variable} & 3 x-4 x=15-12 \\ & -x=3 \\ \text{Divide by 2 both sides} & \frac{-x}{-1}=\frac{3}{-1}\end{array}\nonumber\]

The solution is \(x=-3\)

Note: If you have a fractional equation and one of the terms is not a fraction, you can always account for that by putting 1 in the denominator. For example:

\[\frac{3}{x}=15\nonumber\]

We re-write the equation so that all terms are fractions.

\[\frac{3}{x}=\frac{15}{1}\nonumber\]

\[\begin{array}{ll} \text{Cross-Product} & 3 \cdot 1=15 \cdot x \\ \text{Linear Equation: isolate the variable} & 3=15 x \\ \text{Divide by 15 both sides} & \frac{3}{15}=\frac{15 x}{15} \end{array}\nonumber\]

The solution is \(x=\frac{3}{15}=\frac{3 \cdot 1}{3 \cdot 5}=\frac{1}{5}\).

II. Multiple Fractions on Either Side of the Equation

Equations d) and e) in Example 24.1 fall into this category. We solve these equations here.

We use the technique for combining rational expressions we learned in Chapter 23 to reduce our problem to a problem with a single fraction on each side of the equation.

d) Solve \(\frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{8 x}=0\)

First we realize that there are two fractions on the LHS of the equation and thus we cannot use the Cross-Product property immediately. To combine the LHS into a single fraction we do the following:

\[\begin{array}{ll} \text{Find the LCM of the denominators} & 8 x \\ \text{Rewrite each fraction using the LCM} & \frac{3 \cdot 2 x}{8 x}-\frac{1}{8 x}=0 \\ \text{Combine into one fraction} & \frac{6 x-1}{8 x}=0 \\ \text{Re-write the equation so that all terms are fractions} & \frac{6 x-1}{8 x}=\frac{0}{1} \\ \text{Cross-Product} & (6 x-1) \cdot 1=8 x \cdot 0 \\ \text{Remove parentheses} & 6 x-1=0 \\\text{Linear Equation: isolate the variable} & 6 x=1 \\ \text{Divide by 6 both sides} & \frac{6 x}{6}=\frac{1}{6} \end{array}\nonumber\]

The solution is \(x=\frac{1}{6}\).

e) Solve \(\frac{x}{6}+\frac{2}{3 x}=\frac{2}{3}\)

\[\begin{array}{ll} \text{Find the LCM of the denominators of LHS} & 6x \\ \text{Rewrite each fraction on LHS using their LCM} & \frac{x \cdot x}{6 x}+\frac{2 \cdot 2}{6 x}=\frac{2}{3} \\ \frac{x^{2}+4}{6 x}=\frac{2}{3} \text{Combine into one fraction} & \left(x^{2}+4\right) \cdot 3=6 x \cdot 2 \\ \text{Cross-Product} & 3 x^{2}+12=12 x \\ \text{Remove parentheses} & 3 x^{2}-12 x+12=0 \\ \text{Quadratic Equation: Standard form} & 3 x^{2}-12 x+12=0 \\\text{Quadratic Equation: Factor} & 3 \cdot x^{2}-3 \cdot 4 x+3 \cdot 4=0 \\ & 3\left(x^{2}-4 x+4\right)=0 \\ & 3(x-2)(x-2)=0 \\ \text{Divide by 3 both sides} & \frac{3(x-2)(x-2)}{3}=\frac{0}{3} \\ & (x-2)(x-2)=0 \\ \text{Quadratic Equation: Zero-Product Property} & (x-2)=0 \text { or }(x-2)=0 \end{array}\nonumber\]

Since both factors are the same, then \(x-2=0\) gives \(x=2\). The solution is \(x=2\)

Note: There is another method to solve equations that have multiple fractions on either side. It uses the LCM of all denominators in the equation. We demonstrate it here to solve the following equation: \(\frac{3}{2}-\frac{9}{2 x}=\frac{3}{5}\)

\[\begin{array} \text{Find the LCM of all denominators in the equation} & 10x \\ \text{Multiply every fraction (both LHS and RHS) by the LCM} & 10 x \cdot \frac{3}{2}-10 x \cdot \frac{9}{2 x}=10 x \cdot \frac{3}{5} \\ & \frac{10 x \cdot 3}{2}-\frac{10 x \cdot 9}{2 x}=\frac{10 x \cdot 3}{5} \\ \text{Simplify every fraction} & \frac{5 x \cdot 3}{1}-\frac{5 \cdot 9}{1}=\frac{2 x \cdot 3}{1} \\ \text{See how all denominatiors are now 1, thus can be disregarded} & 5 x \cdot 3-5 \cdot 9=2 x \cdot 3 \\ \text{Solve like you would any other equation} & 15 x-45=6 x \\ \text{Linear equation: islolate the variable} & 15 x-6 x=45 \\ & 9 x=45 \\ & x=\frac{45}{9} \\ & x=5 \end{array} \nonumber\]

The solution is \(x=5\)

Exit Problem

Solve: \(\frac{2}{x}+\frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{2}\)

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Fractions operations

Here you will learn about fractions operations, including how to add, subtract, multiply and divide with fractions.

Students will first learn about fractions operations as part of number and operations in fractions in elementary school. They will continue to build on this knowledge in the number system in 6th grade and 7th grade.

What are fractions operations?

Fractions operations are when you add, subtract, multiply or divide with fractions.

For example,

Fractions Operations opening image

Adding and subtracting fractions

Adding and subtracting fractions means finding the sum or the difference of two or more fractions.

In order to do this, the fractions must have a common denominator (bottom number).

The numerator shows the number of parts out of the whole and the denominator shows how many equal parts the whole is divided into.

To add or subtract the numerators (top numbers) and keep the denominators the same.

Fractions Operations image 1

The equation is taking \, \cfrac{1}{8} \, away from \, \cfrac{4}{8} \, .

Since the denominators are the same, the parts are the same size.

You subtract to see how many parts are left: 4-1 = 3.

Fractions Operations image 2

There are 3 parts and the size is still eighths, so the denominator stays the same.

Fractions Operations image 3

When fractions have unlike denominators, create equivalent fractions with common denominators to solve.

Fractions Operations image 4

The parts are NOT the same size, since the denominators are different.

Use equivalent fractions to create a common denominator of 10.

Multiply the numerator and denominator of \, \cfrac{2}{5} \, by 2.

\cfrac{2 \, \times \, 2}{5 \, \times \, 2}=\cfrac{4}{10}

Fractions Operations image 5

Add to find how many parts there are in all: 2 + 4 = 6.

There are 6 parts and the size is still tenths, so the denominator stays the same.

Fractions Operations image 6

The sum could also be written as the equivalent fraction \, \cfrac{3}{5} \, .

Step-by-step guide: Adding fractions

Step-by-step guide: Subtracting fractions

Step-by-step guide: Adding and subtracting fractions

Multiplying and dividing fractions

Multiplying and dividing fractions means using multiplication and division to calculate with fractions. Fraction multiplication and division can be solved using models or an algorithm.

Fractions Operations image 7

Using models:

Fractions Operations image 8

In the model, \, \cfrac{2}{3} \, is yellow and \, \cfrac{1}{2} \, is blue.

The product is where the fractions overlap in green.

The model shows \, \cfrac{2}{3} \, of \, \cfrac{1}{2}, \, so \, \cfrac{1}{2} \times \cfrac{2}{3} = \cfrac{2}{6} \, .

Using the algorithm:

To multiply fractions , you multiply the numerators together, and multiply the denominators together:

\cfrac{1}{2} \, \times \, \cfrac{2}{3}=\cfrac{2}{6} \, .

You can also divide fractions with a model or an algorithm.

Fractions Operations image 9

Think of this equation as how many \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, fit into \, \cfrac{1}{2} \, .

In the model, \, \cfrac{1}{2} \, is orange and \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, is yellow.

To divide into equal groups, use the equivalent fraction \, \cfrac{2}{4} \, .

The quotient is the final fraction formed when \, \cfrac{2}{4} \, is put into a group of \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, .

Fractions Operations image 10

Two groups of \cfrac{1}{4} can be made, so \cfrac{1}{2} \div \cfrac{1}{4}=2.

KEEP the first fraction, FLIP the second fraction, CHANGE to multiplication.

\cfrac{1}{2} \div \cfrac{1}{4}

Keep the dividend (first fraction): \, \cfrac{1}{2}

Take the reciprocal of the divisor (flip the second fraction): \, \cfrac{1}{4} \rightarrow \cfrac{4}{1}

Change to multiplication: \, \cfrac{1}{2} \times \cfrac{4}{1}

Multiply the fractions: \, \cfrac{1}{2} \times \cfrac{4}{1}=\cfrac{4}{2} \, which simplifies to 2.

\cfrac{1}{2} \div \cfrac{1}{4}=2

Since \, \cfrac{1}{2} \, is larger than \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, , the answer makes sense.

A larger number divided by a smaller number, will have a quotient of greater than 1.

Notice that it is not necessary to create a common denominator to multiply and divide fractions when using the algorithm, like it is to add and subtract fractions.

Step-by-step guide: Multiplying fractions

Step-by-step guide: Dividing fractions

Step-by-step guide: Multiplying and dividing fractions

The algorithm for dividing fractions involves using the reciprocal .

When two numbers are multiplied by something other than 1, and have a product of 1, they are reciprocals.

This is also known as the multiplicative inverse.

Fractions Operations image 11.1

The reciprocal of all numbers can be found by writing the number as a fraction and then flipping it so that the numerator becomes the denominator and the denominator becomes the numerator.

Step-by-step guide: Reciprocal

Step-by-step guide: Multiplicative inverse

What are fractions operations?

Common Core State Standards

How does this relate to 4th grade math, 5th grade math, 6th grade math, and 7th grade math?

  • Grade 4 – Number and Operations – Fractions (4.NF.B.3a) Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining and separating parts referring to the same whole.
  • Grade 4 – Number and Operations – Fractions (4.NF.B.3c) Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, for example, by replacing each mixed number with an equivalent fraction, and/or by using properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
  • Grade 4 – Number and Operations – Fractions (4.NF.B.4b) ​​Understand a multiple of \, \cfrac{a}{b} \, as a multiple of \, \cfrac{1}{b} \, , and use this understanding to multiply a fraction by a whole number.
  • Grade 5 – Number and Operations – Fractions (5.NF.A.1) Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators (including mixed numbers) by replacing given fractions with equivalent fractions in such a way as to produce an equivalent sum or difference of fractions with like denominators. For example, \, \cfrac{2}{3} + \cfrac{5}{4} = \cfrac{8}{12} + \cfrac{15}{12} = \cfrac{23}{12} \, . \; ( In general, \, \cfrac{a}{b} + \cfrac{c}{d} = \cfrac{(ad \, + \, bc)}{bd} \, . )
  • Grade 5 – Number and Operations – Fractions (5.NF.B.4b) Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.
  • Grade 6 – Number System (6.NS.A.1) Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.

[FREE] Fraction Operations Check for Understanding Quiz (Grade 4 to 6)

[FREE] Fraction Operations Check for Understanding Quiz (Grade 4 to 6)

Use this quiz to check your grade 4 to 6 students’ understanding of fraction operations. 10+ questions with answers covering a range of 4th to 6th grade fraction operations topics to identify areas of strength and support!

How to use fractions operations

There are a lot of ways to use fractions operations. For more specific step-by-step guides, check out the fraction pages linked in the “What are fractions operations?” section above or read through the examples below.

Fractions operations examples

Example 1: adding fractions with like denominators.

Solve \, \cfrac{5}{8}+\cfrac{7}{8} \, .

Add or subtract the numerators (top numbers).

Fractions Operations example 1 image 1

Since the denominators are the same, the parts are the same size. You add to see how many parts there are in total: 5 + 7 = 12.

2 Write your answer as a fraction.

There are 12 parts, and the size is still eighths, so the denominator stays the same.

Fractions Operations example 1 image 2

\cfrac{12}{8} \, is an improper fraction and converts to the mixed number 1 \, \cfrac{4}{8} \, .

\cfrac{5}{8}+\cfrac{7}{8}=1 \cfrac{4}{8}

You can also write this answer as the equivalent mixed number \, 1 \cfrac{1}{2} \, .

Example 2: subtracting fractions with unlike denominators

Solve \cfrac{6}{10}-\cfrac{1}{3} \, .

Create common denominators (bottom numbers).

Since \, \cfrac{6}{10} \, and \, \cfrac{1}{3} \, do not have like denominators, the parts are NOT the same size.

Multiply the numerator and denominator by the opposite denominator to create equivalent fractions with common denominators.

\cfrac{6 \, \times \, 3}{10 \, \times \, 3}=\cfrac{18}{30} \quad and \quad \cfrac{1 \, \times \, 10}{3 \, \times \, 10}=\cfrac{10}{30}

Now use the equivalent fractions to solve: \, \cfrac{18}{30}-\cfrac{10}{30} \, .

Since the denominators are the same, the parts are the same size. You subtract to see how many parts are left: 18-10 = 8.

Fractions Operations example 2

Write your answer as a fraction.

There are 8 parts and the size is still thirtieths, so the denominator stays the same.

\cfrac{18}{30}-\cfrac{10}{30}=\cfrac{8}{30}

You can also write this answer as the equivalent fraction \, \cfrac{4}{15} \, .

Example 3: multiplying a mixed number by a fraction with the algorithm

Solve 1 \, \cfrac{11}{12} \times \cfrac{3}{4} \, .

Convert whole numbers and mixed numbers to improper fractions.

Convert the mixed number to an improper fraction.

Fractions Operations example 3

Multiply the numerators together.

\cfrac{23}{12} \times \cfrac{3}{4}=\cfrac{69}{}

Multiply the denominators together.

\cfrac{23}{12} \times \cfrac{3}{4}=\cfrac{69}{48}

If possible, simplify or convert to a mixed number.

The numerator is greater than the denominator, so the improper fraction can be converted to a mixed number.

\cfrac{69}{48}=1 \, \cfrac{21}{48}

The product can be simplified. 21 and 48 have a common factor of 3.

\cfrac{21 \, \div \, 3}{48 \, \div \, 3}=\cfrac{7}{16}

So, \, \cfrac{23}{12} \times \cfrac{3}{4}=\cfrac{69}{48} \, or 1 \, \cfrac{7}{16} \, .

Example 4: dividing a fraction by a fraction

Divide the numbers \, \cfrac{1}{12} \div \cfrac{1}{4} \, .

Take the reciprocal (flip) of the divisor (second fraction).

\cfrac{1}{4} \, → \, \cfrac{4}{1}

Change the division sign to a multiplication sign.

\cfrac{1}{12} \, \times \, \cfrac{4}{1}

Multiply the fractions together.

\cfrac{1}{12} \, \times \, \cfrac{4}{1}=\cfrac{4}{12}

\cfrac{4}{12}=\cfrac{1}{3}

This can also be solved with a model.

You can think of this equation as how many \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, fit into \, \cfrac{1}{12} \, .

In the model, \, \cfrac{1}{12} \, is yellow and \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, is orange.

To divide into equal groups, the fractional pieces need to be the same size.

Use \, \cfrac{1}{12} \, and \, \cfrac{3}{12} \, to solve.

The quotient is the final fraction formed when \, \cfrac{1}{12} \, is put into groups of \, \cfrac{3}{12} \, .

Fractions Operations example 4

One out of the three parts are filled, so \, \cfrac{1}{12} \div \cfrac{3}{12}=\cfrac{1}{3} \, .

Example 5: adding mixed numbers with unlike denominators

There are 2 \, \cfrac{1}{3} \, pounds of red apples and 4 \, \cfrac{1}{6} \, pounds of green apples.

How many pounds of apples are there in all?

Create an equation to model the problem.

2 \cfrac{1}{3}+4 \cfrac{1}{6}= \, ?

Add or subtract the whole numbers.

Fractions Operations example 5 image 1

Since \, \cfrac{1}{3} \, and \, \cfrac{1}{6} \, do not have like denominators, the parts are NOT the same size.

Use equivalent fractions to create a common denominator.

A common denominator of 6 can be used.

Multiply the numerator and denominator of \, \cfrac{1}{3} \, by 2 to create an equivalent fraction.

\cfrac{1}{3}=\cfrac{1 \, \times \, 2}{3 \, \times \, 2}=\cfrac{2}{6} \quad and \quad \cfrac{1}{6}

Add or subtract the fractions.

Since the denominators are the same, the parts are the same size. You add to see how many parts there are in total: 2 + 1 = 3.

Fractions Operations example 5 image 3

There are 3 parts, and the size is still sixths, so the denominator stays the same.

Fractions Operations example 5 image 4

Write your answer as a mixed number.

Add the whole number and fraction together.

Fractions Operations example 5 image 5

You can also write this answer as the equivalent mixed number 6 \, \cfrac{1}{2} \, .

There are 6 \, \cfrac{1}{2} \, pounds of apples in all.

Example 6: word problem dividing with fractions

Each seed needs \, \cfrac{1}{5} \, cup of soil. How many seeds can be planted with 11 cups of soil?

11 \div \cfrac{1}{5}= \, ?

Change any mixed numbers to an improper fraction.

Change 11 to an improper fraction.

11=\cfrac{11}{1}

Take the reciprocal (flip) of the divisor (second fractions).

\cfrac{1}{5} \, → \, \cfrac{5}{1}

\cfrac{11}{1} \times \cfrac{5}{1}

\cfrac{11}{1} \times \cfrac{5}{1}=\cfrac{55}{1}

If possible, simplify or convert to a mixed number (mixed fraction).

\cfrac{55}{1}=55

55 seeds can be planted with 11 cups of soil.

Teaching tips for fractions operations

  • Fraction work in lower grades emphasizes understanding through models, including area models and number lines. To support students in upper grades, always have digital or physical models available for students to use as they work with fractions operations.
  • Fraction worksheets can be useful when students are developing understanding around basic operations with fractions. However, when students have successful strategies and can flexibly operate, make the practice more engaging by using math games or real world projects that allow students to use fractions in a variety of situations.
  • Highlight patterns within and between the operations as students are learning and encourage them to look for patterns on their own. This will help students make sense of the algorithms used to operate with fractions and minimize conceptual errors.
  • Let students find reciprocal numbers on their own by consistently asking questions such as, “What number multiplied by 7 will have a product of 1 ?” Each time this is discussed, write these equations on an anchor chart and students will begin to see a pattern over time. Although worksheets can serve a purpose and help with skill and test prep practice, having students discover and make sense of mathematical concepts is more meaningful for building long lasting understanding.

Easy mistakes to make

Fractions Operations image 12

  • Forgetting how to find the reciprocal of a whole number Whole numbers can be written as an improper fraction and then the numerator and denominator of the improper fraction can be flipped to find the reciprocal of the whole number. For example, 16 can be written as \, \cfrac{16}{1} \, and the reciprocal is \, \cfrac{1}{16} \, .

Practice fractions operations questions

1. Solve \, \cfrac{5}{9}+\cfrac{2}{9} \, .

GCSE Quiz False

Since the denominators are the same, the parts are the same size. You add to see how many parts there are in total: 5 + 2 = 7.

There are 7 parts and the size is still ninths, so the denominator stays the same.

Fractions Operations practice question 1 image 2

\cfrac{5}{9}+\cfrac{2}{9}=\cfrac{7}{9}

2. Solve \, 2 \, \cfrac{3}{10}-1 \, \cfrac{4}{5} \, .

The equation is taking \, 1 \cfrac{4}{5} \, away from \, 2 \cfrac{3}{10} \, .

Start with the fractions. Since \, \cfrac{3}{10} \, and \, \cfrac{4}{5} \, do not have like denominators, the parts are NOT the same size.

Use equivalent fractions to create a common denominator. Both denominators are multiples of 10.

\cfrac{3}{10} \quad and \quad \cfrac{4 \, \times \, 2}{5 \, \times \, 2}=\cfrac{8}{10}

Now use the equivalent fraction to solve: 2 \, \cfrac{3}{10}-1 \, \cfrac{8}{10}

However, there are not enough parts to take 8 away from 3.

You can break one of the wholes into \cfrac{10}{10} \, …

Fractions Operations practice question 2 image 1

Now you can solve 1 \, \cfrac{13}{10}-1 \, \cfrac{8}{10}.

You subtract to see how many parts are left: 13-8 = 5.

Fractions Operations practice question 2 image 2

There are 5 parts and the size is still tenths, so the denominator stays the same.

Fractions Operations practice question 2 image 3

\cfrac{13}{10}-\cfrac{8}{10}=\cfrac{5}{10}

Subtract the whole numbers.

Fractions Operations practice question 2 image 4

1 \, \cfrac{13}{10}-1 \, \cfrac{8}{10}=\cfrac{5}{10}

You can also write this answer as the equivalent fraction \, \cfrac{1}{2} \, .

3. Solve \, \cfrac{1}{4} \times \cfrac{2}{5} \, .

To solve using a model, draw a rectangle. Divide one side into fourths.

Fractions Operations practice question 3 image 1

Divide the other side into fifths.

Fractions Operations practice question 3 image 2

Shade in \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, with yellow and \, \cfrac{2}{5} with blue.

Fractions Operations practice question 3 image 3

The model shows \, \cfrac{2}{5} \, of \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, , so \, \cfrac{1}{4} \times \cfrac{2}{5}=\cfrac{2}{20} \, , because there are 2 green squares and the whole has 20 squares in total.

The product can be simplified. Both 2 and 20 have a factor of 2, so they can be divided by 2 :

\, \cfrac{2 \, \div \, 2}{20 \, \div \, 2}=\cfrac{1}{10} \, .

So, \, \cfrac{1}{4} \times \cfrac{2}{5}=\cfrac{2}{20} \; or \; \cfrac{1}{10}

4. Solve \, 2 \, \cfrac{1}{6} \div 1 \, \cfrac{2}{3} \, . Write the quotient in lowest terms.

Change the mixed numbers to improper fractions:

Fractions Operations practice question 4

Keep the dividend (first fraction): \, \cfrac{13}{6}

Take the reciprocal of the divisor (flip the second fraction): \, \cfrac{5}{3} → \cfrac{3}{5}

Change to multiplication: \, \cfrac{13}{6} \times \cfrac{3}{5}

Multiply the fractions: \, \cfrac{13}{6} \times \cfrac{3}{5}=\cfrac{39}{30}

Change back into a mixed number: \, \cfrac{39}{30}=1 \, \cfrac{9}{30}

Simplify: \, \cfrac{9 \, \div \, 3}{30 \, \div \, 3}=\cfrac{3}{10} \, , so the answer in lowest terms is \, 1 \, \cfrac{3}{10} \, .

5. Rashad is cutting a 12 \, ft rope into smaller \, \cfrac{2}{3} \, ft pieces. How many smaller pieces of rope will he have?

8 smaller pieces of rope

12 smaller pieces of rope

18 smaller pieces of rope

\cfrac{24}{3} smaller pieces of rope

Use the equation \, 12 \div \cfrac{2}{3}= \, ?

Draw 12 wholes and break them up into thirds.

Fractions Operations practice question 5 image 1

Create groups of \, \cfrac{2}{3} \, .

Fractions Operations practice question 5 image 2

There are 18 groups of \, \cfrac{2}{3} \, .

Rashad will have 18 pieces of smaller rope.

6. A recipe calls for 3 \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, cups of strawberries. If Tyler has 5 \, \cfrac{5}{8} \, cups of strawberries, how many will he have left after he makes 1 recipe?

2 \, \cfrac{3}{8} cups

2 \, \cfrac{4}{4} cups

8 \, \cfrac{7}{8} cups

8 \, \cfrac{6}{12} cups

Use the equation 5 \cfrac{5}{8}-3 \cfrac{1}{4}= \, ?

Start with the fraction.

Since \, \cfrac{5}{8} \, and \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, do not have like denominators, the parts are NOT the same size.

A common denominator of 8 can be used.

Multiply the numerator and denominator of \, \cfrac{1}{4} \, by 2 to create an equivalent fraction.

\cfrac{5}{8} \quad and \quad \cfrac{1}{4}=\cfrac{1 \, \times \, 2}{4 \, \times \, 2}=\cfrac{2}{8}

You subtract to see how many parts there are in total: 5-2 = 3.

Fractions Operations explanation image 1

There are 2 parts and the size is still eighths, so the denominator stays the same.

Fractions Operations explanation image 2

There will be \, 2 \cfrac{3}{8} \, cups of strawberries left.

Fractions operations FAQs

No, although using these operations will create different denominators and numerators, as long as they are multiplied or divided by the same thing, the value of the fraction will remain the same.

No, unless the question specifies the lowest terms, it is valid to answer without using the least common denominator (LCD). However, as students progress in their understanding of fractions, it is a good idea to encourage them to practice this skill. Also be mindful of standard expectations, as they may vary from state to state.

Yes, just like any other type of number, to solve multistep problems correctly, the order of operations must be followed.

The multiplicative inverse of a number is the reciprocal. For any integer, that is the number written as the numerator over a denominator of 1. For any rational number, that is switching the numerator and denominator.

The next lessons are

  • Algebraic expression
  • Converting fractions decimals and percents
  • Interpret a fraction as division
  • Multiplicative inverse and reciprocals
  • Adding and subtracting fraction word problems

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