the art of eloquent speech or writing

What Is Elocutio?

Elocutio is one of five Western rhetorical techniques that deals with the correct deployment and usage of words and phrases. There are four elements to elocutio: clearness, correctness, appropriateness and ornamentation. Mastery of the technique of elocutio is important to anyone wishing to make a speech, from an after-dinner speaker to someone making a presentation in the board room. This technique is most often seen at rallies, speeches and discourses in politics, whether debating a new law, problem or trying to sway voters in an election.

The term is of Latin origin and is related to ideas on rhetoric developed first in the Greek world, in democracies such as Athens, and then during the final centuries of the Roman Republic. The word comes from the Latin term ‘ioqui’ meaning ‘to speak.’ In modern English, it is related to the world ‘elocution,’ meaning ‘to speak well.’

A boy giving a speech.

Elocutio is the middle of the rules concerning good rhetoric as outlined by Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman politician and noted rhetorician, and others. The other canons start with ‘inventio'; the invention or gathering of material for a speech. The second is ‘disposito,’ which is the arrangement of the gathered material. After elocutio comes ‘memoria,’ the memorization of the material, as many speeches are presented without paper or autocue. The final canon is ‘pronuntiatio,’ the correct pronunciation of words and employment of speaking techniques.

Members of the U.S. Senate are expected to represent their political ideas with eloquence.

Clearness in the elocutio sense refers not to the correct pronunciation of words, which is an element of ‘pronuntiatio.’ Clearness in this sense means clarity; more specifically, the clarity of message contained within the speech. The choice of words and phrases has to avoid ambiguity in order to leave the listener in no doubt about what message the rhetorician is trying to convey.

Eloquent politicians had disproportionate influence over the ancient Athenian Assembly.

Correctness is determined by the words and phrases used. In order to be correct, the words must conform first to known rules on grammar and usage. A sheep is a sheep and not a form of attack helicopter, for example. As well as the correct use of semantics, conjunctions and compounds, the words and phrases used must not be archaic. This means they must be in modern usage and, therefore, widely understood.

The content of a speech is elocutio-appropriate if it is relevant to the speech. The content must also avoid taboo words and phrases. For example, Enoch Powell’s speech on race relations in Britain is remembered for his use of the taboo phrase ‘rivers of blood’ to describe inter-racial disharmony. The phrase has obscured other points on the subject.

Ornament is the last and often considered the most important element of a speech. In elocutio terms, it means adding flowery phrases, unusual or powerful words to the speech in order to make it more memorable. Making sure the words are correct and appropriate, but also ornamental, means striking a clear balance. Ornamentation includes figures of speech such as puns, allusions and metaphors.

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How to Speak More Eloquently

Have you ever been struck by the elegance of a public speaker, leaving you in awe of their ability to express ideas in a way you've never heard? 

That’s the power of eloquence. And in this article, we dive into practical tips to help you speak more eloquently, captivate your audience, and leave a lasting impression.

The Pillars of Eloquent Speech

Eloquent speech is characterized by several components that help you create a powerful and effective message. Here are some key aspects:

  • Vocabulary: A varied vocabulary is essential for conveying your message accurately and effectively. Conversely, using vague or imprecise language can lead to misunderstandings or uncertainty.
  • Tone: Tone refers to the attitude or emotion conveyed by the speaker. A consistent tone can help you establish trust and credibility with your audience, while a fluctuating tone can create uncertainty or doubt.
  • Pace: The speed at which you speak can also impact the effectiveness of your communication. Speaking too quickly can cause confusion, while speaking too slowly can feel boring.
  • Clarity: Clarity refers to how well your message is understood by your audience. Clear communication involves using simple, concise language, and avoids technical jargon that’s not familiar to your audience. 

When all of these elements come together, they create eloquent speech that your audience will pay attention to. Eloquent speakers are often seen as credible, authoritative, and trustworthy, which can be beneficial in both everyday and professional settings.

The Power of Words in Communication

Let’s pretend you’re in a job interview or at a public speaking engagement. The right words and a strong vocabulary can help you convey information, showcase your expertise, and persuade your audience. On the other hand, using non-descriptive, unclear, or even incorrect language can create skepticism and miscommunication, as well as reduce your credibility.

So, as you can see, words hold immense power when it comes to communication and the way you interact with others. 

The Role of Tone in Communication

Tone refers to the attitude or emotion conveyed by the speaker. It is a pillar of eloquent speech and it has a significant impact on how a message is received and perceived. The elements of tone—cadence, pitch, body language, and word choice—can be utilized to help you convey your intended message. 

Want to ensure you’re setting the right tone in your speech? Here are some of our top recommendations: 

  • Establish an emotional connection : By creating an emotional connection with your audience, you can make your message more memorable and impactful.
  • Convey attitude or intent: For example, a sense of urgency or a sense of relaxation can be conveyed through tone. Before speaking, it's important to identify what sort of message you hope to convey.
  • Consider the context: The context of the conversation or situation can help you determine the appropriate tone to use. Is it professional and academic or casual and light-hearted? 

How to Practice Speaking Eloquently

Improving your verbal communication skills requires commitment and practice. But we have a few ways to help you practice speaking more eloquently effortlessly :

Build Your Vocabulary

  • Read widely: Reading books, articles, and other forms of written communication can help you expand your vocabulary and develop an understanding of different writing styles.
  • Use a thesaurus: An online or physical thesaurus can help you find synonyms for words you commonly use, which can add variety to your speech.
  • Learn a new word daily: By learning one new word every day, you can gradually build your vocabulary without feeling too overwhelmed.

Manage Your Tone

  • Speak with intention: Before speaking, consider the message you want to convey and the tone that would be most appropriate. 
  • Use nonverbal cues: Your tone is not just conveyed through your words, but also through your facial expressions, body language, and eye contact. Practice using these cues can help you adjust your tone to match the situation.
  • Listen actively: Active listening helps you evaluate the verbal and nonverbal cues of those around you. This, in turn, can help you adjust your tone accordingly.

Maintain Your Clarity

  • Be concise: Avoid using unnecessary phrases or filler words that can detract from the point of your message.
  • Use simple language: Using simple language can help ensure that your message is understood by a broader audience.

Learn How to Speak More Eloquently with The Elevate App Today

Developing eloquent verbal communication skills is essential for both your personal and professional life. That’s because through thoughtful word choice and tone, you can effectively convey your message and create a lasting impression. 

And if you’re looking for a tool to help you practice and refine your language abilities, look no further than the Elevate app. 

The Elevate app features 40+ brain training games designed by experts to deliver real results. Plus it ensures you get a well-rounded approach to language learning and improving your verbal communication, thanks to the variety of vocabulary, synonym, and context clue-based games. 

If this sounds like something you’d like to try, download the Elevate app now, available for free on iOS and Android . With personalized vocabulary games and comprehensive language training, you'll join the near 90% of members who report improved vocabulary after using the app. So what are you waiting for? Start your journey to eloquence and improve your verbal communication today.

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How to Speak Eloquently

Last Updated: January 1, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Patrick Muñoz . Patrick is an internationally recognized Voice & Speech Coach, focusing on public speaking, vocal power, accent and dialects, accent reduction, voiceover, acting and speech therapy. He has worked with clients such as Penelope Cruz, Eva Longoria, and Roselyn Sanchez. He was voted LA's Favorite Voice and Dialect Coach by BACKSTAGE, is the voice and speech coach for Disney and Turner Classic Movies, and is a member of Voice and Speech Trainers Association. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 314,498 times.

Eloquence isn't genetic, and it can certainly be learned by anyone, at any age. If you are concerned about the eloquence of your speech, then take time to practice and improve not only what you say, but how you say it.

Changing What You Say

Step 1 Stick with clear and succinct vocabulary.

  • Common (and eloquent) transitions include furthermore, additionally, moreover, in particular, nevertheless, and despite.
  • Common (and eloquent) adjectives will vary based on what you’re talking about, but may include gorgeous, disgusted, absurd, tasteful, resonant, brief, pleasant, and lovely. [3] X Research source

Step 7 Formulate your sentence in advance.

Changing How You Speak

Step 1 Overcome speaking and social anxieties.

Patrick Muñoz

Expert Trick: Breathing deeply can help you slow down. If you take a deep breath before you speak, you'll be able to slow down your pace. When you speak more slowly, your voice will carry, so you'll sound more clear. In addition, you'll have more time to think as you're speaking, so you'll be more sure of what you're going to say.

Step 5 Pay attention to the listener.

Community Q&A

Community Answer

Video . By using this service, some information may be shared with YouTube.

  • If you have a close friend of family member who's speech you find particularly eloquent, pay attention to how they speak and imitate them in your own conversations. Thanks Helpful 63 Not Helpful 12

the art of eloquent speech or writing

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  • ↑ http://englishharmony.com/intimidation/
  • ↑ http://mcswhispers.wordpress.com/2012/09/09/the-elegance-of-being-eloquent/
  • ↑ https://7esl.com/descriptive-adjectives/
  • ↑ http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/college-life/194395-speaking-eloquently.html
  • ↑ https://www.scientifica.uk.com/neurowire/9-simple-and-effective-public-speaking-tips-for-scientists
  • ↑ https://www.entrepreneur.com/slideshow/299610#3

About This Article

Patrick Muñoz

The key to speaking eloquently is using language people understand and pronouncing your words clearly. Avoid using filler words like “Um” and “Like” when speaking, since you’ll sound more professional and articulate without them. You should also enunciate each syllable when speaking so people can follow what you’re saying easier. If you catch yourself speaking too fast, try to slow your speech down so they can hear each word clearly. If you're speaking about an idea people might not understand, try referencing pop culture, classic literature, and art to help you explain. It’s also important to read so you can expand your vocabulary. However, you should always use simple words when you can, since this will be easier to understand. For more tips, including how to overcome anxiety when speaking, read on. Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Eloquent Writing: 5 Tips For Becoming A More Eloquent Writer

There’s no magic formula to becoming a successful and eloquent writer. the first step, they say, is to sit down and write eloquently. very little is said about how eloquent writing is actually achieved..

An age-old writer’s cliché goes like this: Apply the seat of the pants to the seat of the chair. That’s definitely a good example of eloquent writing. It’s an adage that’s been attributed to many famed, eloquent writers throughout history — Stephen King, Dorothy Parker, Oliver Stone — but actually traces its roots back to writer Mary Heaton Vorse , who reportedly fed the tidbit to a young Sinclair Lewis.

Vorse, of course, was right. But discipline (or to put it more expressively, derriere in chair ) is only half the battle. Becoming a good and eloquent writer takes a lot more skill — and eloquence doesn’t come naturally to everyone who sits down with a pen and a piece of paper . 

But how does one actually become an eloquent writer? Eloquence is subjective, of course, but by and large, we consider eloquent writing those works that are fluent, elegant, persuasive or simply good at conveying what they’re meant to convey.

While flowery language can be beautiful — and it certainly has its place in the world of literature — eloquence is about more than just stringing together a series of pretty sentences.

It’s also about saying what you want to say clearly and with conviction. No over-complications. No superlatives. And certainly, no robotic voice.

Here are some great ways to work on the eloquence factor of your work, with advice from some of the literary world’s best.

How To Be An Eloquent Writer.

Eloquent writing doesn’t come easy: read everything you can read and more  .

If we could hand one piece of advice to every new writer alongside a copy of “The Elements of Style , ” it would be this: Read.

To be a good writer, you have to be a good reader. It seems obvious, but as working writers, we rarely get the chance to do anything but produce.

There is some value, though, in taking a step back from execution in favor of inspiration and research. Think of reading, whether it’s for pleasure or for business, as a fundamental part of your writing process.

Many masters of eloquence will echo this sentiment in their advice to budding wordsmiths. Just ask the Portuguese Nobel prize winner Jose Saramago , whose process is to write two pages, then “read and read and read.”

Reading helps good writers,

  • hone their own voice,
  • learn from the experts,
  • boost creativity,
  • enhance their vocabulary
  • and enjoy a little bit of an escape at the same time.  

“For writers, reading is like training for a marathon,: comments  professional copywriter , Dimitar Karamarinov. “You won’t make it past the first mile without spending some time hitting the books, so to speak. if you want to become an eloquent writer, make sure to build up your swap files with the works of all eloquent writers you admire.” he adds.

In other words, you can only enhance your eloquent writing skills by reading the works of the most eloquent writers.

How to be a more eloquent writer

  Work on Your Vocabulary Like You’re Studying for the SAT

  It’s not enough to just keep a thesaurus alongside your favorite journaling notebook . In fact, readers can tell when you’re relying too heavily on the synonym-finder — oftentimes, it can feel inauthentic when you don’t integrate words that feel natural as part of the greater work.

Reserve the thesaurus for preliminary research, not as a go-to guide for finding the right words. To ramp up your vocabulary, the best thing you can do is — you guessed it — read!

But you can also use tricks like memorizing quotes and reading things you wouldn’t normally read in order to improve your mental word vault. And if you get tired, remember your goal. You want to be a successful writer.

Give Yourself Prompts and Eloquent Writing Exercises

Don’t listen to any writer who says the words constantly flow! Everyone struggles with writer’s block from time to time.

The trick, though, is overcoming writer’s block and making every minute you have to write a productive one. Giving yourself daily prompts and writing exercises can help you overcome the mental block while also allowing you to hone certain writing skills.

Here’s one of the best exercises for improving eloquence:

  • Choose a simple sentence, like “I walked through the park to the theater . ”
  • Rewrite the sentence, word by word, until you have something totally different. You might end up with something like, “I strolled along the promenade until I came to the theater,” or something entirely different from the original sentence. Rewrite the sentence as many times as you can in as many different ways as you can. Use active verbs.
  • Be specific, advised Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie during one of her classes at the Purple Hibiscus Creative Writing Workshop, it’ll make your stories sound eloquent and more authentic. 
  • Choose the sentences you like the best, the ones that make you sound more eloquent.  Study them until you determine why you like them the best. Is it the flow? The authenticity? The cadence? Know why you like certain works on a granular level and try to mimic that with every new sentence. In other to achieve eloquent writing, you have to be deliberate about your choice of words.

As we know, eloquence is about more than enhancing language. It’s also about simplifying it. To ensure that you’re saying what you need to say sans fluff — in the writing world, we call it murdering your darlings — reverse the exercise above.

Start with a complex sentence and do your best to abridge it without taking away any meaning or poetry. It’s truly a skill to be able to trim the fat. Just take it from Mark Twain:

“Substitute ‘damn’ every time you’re inclined to write ‘very;’ your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.”

Eloquent writer

Mimic Eloquently Written Work While Honing Your Own Voice

  Another wonderful thing you can do to make your work more eloquent is to practice a little bit of mimicry.

There’s a secret among good writers: They all copy each other, especially the most eloquent ones. Maybe you don’t see it in their final drafts, but if you look at an entire body of work, you’ll notice that successful writers almost always take cues from the greats.

Voltaire said it best:

“Originality is nothing but judicious imitation. The most original writers borrowed from one another.”

Writing a passage in the style of your favorite writer is a great exercise for improving word choice and flow.

Of course, a good writer is also one who has her own voice. The key is to borrow from the greats in exercise and practice until it morphs into something that’s your own.

And, as long as you’re writing what’s original and authentic to you, you’ll come away with work that’s imaginative and eloquent.

Wrap Up On How To Improve At Eloquent Writing.

It’s no secret. The most successful writers are eloquent in their storytelling. If you want to win writing awards or get accepted into a creative writing MFA program , strive for eloquence. Learn how to be an eloquent writer.

You can accomplish this, it you read the works of eloquent writers and if you practice writing.

Have you learned to write eloquently? Let us know how you learned to the art of eloquent writing.

Author Bio: 

Chris Napa serves as the Global E-commerce Experience Manager for A.T. Cross Company, LLC. Chris oversees the customer experience on Cross.com from the Providence, RI headquarters. Before joining A.T. Cross Company, LLC., Chris was the User Experience Lead at FootJoy, part of the initial team that launched their eCommerce site in 2016, and the E-commerce Project Manager at TaylorMade Golf Company. When not thinking about enhancing customer’s online experiences, Chris can be found cycling, golfing, or bowling.

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Kassahun Afework

Oct 26, 2022 at 8:33 am

I appreciate the best advice on eloquent writing because it can help me improve my writing. I’ll try to read more novels written by seasoned authors in both my native Amharic and English so that I may practice writing creatively and persuasively.

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Dinah Salman

Nov 30, 2022 at 6:35 pm

Thanks for the great tips on writing.

I love writing and food at the same time. That combi is practically who I am.

I hope that one of days, an article written by me becomes the center of your attraction.

Dinah Luletero Salman.

' src=

Faris Ragassa

Dec 29, 2022 at 3:43 pm

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Unimke Benedict

Feb 16, 2024 at 7:29 am

Thanks! This was very helpful, I have taken note and will make it a habit to write eloquently.

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On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence, by Francis Bacon

From "The Advancement of Learning"

  • An Introduction to Punctuation
  • Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
  • M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
  • B.A., English, State University of New York

Father of the scientific method and the first major English essayist , Francis Bacon published Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human in 1605. This philosophical treatise, intended as an introduction to an encyclopedic study that was never completed, is divided into two parts: the first part broadly considers "the excellency of learning and knowledge"; the second focuses on "the particular acts and works . . . which have been embraced and undertaken for the advancement of learning."

Chapter 18 of the second part of The Advancement of Learning offers a defense of rhetoric , whose "duty and office," he says, "is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will." According to Thomas H. Conley, "Bacon's notion of rhetoric seems novel," but "what Bacon has to say about rhetoric . . . is not as novel as it has sometimes been represented, however interesting it might be otherwise" ( Rhetoric in the European Tradition , 1990).

On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence*

from The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon

1 Now we descend to that part which concerneth the illustration of tradition, comprehended in that science which we call rhetoric , or art of eloquence ; a science excellent, and excellently well laboured. For although in true value it is inferior to wisdom, as it is said by God to Moses, when he disabled himself for want of this faculty, Aaron shall be thy speaker, and thou shalt be to him as God ; yet with people it is the more mighty: for so Salomon saith, Sapiens corde appellabitur prudens, sed dulcis eloquio major a reperiet 1 ; signifying that profoundness of wisdom will help a man to a name or admiration, but that it is eloquence that prevaileth in an active life. And as to the labouring of it, the emulation of Aristotle with the rhetoricians of his time, and the experience of Cicero, hath made them in their works of rhetorics exceed themselves. Again, the excellency of examples of eloquence in the orations of Demosthenes and Cicero, added to the perfection of the precepts of eloquence, hath doubled the progression in this art; and therefore the deficiences which I shall note will rather be in some collections, which may as handmaids attend the art, than in the rules or use of the art itself.

2 Notwithstanding, to stir the earth a little about the roots of this science, as we have done of the rest; the duty and office of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will. For we see reason is disturbed in the administration thereof by three means; by illaqueation 2 or sophism , which pertains to logic ; by imagination or impression, which pertains to rhetoric; and by passion or affection, which pertains to morality. And as in negotiation with others, men are wrought by cunning, by importunity, and by vehemency; so in this negotiation within ourselves, men are undermined by inconsequences, solicited and importuned by impressions or observations, and transported by passions. Neither is the nature of man so unfortunately built, as that those powers and arts should have force to disturb reason, and not to establish and advance it. For the end of logic is to teach a form of argument to secure reason, and not to entrap it. The end of morality is to procure the affections to obey reason, and not to invade it. The end of rhetoric is to fill the imagination to second reason, and not to oppress it: for these abuses of arts come in but ex obliquo 3 , for caution.

3 And therefore it was great injustice in Plato, though springing out of a just hatred to the rhetoricians of his time, to esteem of rhetoric but as a voluptuary art, resembling it to cookery, that did mar wholesome meats, and help unwholesome by variety of sauces to the pleasure of the taste. For we see that speech is much more conversant in adorning that which is good, than in colouring that which is evil; for there is no man but speaketh more honestly than he can do or think: and it was excellently noted by Thucydides in Cleon, that because he used to hold on the bad side in causes of estate, therefore he was ever inveighing against eloquence and good speech; knowing that no man can speak fair of courses sordid and base. And therefore as Plato said elegantly, That virtue, if she could be seen, would move great love and affection ; so seeing that she cannot be showed to the sense by corporal shape, the next degree is to show her to the imagination in lively representation: for to show her to reason only in subtlety of argument was a thing ever derided in Chrysippus 4 and many of the Stoics, who thought to thrust virtue upon men by sharp disputations and conclusions, which have no sympathy with the will of man.

4 Again, if the affections in themselves were pliant and obedient to reason, it were true there should be no great use of persuasions and insinuations to the will, more than of naked proposition and proofs; but in regard of the continual mutinies and seditions of the affections,

Video meliora, proboque, Deteriora sequor, 5

reason would become captive and servile, if eloquence of persuasions did not practice and win the imagination from the affections' part, and contract a confederacy between the reason and imagination against the affections; for the affections themselves carry ever an appetite to good, as reason doth. The difference is, that the affection beholdeth merely the present; reason beholdeth the future and sum of time. And therefore the present filling the imagination more, reason is commonly vanquished; but after that force of eloquence and persuasion hath made things future and remote appear as present, then upon the revolt of the imagination reason prevaileth.

1 The wise-hearted is called discerning, but one whose speech is sweet gains wisdom" (Proverbs 16:21). 2 The act of catching or entangling in a snare, thus entrapping in an argument. 3 indirectly 4 Stoic philosopher in Greece, third century BC 5 "I see and approve the better things but follow the worse" (Ovid, Metamorphoses , VII, 20).

Concluded on page 2 *This text has been taken from the 1605 edition of  The Advancement of Learning , with spelling modernized by editor William Aldis Wright (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1873).

5 We conclude therefore that rhetoric can be no more charged with the colouring of the worse part, than logic with sophistry, or morality with vice. For we know the doctrines of contraries are the same, though the use be opposite. It appeareth also that logic differeth from rhetoric, not only as the fist from the palm, the one close, the other at large; but much more in this, that logic handleth reason exact and in truth, and rhetoric handleth it as it is planted in popular opinions and manners. And therefore Aristotle doth wisely place rhetoric as between logic on the one side, and moral or civil knowledge on the other, as participating of both: for the proofs and demonstrations of logic are toward all men indifferent and the same; but the proofs and persuasions of rhetoric ought to differ according to the auditors:

Orpheus in sylvis, inter delphinas Arion 1

Which application, in perfection of idea, ought to extend so far, that if a man should speak of the same thing to several persons, he should speak to them all respectively and several ways: though this politic part of eloquence in private speech it is easy for the greatest orators to want: whilst, by the observing their well-graced forms of speech, they leese 2 the volubility of application: and therefore it shall not be amiss to recommend this to better inquiry, not being curious whether we place it here, or in that part which concerneth policy.  

6 Now therefore will I descend to the deficiences, which (as I said) are but attendances: and first, I do not find the wisdom and diligence of Aristotle well pursued, who began to make a collection of the popular signs and colours of good and evil, both simple and comparative, which are as the sophisms of rhetoric (as I touched before). For example: 

Sophisma. Quod laudatur, bonum: quod vituperatur, malum. Redargutio. Laudat venales qui vult extrudere merces. 3

Malum est, malum est (inquit emptor); sed cum recesserit, tum gloriabitur! 4 The defects in the labour of Aristotle are three: one, that there be but a few of many; another, that their elenches 5 are not annexed; and the third, that he conceived but a part of the use of them: for their use is not only in probation, but much more in impression. For many forms are equal in signification which are differing in impression; as the difference is great in the piercing of that which is sharp and that which is flat, though the strength of the percussion be the same. For there is no man but will be a little more raised by hearing it said, Your enemies will be glad of this,

Hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae, 6

than by hearing it said only, This is evil for you.  

7 Secondly, I do resume also that which I mentioned before, touching provision or preparatory store for the furniture of speech and readiness of invention , which appeareth to be of two sorts; the one in resemblance to a shop of pieces unmade up, the other to a shop of things ready made up; both to be applied to that which is frequent and most in request. The former of these I will call antitheta , and the latter formulae .  

8 Antitheta are theses argued pro et contra 7 ; wherein men may be more large and laborious: but (in such as are able to do it) to avoid prolixity of entry, I wish the seeds of the several arguments to be cast up into some brief and acute sentences, not to be cited, but to be as skeins or bottoms of thread, to be unwinded at large when they come to be used; supplying authorities and examples by reference.

Pro verbis legis. Non est interpretatio sed divinatio, quae recedit a litera: Cum receditur a litera, judex transit in legislatorem. Pro sententia legis. Ex omnibus verbis est eliciendus sensus qui interpretatur singula. 8

9 Formulae are but decent and apt passages or conveyances of speech, which may serve indifferently for differing subjects; as of preface, conclusion, digression, transition, excusation, etc. For as in buildings there is great pleasure and use in the well casting of the staircases, entries, doors, windows, and the like; so in speech, the conveyances and passages are of special ornament and effect.

1 "As Orpheus in the woods, as Arion with the dolphins" (Virgil, Eclogues , VIII, 56) 2 lose 3 "Sophism : What is praised is good; what is censured, evil." "Refutation : He who praises his wares wishes to sell them." 4 "It's no good, it's no good, says the buyer. But after he goes he exults in his bargain." 5 refutations 6 "This the Ithacan desires, and for it the sons of Atreus would pay much" ( Aeneid , II, 104). 7 for and against 8 " For the letter of the law: It is not interpretation but divination to depart from the letter of the law. If the letter of the law is left behind, the judge becomes the legislator." " For the spirit of the law: The meaning of each word depends on the interpretation of the whole statement."

  • What Is Rhetoric?
  • Logos (Rhetoric)
  • Rhetoric: Definitions and Observations
  • What Is Phronesis?
  • Proof in Rhetoric
  • Situated Ethos in Rhetoric
  • Invented Ethos (Rhetoric)
  • paralogism (rhetoric and logic)
  • Definition and Examples of Ethos in Classical Rhetoric
  • Polyptoton (Rhetoric)
  • Definition and Examples of Anti-Rhetoric
  • What Is Sophistry?
  • What Is a Maxim?
  • What Is Enlightenment Rhetoric?
  • 5 Good Reasons to Study Logic
  • style (rhetoric and composition)

Rhetoric: The Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking

Gain critical communication skills in writing and public speaking with this introduction to American political rhetoric.

A speech bubble.

Associated Schools

Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences

Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences

What you'll learn.

When and how to employ a variety of rhetorical devices in writing and speaking

How to differentiate between argument and rhetorical technique

How to write a persuasive opinion editorial and short speech

How to evaluate the strength of an argument

How to identify logical fallacies in arguments

Course description

We are living in a contentious time in history. Fundamental disagreements on critical political issues make it essential to learn how to make an argument and analyze the arguments of others. This ability will help you engage in civil discourse and make effective changes in society. Even outside the political sphere, conveying a convincing message can benefit you throughout your personal, public, and professional lives.

This course is an introduction to the theory and practice of rhetoric, the art of persuasive writing and speech. In it, you will learn to construct and defend compelling arguments, an essential skill in many settings. We will be using selected addresses from prominent twentieth-century Americans — including Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, Margaret Chase Smith, Ronald Reagan, and more — to explore and analyze rhetorical structure and style. Through this analysis, you will learn how speakers and writers persuade an audience to adopt their point of view.

Built around Harvard Professor James Engell’s on-campus course, “Elements of Rhetoric,” this course will help you analyze and apply rhetorical structure and style, appreciate the relevance of persuasive communication in your own life, and understand how to persuade and recognize when someone is trying to persuade you. You will be inspired to share your viewpoint and discover the most powerful ways to convince others to champion your cause. Join us to find your voice!

Course Outline

Introduction to Rhetoric

  • Define the term "rhetoric."
  • Articulate the importance of effective communication.
  • Summarize the history of rhetorical study, from the ancient Greeks to the modern-day.
  • Identify the parts of discourse.
  • Define the three modes of appeal.
  • Identify tropes and schemes, and explain their use in composition.
  • Compose an opinion editorial on a topic of your choice.

Civil Rights - Martin Luther King, Jr.

  • Analyze Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream…” speech
  • Define inductive reasoning and some of its associated topics
  • Identify instances of inductive reasoning in writing and speech
  • Define deductive reasoning and some of its associated topics
  • Identify instances of deductive reasoning in writing and speech
  • Recognize and evaluate the strength of an argument's refutation
  • Apply the elements of rhetoric you have learned so far into the final draft of your op-ed

Gun Control - Sarah Brady and Charlton Heston

  • Analyze Sarah Brady’s Democratic National Convention Keynote Speech.
  • Analyze Charlton Heston’s speech on the Second Amendment.
  • Define “inductive reasoning” and some of its associated topics
  • Define “deductive reasoning” and some of its associated topics
  • Recognize and evaluate the strength of an argument’s refutation
  • Apply the elements of rhetoric you have learned so far in the final draft of your op-ed

Introduction to Oratory

  • Describe the origins of the practice of oratory.
  • Recognize ways in which orators tailor their writing for the spoken word.
  • Describe techniques for effective public speaking, both prepared and extemporaneous.
  • Brainstorm ideas for your own short speech.

The Red Scare - Joseph McCarthy and Margaret Chase Smith

  • Analyze Joseph McCarthy’s “Enemies Within” speech.
  • Analyze Margaret Chase Smith’s "A Declaration of Conscience" speech.
  • Identify the modes of appeal and the logical reasoning of the featured speeches.
  • Identify both common and special topics used in these speeches, like cause and effect, testimony, justice and injustice, and comparison, and begin to recognize their use in other speeches.
  • Identify examples from these speeches of logical fallacies including the either/or fallacy, the fallacy of affirming the consequent, the argument ad hominem, the argument ad populum, begging the question, the complex question, and the use of imprecise language.
  • Discuss the importance of winning and keeping an audience’s trust and the pros and cons of attempting to tear down their confidence in an opponent.
  • Define for yourself the definition of "extremist rhetoric," debate its use as a political tool.
  • Consider the moral responsibilities of those who would seek to persuade others through language.

Presidential Rhetoric - John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan

  • Discuss how the audience and the desired tone for a speech can influence diction (word choice).
  • Compare the effects of using passive vs. active voice, and first-person vs. other tenses in a speech.
  • Discuss the effectiveness of the use of symbolism in writing and speech.
  • Define hyperbole, antimetabole, and polysyndeton, and identify when these devices might be appropriate and useful in terms of persuasion.
  • Describe techniques for connecting with your audience, including storytelling and drawing on shared experience.

Instructors

James Engell

James Engell

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This paper examines William Hazlitt's collection, Eloquence of the British Senate (1807), alongside our interest in reception, accretion, and the rhetorical culture of Parliament. I trace Hazlitt's interpretation of oratory, including his analysis of remediated, printed speech. Hazlitt investigates the circulation and power of oratory in modern print culture, while beginning a multidisciplinary, career-long interest in rhetoric. By mapping how Hazlitt criticizes the status quo while avoiding partisan exposes of corruption, I argue he thinks like a critical rhetor-ician in ways that enrich our histories of nineteenth-century rhetoric and help us reflect on our own enterprise as historians of rhetoric. In her article on British rhetoricians' uses of Demosthenes, Lois Agnew observes that " 'the facts of history, including biography and rhetorical criticism , are inevitably shaped by the dynamic interaction between histories and the cultural environments within which those histories are situated " (Agnew, " Demosthenes "). Her study of Demosthenes's reception from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries furthers our recent interest in " rhetorical accretion , " which is Vicki Tolar Collins' term for the processes by which rhetors and texts have been reinterpreted for competing agendas and repackaged in different physical formats (qtd. in Agnew, " Demosthenes "). As the term accretion suggests, this turn toward reception invites new approaches to the layered construction of anthologies, textbooks, and other collections that mediate past oratory for new audiences. We can now examine the " remedia-tion " of historical texts, in David Jay Bolter and Richard Grusin's sense of the term, which not only allows us to trace the evolution of canonical rhetors such as Demosthenes but also troubles monolithic notions of rhetoric's past by revealing the diverse histories such figures have been made to serve (Bolter and Grusin 5). This article examines one early nineteenth-century anthology that embodies and comments on such processes of rhetorical accretion: William

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 As you may have noticed, the rhetoric has turned hostile in 2020! It's harder to discuss the most important issues of our day. It's even more important today than it was all those years ago when I started writing my first communication study back in 2002! 

It's more important than ever that we teach our children to stand up and speak out in boldness and grace!

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The Art of Eloquence: Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, Joyce

The Art of Eloquence: Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, Joyce

The Art of Eloquence: Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, Joyce

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‘In the course of these fifty years we have become a nation of public speakers. Everyone speaks now. We are now more than ever a debating, that is, a Parliamentary people’ ( The Times , 1873). This book considers how Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, and Joyce responded to this ‘Parliamentary people’, and examines the ways in which they and their publics conceived the relations between political speech and literary endeavour. Drawing on a wide range of sources — classical rhetoric, Hansard , newspaper reports, elocutionary manuals, and treatises on crowd theory — this book argues that oratorical procedures and languages were formative influences on literary culture from Romanticism to Modernism. The book focuses attention on how the four writers negotiated contending demands and allegiances in their work, and on how they sought to cultivate forms of literary engagement that could both resist and respond to the terms of contemporary political discussion. Providing a close reading of the relations between printed words and public voices as well as a broader engagement with debates about the socio-political inflections of the aesthetic realm, this is a study of how styles of writing can explore and embody forms of responsible civic conduct.

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IMAGES

  1. How to Give an Eloquent Speech: 9 Steps (with Pictures)

    the art of eloquent speech or writing

  2. The art of eloquence, : A guide to effective speech with selected

    the art of eloquent speech or writing

  3. Observations on Eloquence in Writing and Speaking

    the art of eloquent speech or writing

  4. Eloquent Speakers

    the art of eloquent speech or writing

  5. How to Give an Eloquent Speech: 9 Steps (with Pictures)

    the art of eloquent speech or writing

  6. The Keys to Good Diction and Eloquent Speech: A Practical Guide on How

    the art of eloquent speech or writing

VIDEO

  1. Eloquent Speech?

  2. Mastering the Art of Speech Writing: A Comprehensive Guide

  3. Scripted Speech and Rhetorical Devices

  4. Speech to Inform

  5. Silence Éloquent : L'Art de Réussir dans l'Ombre

  6. Eloquent speech don't mean nothing just bring the word out!

COMMENTS

  1. Observations on Eloquence in Writing and Speaking

    Eloquence is generally considered an asset when it comes to spoken and written language. The art of using eloquent language in a persuasive manner is called rhetoric, and the two often go hand in hand. However, eloquence differs from rhetoric in that rhetoric, by its very definition, has a purpose: convincing someone of something.

  2. Eloquence vs Rhetorical: Which Should You Use In Writing?

    Eloquence refers to the art of speaking or writing in a way that is fluent, persuasive, and expressive. It is often associated with the use of vivid language, metaphors, and other literary devices that can evoke emotions and engage the audience. ... Political Speech: Eloquence might be more effective to inspire and motivate the audience, while ...

  3. How To Use "Eloquence" In A Sentence: In-Depth Exploration

    Definition Of Eloquence. Eloquence, derived from the Latin word "eloquentia," can be defined as the art or ability to express oneself fluently and persuasively in speech or writing. It encompasses the power to captivate an audience through the use of well-chosen words, compelling arguments, and a graceful delivery.

  4. Eloquence vs Oratory: Meaning And Differences

    Eloquence is the art of speaking or writing in a way that is fluent, persuasive, and expressive. It involves the use of language in a manner that captivates the audience, evokes emotions, and conveys ideas with clarity and precision. An eloquent speaker or writer has a way with words, using them to create a powerful impact on the listener or ...

  5. What Is Elocutio? (with pictures)

    Elocutio is the art of eloquent expression in writing or speech, a cornerstone of classical rhetoric. It's about choosing the right words, crafting beautiful sentences, and conveying ideas with clarity and style. Mastering elocutio can transform communication, making it powerful and persuasive. Curious about how eloquence can elevate your own ...

  6. How to Speak More Eloquently

    That's the power of eloquence. And in this article, we dive into practical tips to help you speak more eloquently, captivate your audience, and leave a lasting impression. The Pillars of Eloquent Speech. Eloquent speech is characterized by several components that help you create a powerful and effective message. Here are some key aspects:

  7. How to Speak Eloquently: 15 Steps (with Pictures)

    1. Overcome speaking and social anxieties. It will be incredibly difficult to sound eloquent if your voice quivers, you speak too quietly, or you get a stutter when you begin speaking. Take the necessary measures to overcome these social anxieties by visiting a speech pathologist, speech therapist, or a counselor. 2.

  8. PDF The Art & Science of ORIGINAL ORATORY

    delivery, eloquent writing, and thoughtful and logical construction reveals why it is so important to approach oratory is an art and a science. It is an activity that requires creativity, passion, and vulnerability, while simultaneously requiring confidence, calculation, and logical reasoning. Throughout this text, we will learn the roots

  9. Eloquent Writing: 5 Tips For Becoming A More Eloquent Writer

    Eloquent Writing: 5 Tips For Becoming A More Eloquent Writer. There's no magic formula to becoming a successful and eloquent writer. The first step, they say, is to sit down and write eloquently. Very little is said about how eloquent writing is actually achieved. An age-old writer's cliché goes like this: Apply the seat of the pants to ...

  10. Eloquence: the key to delivering a speech that will be remembered

    Undoubtedly, the art of eloquence has also been impacted by the technical and cultural changes of the time. Scholar Jamieson argues that "Manly" eloquence has been replaced by an "effeminate ...

  11. Vernacular Eloquence: What Speech Can Bring to Writing

    The book explores the many linguistic and rhetorical virtues of speech—spontaneity, naturalness of expression, fluidity of thought—to show that many of these virtues can usefully be brought to writing. The book suggests that we begin the writing process by "speaking" our words onto the page, letting the words and ideas flow without ...

  12. Enhance Your Writing Skills: Mastering the Art of Electrifying

    A foundational scene of eloquence in writing, showing a writer constructing basic elements of eloquent writing, symbolized by building blocks, musical notes, and expressive faces. Digitally created Adobe photo plus by Jamel Hendley. Eloquence doesn't happen by accident; it's built upon a foundation of carefully honed skills and techniques.

  13. On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence, by Francis Bacon

    On Rhetoric, or the Art of Eloquence*. from The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon. 1 Now we descend to that part which concerneth the illustration of tradition, comprehended in that science which we call rhetoric, or art of eloquence; a science excellent, and excellently well laboured. For although in true value it is inferior to wisdom ...

  14. The Art of Eloquence: a deep dive

    Eloquence, the ability to express oneself with clarity, strength, and persuasion, is an art that transcends cultures and eras. It's the tool of great leaders, visionary thinkers, and passionate ...

  15. Rhetoric: The Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking

    This ability will help you engage in civil discourse and make effective changes in society. Even outside the political sphere, conveying a convincing message can benefit you throughout your personal, public, and professional lives. This course is an introduction to the theory and practice of rhetoric, the art of persuasive writing and speech.

  16. The Art of Communicating Eloquently

    INTRODUCTION. Rhetoric is the art of influence or impactful speaking or writing and is utilized to persuade, inform or motivate audience in a particular situation.Rhetoric is considered as one of the ancient art of discourse, along with logic and grammar.It improves the facility of speakers or writers with the exploitation of figures of speech and other language compositional techniques.

  17. The Art of Eloquence: Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, Joyce

    ISBN 978--19-9253999-9. In The Art of Eloquence, Matthew Bevis considers the relations with Victorian oratory entertained by four writers: Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, and Joyce. The historical backdrop to the first three of these case studies (and parts of the fourth) is the nineteenth century, which Bevis describes as 'the most insistently ...

  18. The Art of Eloquence : Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, Joyce

    Everyone speaks now. We are now more than ever a debating, that is, a Parliamentary people' (The Times, 1873). The Art of Eloquence considers how Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, and Joyce responded to this 'Parliamentary people', and examines the ways in which they and their publics conceived the relations between political speech and literary endeavour.

  19. Eloquency vs Eloquence: When To Use Each One In Writing?

    The answer is both. Eloquency and eloquence are both valid words in the English language, although they have slightly different meanings. Eloquency refers to the quality of being eloquent, or the ability to speak or write fluently and persuasively. Eloquence, on the other hand, specifically refers to the ability to speak or write in a way that ...

  20. An Audience with Dickens

    The Art of Eloquence: Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, Joyce Matthew Bevis. Contents ... word said by his characters was distinctly heard by him.' 1 The author was not the only person to hear voices at his writing‐desk: his gardener at Gad's Hill 'used to hear what sounded like someone making a speech.

  21. Art of Eloquence

    Art of Eloquence materials are fun, simple, endorsed by The Old Schoolhouse Magazine, and recommended by HSLDA! As you may have noticed, the rhetoric has turned hostile in 2020! It's harder to discuss the most important issues of our day. It's even more important today than it was all those years ago when I started writing my first ...

  22. Eloquence vs Speech: Which One Is The Correct One?

    One of the most common mistakes people make is using eloquence and speech as synonyms. Eloquence refers to the ability to speak or write in a way that is fluent, persuasive, and expressive. On the other hand, speech refers to the act of speaking or the way in which someone speaks. While eloquence is a desirable trait, speech is a basic human ...

  23. The Art of Eloquence: Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, Joyce

    This book considers how Byron, Dickens, Tennyson, and Joyce responded to this 'Parliamentary people', and examines the ways in which they and their publics conceived the relations between political speech and literary endeavour. Drawing on a wide range of sources — classical rhetoric, Hansard, newspaper reports, elocutionary manuals, and ...

  24. Stagnating Britain faces ruin without radical action

    We also seem to have fared worse than European peers on long-term sickness and disability, with significantly more of the working-age population still economically inactive than before the pandemic.

  25. Ash on Instagram: "| #WIPEXCERPT ️ • I said I would post and excerpt

    10 likes, 17 comments - ash.is.writing on February 17, 2024: "| #WIPEXCERPT ️ • I said I would post and excerpt and I did!!! Ahhhhh!!!!! Yup I'm cool..."