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How Can I Get a 5 in AP Research?

6 min read • september 30, 2021

Brandon Wu

Introduction

Hey! So you completed AP Seminar, and now you're in the second half of the class: AP Research. While you wrote multiple research papers last year and assembled plenty of evidence to build your argument, you face a more difficult task this year: completing your independent research.

Unlike Seminar, there will be no "mock" writing; rather, your work on Day 1 will accumulate until you have your presentation/oral defense and submit your 4,000-5,000 word research paper. ✍️

To get a 5 in AP Research, the most important thing to know is to have a holistic understanding of the exam format.

How to get a 5

1. understand the format of the exam..

Exam...is not necessarily the best representation of your AP score you'll receive in July. Unlike AP Seminar, you will only turn in your research paper while your teacher submits your presentation and oral defense score. There is  no tested portion of AP Research !

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TFW you realize there's no exam day for Research! Image Courtesy of Pixabay

Here is how the exam breaks down:

  • Academic Paper [75%]
  • 4,000 - 5,000 words (10% over acceptable)
  • Presentation and Oral Defense (POD) [25%]
  • 15-20 minute presentation with 3-4 questions asked from a panel

The academic paper is  graded on a six-row holistic rubric . However, the presentation and oral defense use a separate,  seven-row analytical rubric . The academic paper's holistic rubric means that graders can determine whether your paper "overall" is a 3, 4, or a 5; on the other hand, the POD's analytical rubric is graded on a "points" scale, with the possibility of scoring up to 24 points.

One of the best things to do before you begin your own writing is to look at multiple example papers!

2. Read sample papers to understand the expectations.

To understand how you should structure your paper, you can and should analyze past papers. What's incredibly important is that you read papers at multiple levels - don't just read the best or worst published academic papers. 🖊️

As one former AP Research student notes:

"Read sample papers to get a gauge of what is expected of the paper (most people come in too ambitious)"

By reading practice papers, you can set a benchmark of the expectations for your academic paper. However, this shouldn't be something that you do at the beginning of AP Research. Make sure that you're taking a look at a variety of research papers throughout August and May.

Your teacher may have asked past Research students for papers to use as examples; in addition, College Board has published  2019 sample papers  and  papers from 2016-2018  (some of which may have had different rubrics). One thing to do that may help you is to "be an AP reader" and grade the practice papers you read - that way, you can see the differences in you and the real AP Readers' reasoning.

In addition to looking at practice papers, you should watch some practice presentations!

3. Watch previous AP Research presentations.

Your teacher should have access to past PODs, from their training or in their AP Classroom. These are incredibly helpful, as they serve as a model for your presentations. Similar to practice papers, you should check these out throughout the year!

You can also practice be a panelist and grade students during their presentation; this way, you'll understand what to do and what not to do during your POD.

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Image Courtesy of Pixabay

If you want some more inspiration or assistance with your presentations, YouTube has an excellent library of AP Research presentations from past years. 🗣️

4. Think long term with your work.

As another former AP Research student excellently notes:

"You need to think LONG TERM with all your work--how your literature creates a framework and where the gap is, and be good at communicating it! Our teacher told a story from the AP reading about how one of his students got a 4 because she left out a single statement that created a gap in her logic. The readers are looking for high level communication and you need to be clear about your assumptions, your theories, and your gap in the literature."

This is a very important piece of advice for AP Research! Often times, you will write the beginning of your paper in August and then conclude in March. As a result, you need to think about what you'll be writing in six months at the beginning of the research process! ↩️

Another critical aspect of the paper that you will be writing and editing, later on, is the literature review. 📚

5. Constantly conduct a review of the literature.

One of the most important parts of the research paper is the literature review, where you basically look at existing published research and find the gap to begin your research.

Many AP Research students will write their literature review section before November; make sure that you continually survey the literature (check databases and journals in your field) throughout the year!

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Image Courtesy of Unsplash

Speaking of the different sections of the research paper, it's important that you stay organized (both internally and externally) while writing the paper.

6. Have a clear structure and time schedule to keep yourself on track

There is really one nightmare scenario for AP Research students: it's April 30, a few hours before the deadline, and you're desperately trying to add words to get to the 4,000-5,000 word limit.

Thankfully, many teachers try to prevent this by giving you multiple deadlines to submit each section of the research paper. Yet, I highly recommend you download a time management and/or to-do list app to plan out what days and times you'll write. I currently use  Toggl  and  Todoist  - both free and offered on all platforms!

If your teacher does not give you deadlines, make sure you give yourself time to write and receive edits for each section of the paper. Setting word goals is also helpful for different sections of the essay - a good person to ask about how long each of your sections should be is an expert advisor!

7. Try to find an expert advisor.

AP Research is, by definition, an independent study course, meaning that you will not have peers to work together with on your paper or presentation. However, you should obtain an advisor to help you with the process. After figuring out what topic you want to pursue, try asking teachers at your school who have degrees in the field or even contacting professors from local community colleges or universities.

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Your experts don't have to wear suits - but many do! Image Courtesy of Unsplash

Expert advisors are extremely helpful, as they can assist you with any questions you have about prior research in the field or your analysis. While they  can't write portions of your paper , they can give you feedback and advice to help you score a coveted 5.

Even with an expert advisor, another great group of people can immensely help you in AP Research: your peers. 🎒

8. Get feedback from your peers.

Your classmates who are also taking AP Research will likely be conducting inquiries into topics that may wildly differ from you; however, that doesn't mean you can't ask them for help!

For instance, I researched whether the lack of milk competitors in elementary schools was due to Congressional lobbying by corporations. I sought feedback from someone researching whether companies should compensate people for using their data! 💻

They will be able to answer any quick questions you have about your research question, citations, a gap in research, and more!

Ultimately, AP Research's independence may feel like a double-edged sword at first, but with these eight tips, you can succeed and score a 5️⃣ !

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A Guide to the Advanced Placement Research Paper Rubric

A Guide to the Advanced Placement Research Paper Rubric

  • 6-minute read
  • 18th July 2023

It’s that time of year again! Soon, students will pick up their pencils and books (or more likely, their laptops) and start another academic year. In the US, many high school students will enroll in Advanced Placement (AP) courses . The AP program enables students to take rigorous, college-level courses while still in high school. If you take an AP course, you’ll start earning college credits before you’ve even graduated from high school. One of these courses is the AP Research project .

What Is AP Research?

AP Research follows AP Seminar in the two-year AP Capstone program, which focuses on building skills you can use in any discipline. When doing an AP Research project, you’ll dive deeply into an academic topic, problem, or issue you are personally interested in. During the year-long process, you’ll design, plan, and conduct a research-based investigation. At the end of this process, you’ll write an academic paper of 4,000–5,000 words detailing your research and give an oral presentation summarizing it.

How Is the Research Project Graded?

Both your paper and your presentation count toward your project grade, with 75% of the grade coming from the paper and 25% of the grade coming from the oral presentation. The paper and the oral presentation each have their own grading rubrics.

How Does the Research Paper Rubric Work?

For the paper, you’re given a score of 1–5 (1 being the lowest, 5 being the highest) on 6 different aspects of your paper. The aspects are your topic, your literature review, your method, your results and analysis, your communication, and your citations .

Let’s break each of these components down.

Choosing your topic is the first and arguably most important part of your project. You know what interests you – the hard part is narrowing it down to a single topic. You’ll want to find one specific aspect to pursue – in other words, one specific question to ask – and focus on that throughout the entire project.

Problems occur when your topic is overly broad; either you try to answer too many questions, or the questions you ask can’t be answered within the scope of the required 4,000–5,000 words. Problems can also arise when your research gets off track. Your topic should be the entire focus of your paper from the introduction to the very last line.

Your Literature Review

To plan your research, you need to know what research has already been done. Your topic needs to focus on a gap in that research. In other words, ask a question that nobody else has answered yet. The only way to know what questions have already been asked (and answered) is to collect and review the literature that already exists. You’ll need a wide variety of scholarly sources that explore all aspects of your topic.

To truly study an issue, you need to understand both sides of it, and you’ll need to collect sources that give varying perspectives.

Finally, you’ll need to explain how there’s a gap in these sources (that’s the question that you’re trying to answer) and draw a clear line between the knowledge that already exists and your topic of inquiry.

Your Method

In research, your method consists of the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data. If you’re doing scientific or primary research, this might be the steps of your experiment. With secondary research, this might be a meta-analysis or content analysis.

Provide clear documentation of your method so that anyone reading your paper will be able to reproduce what you’ve done. You’ll also need to demonstrate how your method was used to collect and analyze data directly relating to your topic of inquiry. If your method is vague, non-replicable, or only questionably related to your topic of inquiry, you’ll have points deducted.

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Your Results and Analysis

Here it is – the whole purpose of your research. This is, in simplest terms, the answer to the question your paper asked.

Make sure that your results present new data – don’t just summarize or repeat existing knowledge. Avoid making your analysis section a repeat of your literature review. You must convey a new understanding or conclusion and ensure you can make a reasoned argument for that understanding based on your data. You should also avoid making grand, overreaching conclusions based on limited data. Your conclusion should flow logically from your literature review through your method and results.

Your Communication

This is where you polish your paper. You don’t want typos, spelling mistakes , grammar errors , and formatting issues to distract your audience from the awesome job you’ve done researching. If you have an amazing project but your paper is not well organized, your audience is going to have a hard time seeing it. Take some time to go through the fine details to make sure all your points are laid out clearly without any errors to sidetrack your audience.

Your Citations

Remember all that literature you reviewed at the beginning of your project? This is where you let your audience know what sources you used. Make sure to cite your sources both in the paper and at the end in a bibliography. You’ll need a citation style guide appropriate to your particular discipline, and you’ll need to follow it. There are a lot of fine details involved in citing sources, so go through your citations with a fine-tooth comb and make sure the formatting is right.

So, who’s grading these papers?

The College Board (the organization that administers the AP program) scores your research paper. Your teacher scores your oral presentation.

Are there examples of previous papers to follow?

Yes. The AP research website offers sample papers in several disciplines. This is particularly helpful since they include the score of each paper and a comment on why that score was given.

A Word of Caution

The AP Research program takes plagiarism very seriously. Students are prohibited from using any AI tools or essay-writing services in any part of their research paper. While AI can be useful for certain academic pursuits, AP Research is not one of them. The AP Research paper is all about your research and what you’ve learned conducting it.

In Conclusion

The AP Research project is a chance to dive into a topic that you’re passionate about. When the proper steps are followed and the rubric is properly applied, that passion will shine through in your paper for everyone to see.

Need some helpful tips for putting your paper together? Check out our Writing Tips and Academic Writing Tips blogs.

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Ultimate Guide to the AP Research Course and Assessment

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The Advanced Placement (AP) curriculum is administered by the College Board and serves as a standardized set of year-long high school classes that are roughly equivalent to one semester of college-level coursework. Although most students enroll in an actual course to prepare for their AP exams, many others will self-study for the exams without enrolling in the actual AP class.

AP classes are generally stand-alone subjects that easily translate to traditional college courses. Typically, they culminate in a standardized exam on which students are graded using a 5-point scale, which colleges and universities will use to determine credit or advanced standing. Starting in fall of 2014, though, this traditional AP course and exam format has begun to adapt in efforts by the College Board to reflect less stringent rote curriculum and a heavier emphasis on critical thinking skills.

The AP Capstone program is at the center of these changes, and its culmination course is AP Research. If you are interested in learning more about the AP Research Course and Assessment, and how they can prepare you for college-level work, read on for CollegeVine’s Ultimate Guide to the AP Research Course and Assessment.

About the Course and Assessment

The AP Research course is the second of two classes required for the AP Capstone™ Diploma . In order to enroll in this course you need to have completed the AP Seminar course during a previous year. Through that course, you will have learned to collect and analyze information with accuracy and precision, developed arguments based on facts, and effectively communicated your conclusions. During the AP Research course, you apply these skills on a larger platform. In the AP Research course, you can expect to learn and apply research methods and practices to address a real-world topic of your choosing, with the end result being the production and defense of a scholarly academic paper. Students who receive a score of 3 or higher on both the AP Seminar and AP Research courses earn an AP Seminar and Research Certificate™. Students who receive a score of 3 or higher on both courses and on four additional AP exams of their choosing receive the AP Capstone Diploma™.    

The AP Research course will guide you through the design, planning, and implementation of a year-long, research-based investigation to address a research question of interest to you. While working with an expert advisor, chosen by you with the help of your teacher, you will explore an academic topic, problem, or issue of your choosing and cultivate the skills and discipline necessary to conduct independent research and produce and defend a scholarly academic paper. Through explicit instruction in research methodology, ethical research practices, and documentation processes, you will develop a portfolio of scholarly work to frame your research paper and subsequent presentation of it.

Although the core content and skills remain standardized for every AP Research course, the implementation of this instruction may vary. Some AP Research courses may have a specific disciplinary focus wherein the course content is rooted in a specific subject, such as AP Research STEM Inquiries or AP Research Performing and Visual Arts. Similarly, other AP Research courses are offered in conjunction with a separate and specific AP class, such as AP Research and AP Biology wherein students are concurrently enrolled in both AP courses and content is presented in a cross-curricular approach. Alternatively, AP Research may be presented in the form of an internship wherein students who are already working with a discipline-specific expert adviser conduct independent studies and research of the student’s choosing while taking the AP Research class. Finally, some AP Research courses are delivered independently as a research methods class. In this style of class, students develop inquiry methods for the purpose of determining which method best fits their chosen topic of inquiry/research question, and each student then uses a selected method to complete his or her investigation.    

Only schools that currently offer the AP Capstone Diploma may offer the AP Research course. Because it is a part of a larger comprehensive, skills-based program, students may not self-study for the AP Research course or final paper. At this time, home-schooled students, home-school organizations, and online providers are not eligible to participate in AP Capstone.

Your performance in the AP Research course is assessed through two performance tasks. The first is the Academic Paper, which accounts for 75% of your total AP score. In this paper, you will present the findings of your yearlong research in 4,000-5,000 words. Although the official submission deadline for this task is April 30, the College Board strongly recommends that this portion of your assessment be completed by April 15 in order to allow enough time for the second of your performance tasks.

The second performance task is your Presentation and Oral Defense, which accounts for the remaining 25% of your total AP score. Using your research topic, your will prepare a 15-20 minute presentation in an appropriate format with appropriate accompanying media. Your defense will include fielding three to four questions from a panel consisting of your AP Research teacher and two additional panel members chosen at the discretion of your teacher.    

In 2016, fewer than 3,000 students submitted an AP Research project, but enrollment is projected to grow rapidly, since 12,000 students took the AP Seminar assessment in 2016 and most will presumably go on to submit an AP Research project in 2017. Scores from the 2016 AP Research projects reveal a high pass rate (score of three or higher) but a difficult rate of mastery. While 67.1% of students taking the assessments scored a three or higher, only 11.6% received the highest score of a five, while nearly 40% received a three. Only 2% of students submitting research projects received the lowest score of one.    

A full course description that can help to guide your planning and understanding of the knowledge required for the AP Research course and assessments can be found in the College Board course description .

Read on for tips for successfully completing the AP Research course.

How Should I Prepare for the AP Research Course?

As you undertake the AP Research course and performance tasks, you will be expected to conduct research, write a scholarly paper, and defend your work in a formal presentation.   Having already completed the AP Seminar course, these skills should be familiar to you. You should use your scores on the AP Seminar performance task to help guide your preparations for the AP Research performance tasks.

Carefully review your scores from AP Seminar. Make sure you understand where points were lost and why. It may be helpful to schedule a meeting with your AP Seminar teacher to review your work. Alternatively, your AP Research teacher may be willing to go over your AP Seminar projects with you. You might also ask a classmate to review your projects together to get a better idea of where points were earned and where points were lost. Use this review as a jumping point for your AP Research studies. You should go into the course with a good idea of where your strengths lie, and where you need to focus on improving.

A sample timeline for the AP Research course is available on page 36 of the course description . One detail worth noting is that the recommended timeline actually begins not in September with the start of the new school year, but instead begins in May with the completion of the AP Seminar course during the previous school year. It is then that you should begin to consider research topics, problems, or ideas. By September of the following school year, it is recommended that you have already finalized a research question and proposal, completed an annotated bibliography, and prepared to begin a preliminary inquiry proposal for peer review.    

What Content Will I Be Held Accountable For During the AP Research Course?

To be successful in the AP Research class, you will begin with learning to investigate relevant topics, compose insightful problem statements, and develop compelling research questions, with consideration of scope, to extend your thinking.   Your teacher will expect you to demonstrate perseverance through setting goals, managing time, and working independently on a long-term project. Specifically, you will prepare for your research project by:

  • Identifying, applying, and implementing appropriate methods for research and data collection
  • Accessing information using effective strategies
  • Evaluating the relevance and credibility of information from sources and data
  • Reading a bibliography for the purpose of understanding that it is a source for other research and for determining context, credibility, and scope
  • Attributing knowledge and ideas accurately and ethically, using an appropriate citation style
  • Evaluating strengths and weaknesses of others’ inquiries and studies

As in the AP Research course, you will continue to investigate real-world issues from multiple perspectives, gathering and analyzing information from various sources in order to develop credible and valid evidence- based arguments. You will accomplish this through instruction in the AP Research Big Ideas, also called the QUEST Framework. These include:

  • Question and Explore: Questioning begins with an initial exploration of complex topics or issues. Perspectives and questions emerge that spark one’s curiosity, leading to an investigation that challenges and expands the boundaries of one’s current knowledge.
  • Understand and Analyze Arguments: Understanding various perspectives requires contextualizing arguments and evaluating the authors’ claims and lines of reasoning.
  • Evaluate Multiple Perspectives: Evaluating an issue involves considering and evaluating multiple perspectives, both individually and in comparison to one another.
  • Synthesize Ideas: Synthesizing others’ ideas with one’s own may lead to new understandings and is the foundation of a well-reasoned argument that conveys one’s perspective.
  • Team, Transform, and Transmit: Teaming allows one to combine personal strengths and talents with those of others to reach a common goal. Transformation and growth occur upon thoughtful reflection. Transmitting requires the adaptation of one’s message based on audience and context.

In addition, you will use four distinct reasoning processes as you approach your research. The reasoning processes are situating, choosing, defending , and connecting . When you situate ideas, you are aware of their context in your own perspective and the perspective of others, ensuring that biases do not lead to false assumptions. When you make choices about ideas and themes, you recognize that these choices will have both intended and unintentional consequences. As you defend your choices, you explain and justify them using a logical line of reasoning. Finally, when you connect ideas you see intersections within and/or across concepts, disciplines, and cultures.

For a glossary of research terms that you should become familiar with, see page 62 of the course description .

How Will I Know If I’m Doing Well in the AP Research Course?

Because your entire score for the AP Research course is determined by your research paper and presentation, which come at the very end of the course, it can be difficult to gauge your success until that point. Do yourself a favor and do not wait until your final scores come back to determine how successful you have been in the course.

As you undertake the AP Research course, there will be many opportunities for formative assessments throughout the semester. These assessments are used to give both you and your teacher an idea of the direction of instruction needed for you to master the skills required in the AP Research course. You should use these assessments to your advantage and capitalize on the feedback you receive through each. A list of possible activities used for these assessments can be found on page 41 of the course description .

Another way that you and your teacher will track your progress is through your Process and Reflection Portfolio (PREP). The PREP serves to document your development as you investigate your research questions, thereby providing evidence that you have demonstrated a sustained effort during the entire inquiry process. You will review your PREP periodically with your teacher, who will use it as a formative assessment to evaluate your progress.

Throughout the course, you will be assigned prompts and questions to respond to in your PREP. You will use this portfolio to document your research or artistic processes, communication with your expert adviser, and reflections on your thought processes. You should also write freely, journaling about your strengths and weaknesses with regard to implementing such processes and developing your arguments or aesthetic rationales. 

Your final PREP should include:

  • Table of contents
  • Completed and approved proposal form
  • Specific pieces of work selected by the student to represent what he or she considers to be the best showcase for his or her work. (Examples might include: in-class (teacher-directed) free-writing about the inquiry process, resource list, annotated bibliography of any source important to the student’s work, photographs, charts, spreadsheets, and/or links to videos or other relevant visual research/project artifacts, draft versions of selected sections of the academic paper, or notes in preparation for presentation and oral defense.)
  • Documentation of permission(s) received from primary sources, if required — for example, permission(s) from an IRB or other agreements with individuals, institutions, or organizations that provide primary and private data such as interviews, surveys, or investigations
  • Documentation or log of the student’s interaction with expert adviser(s) and the role the expert adviser(s) played in the student’s learning and inquiry process (e.g., What areas of expertise did the expert adviser have that the student needed to draw from? Did the student get the help he or she needed — and if not, what did he or she do to ensure that the research process was successful? Which avenues of exploration did the expert adviser help the student to discover?)
  • Questions asked to and feedback received from peer and adult reviewers both in the initial stages and at key points along the way
  • Reflection on whether or not the feedback was accepted or rejected and why
  • Attestation signed by the student which states, “I hereby affirm that the work contained in this Process and Reflection Portfolio is my own and that I have read and understand the AP Capstone TM Policy on Plagiarism and Falsification or Fabrication of Information”

It cannot be stressed enough how important it is to maintain strong communications with your teacher as you progress through the AP Research course. Not only is your teacher your best resource for learning new skills and knowledge, but also it is your teacher who will be responsible for grading your final performance tasks and as such, you should always have a strong understanding of how your work is being assessed and the ways in which you can improve it. Remember, your teacher wants you to succeed just as much as you do; work together as a team to optimize your chances.

How Should I Choose a Research Topic?

You will begin to consider research topics before the school year even starts. If your AP Research class is offered in conjunction with another course, such as those rooted in a specific subject or linked to another concurrent AP course, you will have some idea of the direction in which your research should head. Regardless of whether you know the precise subject matter of your topic, you should begin by asking yourself what you want to know, learn, or understand. The AP Research class provides a unique opportunity for you to guide your own learning in a direction that is genuinely interesting to you. You will find your work more engaging, exciting, and worthwhile if you choose a topic that you want to learn more about.

As you begin to consider research topics, you should:

  • Develop a list of topics and high-level questions that spark your interest to engage in an individual research project
  • Identify potential expert advisers to guide you in the planning and development of your research project (For tips on how to find a mentor, read CollegeVine’s “ How to Choose a Winning Science Fair Project Idea ”)
  • Identify potential opportunities (if you are interested) to perform primary research with an expert adviser during the summer, via internships or summer research projects for high school students offered in the community and local higher education institutions
  • Discuss research project planning skills and ideas with students who are currently taking or have already taken the AP Research course

You might also find inspiration from reading about past AP Research topics. One list of potential research questions can be found here and another can be found here . Keep in mind that these lists make great starting points and do a good job of getting you thinking about important subjects, but your research topic should ultimately be something that you develop independently as the result of careful introspection, discussions with your teacher and peers, and your own preliminary research.

Finally, keep in mind that if you pursue a research project that involves human subjects, your proposal will need to be reviewed and approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before experimentation begins. Talk with your teacher to decide if this is the right path for you before you get too involved in a project that may not be feasible.

Once you have decided on a research topic, complete an Inquiry Proposal Form. This will be distributed by your teacher and can also be found on page 55 of the course description .

How Do I Conduct My Research?

By the time you begin your AP Research course, you will have already learned many of the basics about research methods during your AP Seminar course. You should be comfortable collecting and analyzing information with accuracy and precision, developing arguments based on facts, and effectively communicating your point of view. These will be essential skills as you move forward in your AP Research project.

As you undertake your work, remember the skills you’ve already learned about research:

  • Use strategies to aid your comprehension as you tackle difficult texts.
  • Identify the author’s main idea and the methods that he or she uses to support it.
  • Think about biases and whether other perspectives are acknowledged.
  • Assess the strength of research, products, and arguments.
  • Look for patterns and trends as you strive to make connections between multiple arguments.
  • Think about what other issues, questions, or topics could be explored further.

You should be certain to keep track of all sources used in your research and cite them appropriately. The College Board has a strict policy against plagiarism. You can read more about its specifics on page 60 of the course description .

How Do I Write My Paper?

Before you begin writing your final paper, make sure to thoroughly read the Task Overview handout which will be distributed by your teacher. If you would like to see it beforehand, it can be found on page 56 of the course description . You should also review the outline of required paper sections on page 49 of the course description .

Your paper must contain the following sections:

› Introduction

› Method, Process, or Approach

› Results, Product, or Findings

› Discussion, Analysis, and/or Evaluation

› Conclusion and Future Directions

› Bibliography

Before you begin writing, organize your ideas and findings into an outline using the sections listed above. Be sure to consider how you can connect and analyze the evidence in order to develop an argument and support a conclusion. Also think about if there are any alternate conclusions that could be supported by your evidence and how you can acknowledge and account for your own biases and assumptions. 

Begin your paper by introducing and contextualizing your research question or problem. Make sure to include your initial assumptions and/or hypothesis. Next, include a literature review of previous work in the field and various perspectives on your topic. Use the literature review to highlight the gap in the current field of knowledge to be addressed by your research project. Then, explain and justify your methodology, present your findings, evidence, or data, and interpret the significance of these findings. Discuss implications for further research or limitations of your existing project. Finally, reflect on the project, how it could impact its field, and any possible next steps. Your paper should conclude with a comprehensive bibliography including all of the sources used in your process.

Make sure to proofread and edit your paper yourself, have it proofread and edited by a friend, and then proofread and edit it again before you complete your final draft.

How Do I Prepare For My Oral Defense?

Once your paper is finished, you may be tempted to sit back and rest on your laurels. Although you’ve no doubt expended a tremendous about of energy in producing a final product you can be proud of, don’t forget that the work is not over yet. Your oral defense accounts for 25% of your total score so it should be taken seriously.

Your oral defense is a 15-20 minute presentation that uses appropriate media to present your findings to an oral defense panel. You may choose any appropriate format for your presentation, as long as the presentation reflects the depth of your research. If your academic paper was accompanied by an additional piece of scholarly work (e.g., performance, exhibit, product), you should arrange with your teacher for him or her, along with the panelists, to view the scholarly work prior to your presentation.

As you plan your presentation, consider how you can best appeal to your audience. Consider different mediums for your presentation, and how those mediums might affect your credibility as a presenter. You want to be engaging to your audience while still being taken seriously.

Following your presentation, you will field three or four questions from your panelists. These will include one question pertaining to your research or inquiry process, one question focused on your depth of understanding, and one question about your reflection throughout the inquiry process as evidenced in your PREP. The fourth question and any follow-up questions are at the discretion of the panel. A list of sample oral defense questions begins on page 52 of the course description . For a complete outline of the oral defense, see page 49 of the course description . 

How Will My Work Be Assessed?

Because this assessment is only available to students enrolled in the AP Capstone program, your teacher will register you for the assessment when you enroll in the course. You should confirm with your teacher that you are registered for the assessment no later than March 1. 

You will submit your final paper and complete your oral presentation no later than April 30, at which point your teacher will submit your work and scores through an AP Digital Portfolio. Your presentation will be scored by your teacher alone. Your paper will be scored by your teacher and validated by the College Board.

You may find the scoring rubric from the 2016 performance tasks available here . You may find a collection authentic student research papers and scoring explanations available here .

Preparing for any AP assessment can be a stressful process. Having a specific plan of attack and a firm grasp of how your work is assessed will help you to feel prepared and score well. Use CollegeVine’s Ultimate Guide to the AP Research Course and Assessment to help shape your understanding of the course and how to complete your performance tasks effectively. When submission day arrives, you should feel better prepared and informed about the work you have produced.

For more about information about APs, check out these CollegeVine posts:

• Can AP Tests Actually Save You Thousands of Dollars?

• Should I Take AP/IB/Honors Classes?

• How to Choose Which AP Courses and Exams to Take

• What If My School Doesn’t Offer AP or IB Courses?

• Are All APs Created Equal in Admissions?

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The 101 of Writing AP Research Papers with 100+ Topics

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The Advanced Placement (AP) research program can help you improve your academic performance and fetch extra credits in high school. However, selecting good AP research topics is one of the most important parts of research, and only a few students excel at it. So, to help you with your AP research, we have prepared some tips as well as the best AP seminar topic ideas for 2023. Keep reading.

What Makes a Strong AP Research Topic?

  • Well-Defined
  • Addresses a Real-World Issue

Tips for Choosing an AP Research Topic

Choose something that interests you.

Don’t choose any random AP research topic or anything that seems popular. Instead, choose a topic that you can fully understand. Only working on something you are confident can fetch you the highest grades.

Understand course requirements

When you are thinking about some AP research topic ideas, always refer to the assignment. This will ensure that you are not getting diverted from the course requirements.

Consider research timeframes

A lot of efforts go into the research process. So, start looking for AP research topics as early as possible. The faster you can come up with a topic, the faster you can complete the assignment.

Consider the research sources

While choosing topics for AP research, choose a topic with multiple credible sources. That way, you will get abundant material to build a solid evidence-based paper.

Consult the AP advisor

Another thing to remember before choosing topics for AP research is you can always turn to your AP advisor if needed. You may need subject clarification while doing the assignment or to narrow down the topics – ask the advisor in such cases.

How to Create Strong AP Research Questions?

  • It should Require Evaluation
  • It Must be Researchable
  • There Must be Credible Sources
  • It Should be Engaging
  • It Must be Debatable
  • It Should Be Simple

Follow these tips to create strong AP research questions –

  • Form questions that require evaluation or judgement
  • The questions should be researchable
  • There should be enough credible and relevant sources for your questions
  • The questions should be engaging with alternative perspectives
  • There should be proper debatable points
  • The questions should be simple to understand

The Difference between a Research Topic and a Research Question

There is a minute yet distinct difference between a research topic and a research question. Research topics refer to the central idea of a research project. For example, global warming can be a general research topic from which you can derive multiple research topics, like, “The Impacts of Global Warming in the UK.”

On the other hand, research questions are specific questions that help researchers to find the answers they are seeking. So, research questions have to be extremely narrow and specific. A good research question helps to answer the what, why, and how of the research. For example, a good research question can be, “What are the impacts that global warming is inflicting on the youth in the UK?”

How to Use AP Research Topics?

Follow these tips to know how you can use AP research topics –

  • AP programs are usually short. So, look for the project titles at the start of the academic year. This will help you to focus on the planning and implementation of the project.
  • Always choose narrow research topics that will properly define the AP seminar requirements and AP research.
  • Look for a research topic that best suits your research proposal. Also, choose topics that allow you to use the research methods you are confident about.
  • Avoid choosing controversial AP research topics or a topic that feels unethical.

However, if you are not confident about narrowing down your topic, or generating one, take the help of the AP advisor.

How to Write AP Research Topics?

  • Create focused research questions
  • Identify and analyse the relationship between different perspectives
  • State the techniques,procedures, and perspectives
  • State your arguments and conclude
  • Back your conclusion wih synthesised evidence
  • Create research questions that are focused and connected to greater scholarly contexts.
  • Analyse relationships between multiple works, and identify the different perspectives within the topics and the scholarly literature.
  • State the techniques, perspectives, and procedures you want to select to answer your research questions.
  • Depict your arguments and conclusion and discuss the impacts, or create a new debate accepting the drawbacks.
  • Support your conclusion through compiled and synthesised evidence.

List of AP Research Topics

Simple ap research topics.

  • Discuss the lifestyle of the people living in the British countryside
  • Discuss the outcomes of the French War
  • The Advantages and Disadvantages of Thomas Jefferson as the President
  • Elaborately discuss the religious and scientific transformation
  • The development of the two-party system
  • How can you use musical chords to learn chemistry?
  • Elaborate the influence of the opinions of the juries on the decision of the Supreme Court
  • Discuss the impact of mathematics on sports
  • Art is an important part of education – Express the viewpoints
  • Show the effect of wealth inequality through proper illustrations
  • Discuss the ethics behind using animals in scientific research
  • How can you stop bullying and ragging in high school?
  • The influence of World War II in transforming technology and transportation
  • Analyse the most significant scientific activities in history
  • Discuss the religious cults that have impacted our society in some way.

Interesting AP Research Topics

  • The primary reasons behind the First World War
  • Discuss the impacts of the printing press on the world
  • Analyse the influence of the Hundred-Year War
  • The meteoric rise and fall of the Greek Empire
  • The remarkable impact of the Industrial Revolution
  • How does Big Data make an impact on our life?
  • The Infrastructure and the Contingencies of the World Wide Web
  • The risks of Cloud technology
  • The Present and future impacts of Artificial Intelligence
  • Analyse the influence of the Stroop Effect
  • Discuss how child violence shapes the personality of an individual
  • Discuss the best habits to improve the physical well-being of an individual
  • Give an overview of the best ways to check food waste in the US
  • How will global warming affect those countries that are most ignorant about it?
  • Should the voting age in the US be increased – Discuss.

Expert AP Research Topics

  • Explain the reasons behind the rise of GDP in the European Union
  • The negative impacts of noise pollution
  • The requirement of gun control laws in the United States
  • Discuss the concepts behind the Unified Field Theory
  • The concept of quantum entanglement
  • How is unemployment influencing US society?
  • State and discuss the oldest human settlements in the United States
  • Analyse the reasons behind the Great Depression in the United States
  • The different challenges African Americans face every day
  • What are the most pressing global issues apart from the Covid-19 pandemic?
  • Discuss how the Jews used the Holocaust narrative to their favour in Palestine
  • How to save blue whales from ocean pollution?
  • Discuss why some courses are made mandatory in schools
  • Choose an energy system and analyse it
  • Explain the dark matter theories.

Unique AP Research Topics

  • Discuss the importance of the Ozone layer
  • Explain the steps to solve climate change issues
  • Why should we pay more focus to climate change issues?
  • How can deforestation lead to major environmental disasters?
  • Is the Dodo extinct? How can we save them?
  • How can you save the endangered white rhinoceros?
  • The reasons behind the population decline in Eastern Europe
  • The impact of poor immigration policies on the economy of a country
  • Discuss how to take care of children with Down syndrome
  • Explain the concept of health geography
  • The Impact of Relying on AI in high schools
  • North Korea and its strange rules
  • The major drawbacks of genetically modified animals
  • Cat or Dogs – what makes a better pet?
  • The Significance of the war against drugs

Trending AP Research Topics

  • Explain the concept of imposed democracy in Africa
  • Discuss the industrial advancements in Ancient Rome
  • The reasons behind the high gender discrimination in Africa
  • Discuss the relationship between rising temperatures and wildfires
  • How to improve your academic writing skills?
  • How can you plan to reduce global warming by 2030?
  • Regulating advertisements for children
  • The advancements in obtaining plasma for treatment
  • How is Instagram proving to be the best way to market your brands?
  • Nanotechnology and its various implications
  • The negative impacts of crash dieting
  • The drawbacks of homework
  • The alarming unemployment rate in the United States
  • Choose a European country and discuss the national income of that country
  • How large-scale recycling methods can improve waste reduction?

Popular AP Research Topics

  • The copyright issues in the social media age
  • The most promising developments in the cancer treatment
  • Discuss the role of homosexuality in literature
  • Revenge of Hamlet – Discuss the theme
  • Discuss the most tragic novel in the last century
  • Nuclear energy as a fuel resource is too risky – Discuss
  • How have writers portrayed social issues through literature and paintings over time?
  • The impact of Brexit on the international trade relations in the UK
  • Inflation and its role in the banking system
  • Steps taken by the EU to minimise the inflation
  • The State Budget of the US in 2022
  • “Actions speak louder than words” – what life lesson does it teach you?
  • The reasons behind the popularity of Rock music around the world
  • Traditional music or international music – which one should you embrace?
  • Why frogs should not be kept as pets?

Miscellaneous AP Research Topics

  • Role of Banks in Maintaining a healthy economy
  • The risks of e-commerce businesses
  • Discuss the data encryption algorithm
  • Evaluate the Internet of Things
  • Data mining and its future
  • The contrasting wealth distribution in India
  • USA has banned abortions – Discuss
  • The colonisation of South America
  • Is the death penalty ethical? Discuss
  • Explain the influences behind the Roman architecture
  • The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
  • The ferocity of the Spanish armadas
  • The biology behind cancer formation
  • The benefits behind the Monarchy in Europe
  • Carbohydrates versus lipids in the human body

Final List of AP Research Topics

  • The rise in the formation of energy-efficient cars
  • Discuss how genetically altered plants can ruin the environment
  • Pesticides are more harmful than we realise – Discuss
  • Examine the main issues and the potential solutions for disposing of toxic wastes
  • The influence of people on climate change and the technological impact in speeding up the process
  • Space technology in optimal utilisation of resources
  • How does the current interest in space impact the future of NASA?
  • The declining snow leopard population and what it means for their future?
  • Pesticides and the increasing need for organic farming
  • Discuss how climate change is impacting the marine wildlife
  • The pros and cons of electrical vehicles
  • How can you save money for higher education?
  • Over-farming can cause pollution – explain
  • The Role of Art in the modern education
  • Discuss the osmosis effect

Most Frequently Asked Questions:

How long should my ap research paper be.

Ans: Usually, an AP research paper should be approximately 4000-5000 words long. Students get evaluated on the basis of the content, format, structure, and conclusion of the paper and how accurately they can cite the sources.

How is the AP research assignment graded?

Ans: There are two parts to an AP research   assignment. The academic paper, usually around 5000 words long, contributes to 75% of the final score. For the rest, 25% of the students are graded based on content, font, structure, and citations.

What are some good AP Research topics?

Ans: A few good AP research topics   are –

  • 3D-printed prosthetics for amputees
  • The pros and cons of subsidised housing in the US
  • The impact of Art education in the 21 st  century
  • The future of the automobile industry after the invention of EV cars
  • Young Voters and the Pattern of civic participation

How do I choose a research topic for AP Research?

Ans: If you cannot decide on project ideas, then discuss them with your classmates and brainstorm new topic ideas. You can also ask your seniors who have previously worked on AP research papers. You can also do some research about the topics online and make one after taking inspiration from various places.

What are the top 5 most researched topics?

Ans: Students always try to come up with fresh AR research topics. However, there are a few topics that students have overworked. The top 5 most researched topics are –

  • Art and Culture
  • Environmental Science
  • Technological Advancements

Is AP Research accepted in colleges?

Ans: Yes, AP research   papers are widely accepted in all reputed colleges. Students get AP seminar a research certificates after successful submission of AP papers. You can attach that with your college application and boost your chances of getting in.

What is AP Research in high school?

Ans: In high schools, AP research   is an interdisciplinary course that promotes students to work on their critical thinking abilities and research skills by working on a subject chosen by the student.

How do you start an AP Research?

Ans: Follow these steps to start an AP research   –

  • Introduce and contextualise the research questions and state your initial thoughts about them.
  • Review previous ideas and the studies made on the subject. Go through the old arguments and used perspectives.
  • Explain why you have chosen a specific research method and how you want to proceed with your research method

What are 4 common sources of research topics?

Ans: The four most common sources of research topics are –

  • Electronic sources found on the internet
  • Journals and Newspapers

What are the 10 types of common research papers?

Ans: The ten most common types of research papers are –

  • Analytical research papers
  • Persuasive or Argumentative research papers
  • Definition research paper
  • Compare and contrast paper
  • Interpretative paper
  • Cause and effect paper
  • Survey research paper
  • Report paper
  • Experimental research paper
  • Problem-solution research paper

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Advice to Future AP Research Victims

What I have learned from my AP Research project and what you should do for yours

Katherine Nguyen: Co-Editor | April 5, 2023 | 150 Views

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Just last week I had my POD (Presentation Oral Defense)  and soon will submit my AP Research paper with the rest of the senior class. For those who are not aware, every Academic Magnet senior must complete an AP Research project where they must conduct an investigation and explain their research and findings. Because all Magnet student will eventually undergo this class and it is a fairly new one, I want to give my advice to the future students at Academic Magnet.

Picking a Research Topic/Question

The most important advice I can give for picking a research topic is very basic: pick whatever is in your realm of interests. You have to spend almost a full year on the research question you choose so it’s helpful to pick something you will not be sick of by Christmas. One good thing about AP Research is your topic could really be anything from an analysis of a TV show phenomena to studying the effects of caffeine on students’ sleep schedule. Whatever your research topic is, just make sure it is something you are either passionate about or at least interested in. This will make the work much less boring (however it will still be boring at times). You also have to make sure your research question is addressing a gap, which is basically something that has never been researched or has been barely studied. But the trick for this is to address a small and feasible gap, not to find a cure for cancer or anything. Also ensure that your research topic has a lot of sources that could support your question and the reason for you inquiry. If you pick something overly niche with a too big gap, you will be lost and have no supporting sources.  This is essential in order to have a strong Review of Literature, a very important part of you research paper.

Finding Sources

As I mentioned before, sources are crucial to your paper in order to build a strong Review of Literature. In AP Seminar, I was able to find all my sources only using the websites provided by the school such as JSTOR, Academic OneFile by Gale. However, this year I could not find enough sources on these sites alone. For me, the best way to find sources was type my topic with the word pdf into google. This will often take you to articles on sites such as Research Gate where there is also a section of related articles. Now, often these websites will require you to pay to access the full articles but a simple copy and paste of the DOI into Sci-Hub fixes this problem. If you are still struggling to find sources try checking the works cited of research papers on the topic and looking up the articles they used. You want the sources you use to be credible so keep in mind it should mostly be journals and research papers. I also recommend you find some sources that are studies, so you can get an idea of what methodology you would do for your research. Many students, including myself, model their correlational and experimental design studies around sources they feel could support their research. This makes it much easier to collect and analyze your data in an orderly fashion and not feel lost throughout the investigation process.

Be Realistic

While completing your research project it’s important to make sure your project is feasible. Keep in mind of the time crunch. Do not be overly ambitious with your topic. You are a high school student with very limited time and resources. This research project doesn’t have to cure any disease or stop climate change. It is your senior year and you really do not want to pile on the work when you have college/scholarship applications and you other classes. Trust me, by the time second semester rolls around you really do not want to be struggling with completing your AP Research project especially if you are undergoing senior-itis.

Don’t Stress Yourself Out

While you probably want to do well on this project, remember that you do not need to stress too much. I know to many Magnet students this is easier said than done. Obviously it would be nice to get a five but many colleges don’t even take the AP Capstone credit, and if they do it is usually AP Seminar. If you read example papers you see that it is fairly easy to get a 3 so if all you want to do is pass there is no reason to overly stress yourself. I am not trying to say you should purposely fail. Still try your best but I just think it is important that you know in the back of your mind that if you do not pass, it is not the end of the world.

Procrastination

One way to help with the last piece of advice is to not procrastinate. I know to some Magnet students this is impossible and no matter how many times your teachers tell you not too, you will still put off the workload (I am very guilty of this). But not procrastinating really will save you unnecessary stress. Now I’m not saying you have to work every free research class (sorry Mrs. Smith) but not putting off major deadlines and things like data collection will make your AP Research experience much more enjoyable.

As the years comes to the end and AP Research is now mostly free classes and wrapping up, I can safely say that I feel pretty indifferent about my project. It’s by no means my magnum opus, but it’s still something I think will get a four. If not, it doesn’t really matter. Good luck to all future AP Research students and if there is one piece of advice you take away from this articles please let it be: Don’t make your research question – Are high-school students stressed?  Trust me there is no gap in this and it’s very boring.

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The Top 10 Most Interesting AP Research Topics

College Board’s Advanced Placement (AP) program can improve your academic performance and earn you college credits while in high school. If you participate in the AP Capstone program, you’ll have to conduct research in the second course, AP Research. To succeed, you’ll need to use your academic research skills to select your AP research topics.

Selecting a topic can be the most critical part of your research project, and it can also be the most difficult. To make it easier for you, we’ve provided some of the best examples of AP research topics as well as AP research questions.

Find your bootcamp match

What makes a strong ap research topic.

A strong AP research topic is well-defined. Because it will form the basis of your research, it should be clear enough that your target audience will be able to understand your project. It should also address a real-world issue relevant in the 21st century.

  • Choose what interests you. Don’t just go with what’s popular or what you think will get you the highest score. Make sure the topic you select is one you clearly understand and will be able to continue even when the research process becomes difficult.
  • Make sure you understand the course requirements. Repeatedly refer to your assignment as you come up with a project idea. This will ensure that you have a clear grasp of what is expected of you.
  • Consider the timeframe of your research process. A lot goes into the research process, so make sure you start looking for a topic as soon as possible. It may not seem this way at the beginning, but the course will go by quickly.
  • Consider your research sources. Select a topic with a wide range of sources that you can draw from to build credible and valid evidence-based arguments.
  • Consult your AP advisor. Whenever you have any questions about the research process, don’t be afraid to turn to your advisor for clarification. If you find it too difficult to narrow down a topic, you can also ask for help from other students.

What’s the Difference Between a Research Topic and a Research Question?

A research topic is the main idea for a research project. For instance, voting apathy is a general topic from which you can derive various history research paper topics such as “voter apathy among young people.”

A research question, on the other hand, is a question that your research seeks to answer. It is more specific than your research topic. It answers the how, what, and the why of your research. For example, for the research topic above, one research question could be “What are the effects of voter apathy among young people on civic participation?”

How to Create Strong AP Research Questions

A strong AP research question should be clear and precise. In other words, the question you are posing should be focused on a specific area and the language should be simple enough that the reader doesn’t require any further explanation of what you are trying to say. However, it should not be so narrow that it can be answered with a simple yes or no.

Top 10 AP Research Paper Topics

1. 3d-printed prosthetics for amputees.

In recent years, the field of 3D printing has made great strides, especially in the medical field. From prosthetics to 3D-printed skin for burn victims, scientists have figured out ways to help those who have physical challenges. If selected as a research topic, this would be an interesting way to discuss the future of rehabilitation and assistive devices.

2. The Pros and Cons of Subsidized Housing in the US

Subsidized housing is a housing policy aimed at giving low-income families access to affordable housing. This real-world issue has become quite a controversial topic. However, it is a great topic for your school project, especially if it has already been discussed in your AP Seminar course as one of the seminar topics.

3. Impact of Ocean Conservation on Climate Change

Global warming and climate change have become important topics all over the world. From a discussion of renewable energy to a study of the increase in wildfires, there are many approaches that you can take. Ocean conservation has become an important strategy in fighting climate change and would therefore be a perfect topic for an AP research paper.

4. The Role of Art Education in 21st Century Curricula

The importance of art in education has often been taken for granted. In recent decades, however, emphasis on STEM fields has raised questions about the role of art education and other humanities disciplines in modern education. Your research could focus on the benefits of art education for STEM students.

5. Food Waste Solutions in the US

According to the USDA, food waste accounts for 30 to 40 percent of the total food supply. This shows that food waste is a major environmental and economic problem. This is one of many real-world topics that would allow you to take an interdisciplinary approach, combining social sciences and environmental sciences, for instance.

6. Impact of Genetically Modified Organisms on the Environment

A genetically modified organism is a plant, animal, or other organism whose DNA has been artificially altered through bioengineering. There are many interesting albeit complex issues that can arise in research into the potential impact of GMOs on the environment.

7. Factors Contributing to Wealth Inequality in the US

Wealth inequality refers to the dissimilarities in the distribution of assets among people or groups of people. This research topic can be narrowed to focus on whether increasing minimum wages can decrease wealth inequality or on strategies for reducing the number of homeless children.

8. The Future of the Automotive Industry

Global car sales are expected to grow in the coming years. As the automotive industry is changing, this topic would be a great way to discover what these changes look like and how they will affect the industry. Selecting this for your project proposal would be a good way to build on what you learned in your AP Physics C: Mechanics class.

9. The Relationship Between Cyber Security and Ecommerce

Ecommerce is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the economy. However, as more people and businesses move to online transactions, there is growing concern about cyber security threats. A first step if you choose this topic would be to familiarize yourself with cyber security terminology .

10. Youth Voting and Civic Participation Patterns

This is an interesting research topic through which you can discuss the relationship between voting and civic participation in young people, the influence of social media on voting patterns, and whether voting trends are affected by the socioeconomic conditions of a particular youth group. One common research question is whether the voting age should be changed.

Other Examples of AP Research Topics & Questions

Ap research topics.

  • Effects of stress on the human body
  • The fall of the Roman Empire
  • The rise of cryptocurrency and its effect on the banking industry
  • The relationship between social media and bullying in schools
  • Homeschooling versus traditional schooling

AP Research Questions

  • How does emotional stress manifest physically in the human body?
  • What political developments led to the fall of Rome?
  • How has cryptocurrency affected the banking industry in the 21st century?
  • How has social media influenced the rise of cyberbullying?
  • What are the effects of texting on grammar skills?

Choosing the Right AP Research Topic

As we have seen above, there are many AP research topics to choose from for your research assignment. The research paper is your primary performance task in the AP Research course, so you should take care to select a strong topic.

Completing the College Board’s AP Capstone is a significant academic achievement that will put your academic writing skills and research abilities to the test. Choosing the right AP research topic is therefore paramount in helping you build your college profile, especially if you want to get into an Ivy League School .

AP Research Topics FAQ

Your AP research paper should be between 4,000 and 5,000 words. Your evaluation will be based on not only the word count but also your introduction, content, structure, conclusion, and use and documentation of sources.

The AP research assignment is graded on a scale of one to five, depending on how well you do on your academic paper and oral defense. You can visit the AP Research student page for further information about grading.

No, there are no AP research topics that are off-limits. The AP Capstone program aims at developing students who are independent critical thinkers, so don’t shy away from a topic just because it’s controversial.

The difference between AP and AP Capstone is that AP Capstone is a two-year diploma program that requires you to take the AP Seminar and AP Research courses, whereas AP is a general term for the Advanced Placement program. College Board offers both programs.

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AP Research – Definition and Achieve Success

AP Research is a multidisciplinary course that inspires learners to exhibit their capacity for critical analysis and academic research on a chosen subject. The College Board has introduced the AP Research course as a new component in its AP Capstone program. But what exactly does it entail? How do you succeed?

This article will explain to you about AP Research and more details on whether you should enrol and how to do well in the course.

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What is AP Research?

Students enrolling in the AP Capstone program take AP Research as their second course. It follows the AP Seminar . You can obtain an AP Research and Seminar Certificate by enrolling in AP Seminar and AP Research. You can also obtain an AP Capstone Diploma by enrolling in classes and four additional AP courses and tests. Although the College Board recently released the full version of this program in autumn 2014, you will probably benefit from it when applying to colleges since they can see the challenging assignments you have completed in these programmes that emphasise research.

So, what is AP Research? Students are invited to investigate a topic or issue that inspires them in AP Research and, accordingly, plan, organise, and carry out research around it. The course reflects the fruition of the abilities students gain in AP Seminar, including skillfully assessing sources, creating persuasive arguments supported by evidence, and looking at problems from several perspectives. By completing smaller research assignments in AP Seminar, you will be better prepared for the extensive research study you will be conducting in AP Research.

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Is AP Research Hard? What will I do about it?

The sole component of AP Research is a year-long research study. The final output is a 4000–5000 word academic paper and a 15–20 minute verbal defence. Additionally, you will be required to create a portfolio of the resources you used for your research. This activity is a wonderful practice for college coursework because it resembles a thesis project. 

The study project’s topics are typically rather open-ended. However, the main emphasis is typically on the arguments for and against societally significant remedies. For instance, you might consider whether the government should invest more funds in locating and promoting renewable energy sources.

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Under AP Research, you will be required to:

  • Discuss and conceptualise your research question and your preliminary ideas and theories about it. Your research topic is, “Should the government invest more money in sustainable energy projects?” Before beginning any new studies and research, you must consider and examine the question and share your viewpoints.
  • Review your previous theories , writings, arguments, and viewpoints on the topic. After that, examine the arguments in favour of and against implementing laws to encourage the use of renewable energy. The foundation for your arguments will be laid out in subsequent sections.
  • Elaborate on your research strategy and the reasoning behind how you came to this decision. This section will cover the process you used to gather sources for your study and how you gathered the data. It gives your argument in the following part more weight.
  • Describe your findings and explain how they relate to your research topic. This section will present your case using the proof you found during your study. For instance, your reasoning may argue that we should invest more money in sustainable energy projects since the long-term effects of relying on non-renewable sources of energy will be disastrous. You can also use your previous research to support this claim.
  • Talk about the consequences and restrictions of your observations while considering the procedure. Any qualifications to your argument in the preceding section should be discussed here. You will discuss those potential restrictions if you weren’t certain of a conclusion you came to or if there is some degree of conjecture involved. You would also discuss the implications of your observations in a wider context.
  • Discuss a course of action for the issue in light of these results. It is essentially the “so what?” section. Here, you will outline your suggestions for the practical actions that the world might adopt in light of your findings. In the given scenario, this might entail higher tax breaks for companies using renewable energy sources or a targeted reallocation of funds in the government budget to support more clean energy initiatives.
  • Give a thorough bibliography . It’s quite obvious what this means. You must properly cite your resources and ensure that they are reliable.

After submitting your paper, you will also present your study in whatever medium works best for the board members (teachers) for 15-20 minutes. After you submit your observations, you will be required to defend them. You will be asked four to five questions regarding your work by your AP Research professor and two panellists, and you will be expected to provide answers based on your investigation.

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Should I Pursue AP Research or Not?

First, you can only enrol in AP Research after passing the AP Seminar. If you want to pursue AP Research, carefully schedule your classes. If you want to receive the Seminar Certificate, AP Research, or AP Capstone Diploma, you must take this course. Also, students must remember that they must take four AP classes and examinations further to achieve the Capstone Diploma.

Some universities may give you credit or scholarships for taking these courses, or let you skip the prerequisite introductory courses that other students must take. It may ease your burden a little throughout your first year.

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If you enrol in AP Research, you’ll also be more academically ready for college. You will be accustomed to gathering and applying information to build a viewpoint on a topic. You’ll understand what to do when given your first research report.

Apart from these advantages, AP Research can be an enjoyable method to learn more about a subject that interests you. You’ll have a tonne of choice in selecting your subject, so you can investigate virtually any concept that you find intriguing. Students who want to enrol in competitive college programmes and add independent research to their high school education may consider taking an AP Research course. 

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How do you achieve success in AP Research?

Avoiding getting behind is the most crucial rule for succeeding in AP Research! You must be vigilant about remaining on topic throughout the year because your entire grade depends on one lengthy project.

Before you begin writing any of your paper’s sections, complete all of your research. It is challenging to make a coherent argument when discussing each element individually as you go into the discussion. Thus, it’s better to gather all the data first, formulate an argument based on the data, and then begin organising your work around that argument.

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You should be adaptable and recognise that your research question may necessitate being restated. You never know what roadblocks you could encounter or how your project might need to adapt as you gain more knowledge about your subject. Starting your research is the best approach to preparing for these eventualities.

Last but not least, pick a study topic that interests you. Working on a research assignment for an entire year can become tiresome. Discuss your hobbies with your teacher so that you may come up with a solid research topic that will keep you interested.

After AP Seminar, AP Research is the second course in the AP Capstone curriculum. It resembles an independent study course in that it consists solely of a one-year research project on your chosen subject. You must prepare a research paper summarising all your findings, following an oral presentation and a verbal argument defence.

For students who desire to be well-equipped for work at the college level, AP Research can be a helpful class. It’s a terrific approach to develop your abilities to conduct the research efficiently and create arguments backed up by evidence. It could also be a welcome respite from your other classes due to the degree of independence it offers students. It’s a chance to understand more about almost any subject or query that interests you! 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. how does ap research work.

Ans. Students have the opportunity to thoroughly investigate a subject of academic interest through AP Research. Under this, students develop year-long research-based investigations. They plan and implement their research to answer the questions coming up in the research work. 

2. How does one achieve a five on AP Research?

Ans. Students can achieve a five on AP Research by following:

  •   Recognise the exam’s structure.
  • Solve multiple sample papers to get a sense of what is expected.
  • View earlier AP Research lectures.
  • Consider long-term work.
  • Perform periodic reviews of the literature.
  • Stay on track, and create a framework and timetable that are both apparent.
  • Look for a knowledgeable counsellor.

3. Can you do AP Research independently?

Ans. Yes, you can independently study for an AP exam whether you’ve been homeschooled, in middle school, or just like independent studying. But self-studying for an AP exam requires initiative at the beginning of the academic year. Thus, start your preparations from day one to excel in your exams. 

AP Research

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ap research paper tips

To make an acknowledgement in a research paper, a writer should express thanks by using the full or professional names of the people being thanked and should specify exactly how the people being acknowledged helped.

The title of a research paper should outline the purpose of the research, the methods used and the overall tone of the paper. The title is important because it is the first thing that is read. It is important that the title is focused, but ...

The sample methodology in a research paper provides the information to show that the research is valid. It must tell what was done to answer the research question and how the research was done.

AP Research Advice from a Perfect Scorer · Finding your gap is probably the most challenging part. · Tackle your question. · Take every single

2. Read sample papers to understand the expectations. To understand how you should structure your paper, you can and should analyze past papers.

Find this useful? Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox.

Begin your paper by introducing and contextualizing your research question or problem. Make sure to include your initial assumptions and/or

[O P E N M E ] I took ap seminar in 2018-19 and ap research in 2019-20. What a process. It was tough, but it only consisted of 4

So, to help you with your AP research, we have prepared some tips as well as the best AP seminar topic ideas for 2023. Keep reading. What Makes

The most important advice I can give for picking a research topic is very basic: pick whatever is in your realm of interests. You have to spend

Tips for Choosing an AP Research Topic · Choose what interests you. Don't just go with what's popular or what you think will get you the highest

0.05 mm felt tip pen. This is used to trace the lines in the rough sketch. 12” x 9” sketchbook. This is where the sketch and the pen drawing is done. Adobe

Recognise the exam's structure. · Solve multiple sample papers to get a sense of what is expected. · View earlier AP Research lectures. · Consider

The main goal (and one of the most important parts to AP Research) is to have an aligned research paper from

azure event hub case study

azure event hub case study

Azure Sentinel with Event Hubs – Part 1

  • 17 January 2022

A common problem for large organizations using Azure Sentinel is the handling of data ingestion from applications. We show how our engineers have used Azure Event Hubs for a large environment of a global insurance company to control segregation of data, event filtering and volume control. First, we present an overall view of Event Hubs: what it is, and what it is used for. Second, you will learn from our engineers about the process and functionality of the platform. And lastly, we describe the benefits of using Azure Event Hubs and what value it brings to our clients. We aim to clarify the uses, processes, and benefits of Azure Event Hubs alongside Azure Sentinel. If you don’t know what Azure Sentinel is, you can refer to our previous blog articles presenting the Microsoft SIEM / SOAR platform .

What is Event Hubs and what is it used for?

Azure Event Hubs is a powerful and very scalable messaging platform offered as a PaaS service in Microsoft’s in Azure. The Event Hubs system handles event ingestion and a distributed stream processing. It gives organizations a fully managed solution to receive, process and store large amounts of data with high throughput, without requiring their own servers.

Event Hubs play the role of the “front door” of an event pipeline by sitting between event publishers and event consumers. It thus decouples the producer of an event stream from the consumers of those events. It provides distributed stream processing functions with data and analytics services inside and outside Azure to support the data pipeline. Thanks to the scalability and the hybrid deployment options, companies can easily respond to volume changes. Built-in monitoring and analytics features help to track the efficiency of the service, and eliminate inaccurate or unsuitable data sets.

Here are a few scenarios where Azure Event Hubs can be used:

  • Application logging
  • Preparing streamed data for further analysis
  • Outlier detection and elimination
  • Bridging On-Prem and Cloud log sources

azure event hub case study

Event Hubs is one of several messaging systems in Azure that provides a key capability of multiple sender/receiver concept. Unlike other messaging systems, it can handle event streams with very high throughput because it splits it into a set of scalable partitions which. Each can have single or multiple consumer groups as recipients of the messages

Why is Event Hubs useful?

  • The high throughput that Event Hubs can handle (1 million messages per second) is unparalleled.
  • The scalable nature of Event Hubs allows companies to start with small data streams (megabytes p. second) and evolve to terabytes p. second, without a change of platform.
  • Data can be ingested from a virtually infinite number of sources simultaneously, allowing for streamlining of multiple log pipelines stemming from multiple applications.
  • With Azure Policies you can assign Event Hubs to Azure Subscriptions thereby establishing a standard interface point for events between applications and services.
  • Data filtration reduces cost: consumers of data can establish filter rules which reduce the effort and cost of processing data
  • Integration with other services allows for Event Hubs to bridge the gap between Azure and non-Azure platforms.
  • Data transformation is available by using any real-time analytics provider or batching/storage adapters.

Example of Event Hubs feeding Azure Sentinel

The following example of Azure Event Hubs shows an actual implementation that we have deployed in a productive environment:

azure event hub case study

Here we have four log sources feeding into the Sentinel platform. Three of them reside in Azure (Azure Diagnostic Settings, Azure Activity Log and Azure Metrics from Azure) while one runs on-premises (Apache Kafka). The latter supplies event data from a logging platform based on ELK (Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana).

Azure Event Hubs aggregates the messages from the different log sources. The Function app formats and filters the logs before posting them to the Log Analytics Workspace that is being used for Azure Sentinel.

Summary of benefits

Using Event Hubs provided the following benefits to our client:

  • A standardized event service interface between various application and service components
  • Bridging hybrid cloud environments with on-premises system and multiple cloud providers all integrating into the same platform transparently
  • A powerful integration for a high-throughput existing on-premises logging platform (ELK stack) with Azure Sentinel, using readily available Apache Kafka interfaces
  • Segregation of responsibilities: application owners assure that their systems publish their log events to Azure Event Hubs, without having to worry much about the data volumes. Consumers can select which data they want to handle, supported by in-stream filtering and data transformation
  • Simplification: no need to publish to multiple API’s or consumers; publish data once, for all to consume
  • Governance: Azure Policies are used to deploy the Event Hub integration and to define standards for access control
  • Monitoring and cost control: Event Hubs provide detailed view of cost and various configurations for handling automatic resources sizing

As a consultancy company on the lookout for brand new tools and features to help defend companies from cyberattacks, Arco IT can help you leverage this platform’s features for your own needs. Watch out for our updates with more information from our experts who are using the  Azure Event Hubs  tool every day.

John Elliot Bannon McCullough

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November 27, 2023 by Izhar Alam Leave a Comment

Big data has revolutionized the way we do business. Analyzing information in real-time to capture actionable insights can be the difference between maintaining your edge and lagging behind. But, building the right infrastructure to manage your constant flow of data becomes complex. Azure Event Hubs streamlines your data pipelines for you. So, the journey from input to insights is seamless.

In this blog post, we are going to cover Event Hubs , event hub architecture , Event grid , components of event grid, and Data ingestion with Event hub.

Azure Event Hubs

  • Azure Event Hubs are designed for big data ingestion from a different variety of sources such as social data, web apps, sensor data, weather data, IoT devices, etc.
  • It is sure that we can receive events from a variety of sources, fast, and in order, and store events reliably and durably.
  • It also supports multiple consumers and consumer groups for quick and concurrent data processing.
  • We can choose to capture all incoming data in Azure Storage, or we can also decide to trigger Azure Functions in response to new events.
  • We can process data streams using Spark, or we can write our own systems for data processing and receiving events from Azure Event Hubs.

event_hubs_pipeline

What Is The Need For Azure Event Hubs?

Big Data is advantageous only when there is a simple way to process and get timely insights from data sources. Event Hubs offers a distributed stream processing platform service with low latency and smooth integration, with data and analytics services inside and outside Azure to construct your entire big data pipeline.

1) Completely managed Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

  • Event Hubs is a completely managed Platform-as-a-Service ( PaaS ) with minor configuration or management above, so you concentrate on your business solutions.
  • Event Hubs for the Apache Kafka system provide us with the PaaS Kafka experience without having to configure, manage, or start your clusters.

2) Support for batch and real-time processing

  • Ingest, store, buffer, and process your stream in real-time to get useful insights.
  • Event Hubs split our model, enabling multiple applications to process the stream simultaneously and letting you manage the speed of processing.

Also, read about DP 100 Exam – Microsoft Certified Azure Data Scientist Associate and why people in the IT Industry are thinking that it’s a great time to be a data scientist these days.

3) Scalable

  • With Azure Event Hubs, we can easily run with big data streams in megabytes and grow to gigabytes or terabytes.

Check out this blog in which we discuss the basics of PowerShell and how it plays a key role in the Microsoft Azure Certification Exam.

4) Robust Ecosystem

  • With a robust ecosystem available in various languages Java, JavaScript, .NET, and Python, we can simply start processing our streams analytics jobs from Azure Event Hubs.
  • We don’t need to configure, set up, and manage your own Kafka clusters.

event-hub-data-flow

Check out: Our blog on Azure Databricks for Beginners

Azure Event Hub Architecture

The main components of Azure Event Hubs are as follows:

1) Event producers: Any object that sends an event to an event hub.

2) Partitions : we can only read a particular subset, or segment, of the message stream.

3) Consumer groups : The data can be used by different consumers according to their own requirements. Some consumers want to use it carefully only once, some consumers used historical data again and again.

4) Throughput units: Throughput units are the foundation of how you can scale the traffic coming in and going out of Azure Event Hubs. Think of throughput units like water pipes, if you required more water to flow through, you required more water pipes.

5) Event receivers:  Any object (applications) that read event data from an Azure Event Hub is a receiver.

azure_event_hubs_architecture

Also check: Overview of Azure Stream Analytics

Azure Event Grid

  • Azure Event Grid is used to build applications very simply and rapidly with event-based architectures.
  • Event Grid has an inbuilt support structure for events coming from the different Azure services, like blobs storage and resource groups.
  • We will use filters to route particular events to different endpoints, multicast to many endpoints, and make sure your events are surely delivered.
  • Event sources – where the event took place.
  • Event Handlers – the service or app reacting to the event.

event-grid-functional-model

Also read:  Azure SQL Database is evergreen, meaning it does not need to be patched or upgraded, and it has a solid track record of innovation and reliability for mission-critical workloads.

Features of Azure Event Grid

1) Serverless application architectures:  Azure Event Grid connects event handlers and data sources. Use it to trigger a serverless function that examines images when inserted into a blob storage container.

serverless_web_app_with_grid_event

2) Ops Automation: Event Grid enables us to speed automation and clarify policy enforcement. Use the events to check automatically that service configurations are compliant, tag virtual machines put metadata into operations tools, or file work items.

event_ops_automation

3) Application integration:  Azure Event Grid connects our application with other Azure services. For example, when we create a custom topic to send our application’s event data to Event Grid and take advantage of its reliable delivery, and direct combination with Azure.

application_integration

Read More:  About Azure Data Engineer Associate .

Data Ingestion

  • Azure Event Hubs is a highly scalable publish-subscribe service that can ingest millions of events per second and stream them into many different applications.
  • To ingest data with Event Hubs we require to create an Event Hubs namespace and an event hub.

Note: To create an Event hub, make sure that you have an Azure subscription. If you don’t have one, create a free account before you begin.

Step 1: Creating and configuring an Event Hub Namespace

1) In the Azure portal, select + Create a resource  icon, type Event Hubs in the search box, and then select Event Hubs from the resulting search. Then click on Create .

create-event-hubs

2) Give a name for the event hub, and then create a resource group. Specify k21-phoneanalysis-ehn and awrgstudxx respectively, XX- represents your initials to ensure the uniqueness of the Event Hub name and Resource Group name. Then click on Review + Create.

basic-event-hubs-details

Step 2: Creating and configuring an Event Hub

1) After the deployment is complete, click the k21-phoneanalysis-ehn  event hub on the dashboard. click on  + Event Hubs.

create-new-event-hubs

2) Provide a name k21-phoneanalysis-eh, leave the other settings to their default values, and then select Create .

event-hub-details

Check Out:  Our blog post on DP-203 .

Step 3: Configuring Event Hub security

1) To grant access to the event hub, we need to create a shared access policy. Select the k21-phoneanalysis-eh   event hub when it appears, and then, under Settings , select Shared access policies .

grant-permission

2) Under Shared access policies , create a policy with MANAGE permissions by selecting + Add . Give the policy the name of k21-phoneanalysis-eh-sap , check MANAGE , and then select Create .

sas-policy

3) Select your new policy after it has been created, and then select the copy button for the CONNECTION STRING – PRIMARY KEY entity. Paste the CONNECTION STRING – PRIMARY KEY entity into Notepad. This is needed later when Processing Data with Stream Analytics Jobs.

connection-strings

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: can azure event hubs handle real-time event processing.

A: Yes, Azure Event Hubs is designed for real-time event processing. It can handle high-volume, high-velocity event streams in real time and support scenarios such as real-time analytics, anomaly detection, and real-time dashboards.

Q: How does Azure Event Hubs ensure data durability and reliability?

A: Azure Event Hubs provides data durability and reliability through features like event data retention, multiple replicas of data across different availability zones, and automatic load balancing of event processing across partitions.

Q: Can Azure Event Hubs guarantee message ordering within a partition?

A: Yes, Azure Event Hubs guarantees message ordering within a partition. Events within a partition are stored and processed in the order they are received, ensuring sequential processing of events.

Q: How can I integrate Azure Event Hubs with other Azure services?

A: Azure Event Hubs offers seamless integration with other Azure services. You can use Azure Stream Analytics to perform real-time analytics on event data, Azure Functions for event-driven serverless computing, and Azure Logic Apps for event-based workflows and automation.

Q: What security features are available in Azure Event Hubs?

A: Azure Event Hubs provides robust security features, including encryption of data at rest and in transit, access control through shared access policies and tokens, integration with Azure Active Directory for authentication and authorization, and network isolation through virtual network service endpoints.

Related/References

  • Exam DP-203: Data Engineering on Microsoft Azure
  • Microsoft Certified Azure Data Engineer Associate | DP 203 | Step By Step Activity Guides (Hands-On Labs)
  • Microsoft Azure Data Fundamentals [DP-900]: All You Need To Know
  • Microsoft Azure Data Fundamentals [DP-900]: Step By Step Activity Guides (Hands-On Labs)
  • Azure Data Lake For Beginners: All You Need To Know
  • Batch Processing Vs Stream Processing: All You Need To Know
  • Azure Databricks For Beginners
  • Azure Synapse Analytics (Azure SQL Data Warehouse)

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azure event hub case study

Understanding Data Events using Azure Event Hubs

Azure Event Hubs is a fully manaaged PaaS service that offers real-time data streaming service to process large amounts of data and events with low latency and high reliability. Event hubs is capable of handling millions of events per second that makes it the best candidate for various scenarios such as anamoly detection, application logging, analytics pipeline, archiving data, transaction processing, and telemetry streaming,

While working with large amount of data, the processing speed and consistency is crucial to the operation. Event hub works seamlessely to complement and complete the big data pipelines while working as the entry point for the solution to ingest the data from various different sources and continuing to process at scale.

In this hands-on lab, you will understand and explore the usage of Azure Event hubs to send and receive cloud events.

Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this beginner-level lab, you will be able to:

  • Understand and create Azure event hub resource
  • Send and create events using Azure event hubs

Intended Audience

  • Candidates for Azure Developer Certificate (AZ-204)
  • Cloud Architects
  • Data Engineers
  • DevOps Engineers
  • Software Engineers

Prerequisites

Familiarity with the following will be beneficial but is not required:

  • Familiar with Azure Portal
  • Azure Storage Account

environment before preview

Parveen is an Azure advocate with previous experience in the professional consulting services industries. He specializes in infrastructure and DevOps with a wide range of knowledge in security and access management. He is also an Azure Certified - DevOps Engineer Expert, Security Engineer, Developer Associate, Administrator Associate, CompTIA Certified - Network+, Security+, and AWS Cloud Practitioner. Parveen enjoys writing about cloud technologies and sharing the knowledge with the community to help students upskill in the cloud.

A Look at Azure Event Hubs Archive

4 Mins Read

Event-Hub

In this guest blog post, we are going to look at a recently released feature called Azure Event Hubs Archive. For those who may not be familiar with Event Hubs, Event Hubs is an Azure service that allows for large-scale ingestion of events. Customers typically send telemetry events to Event Hubs and then consume these events using other Azure services, like Azure Stream Analytics (ASA) or Azure Functions.

At my employer, TransAlta, we have been using Azure Event Hubs in our Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) projects. We documented one of our projects as part of a case study with the Azure Messaging team this past summer.

A common requirement for customers is to archive event data. Customers may do this for a variety of reasons. For some, they may want to look back at the events that were processed to support operational triage or investigations. At some point, if you are supporting a messaging solution, you are bound to be asked a question about whether a specific event was processed. If you don’t have the “evidence”, you are bound to lose that conversation. However, if you have the event in your archive, then you may be on the right side of that conversation.

Another use case for having an archive of your events is if you want to run an analytic “cold path”. In some scenarios, you may use an ASA job to provide a “hot path” for your real-time analytics that may be focused on a real-time event stream. Conversely, you may want a “cold path” where you are essentially batching-up a series of events over a longer duration, only to perform that analysis later.

You may be asking yourself, why would I want to enable this archive feature? I can build my own logger using log4net or NLog within my consumer. Yes, you can do this. But, you are now responsible for writing or integrating that code in your consumer. You are also responsible for providing storage and compute for that process to run in. For data that needs to be archived, you generally want to store this data in the most cost-effective location. In most situations, this place is in the cloud.

Configuration

Let’s now setup Event Hubs Archive and see it in action. For the purpose of this blog post, I am going to take an existing Event Hub that I provisioned for my Ignite talk .

Azure Event Hubs Properties

  • Next, we need to provide a Storage Account and a Blob Container before we can save our settings.

Azure Event Hubs Publisher

  • Note the taxonomy of the files. We have: <Namespace>/<EventHub>/<Partition>/<YYYY>/<MM>/<DD>/<HH>/<mm>/<ss>

Event Hubs Avro format

In this post, we discussed how we can very simply and quickly add archive capabilities to manage our Event Hub projects without any performance impact.  It is a great option for customers who want additional traceability and/or for additional analytic streaming options.

Do be aware that there is a cost implication to enable Event Hubs Archive. In addition to the costs related to our Event Hub Throughput Unit(s) and storage, there is also an hourly charge for using this feature.  Please consult with the Azure Event Hub Pricing page for more details.

This article was published on Nov 22, 2016.

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Data Semantics

Azure Event Hub vs. Azure Service Bus: A Comparison 

Azure

In the realm of messaging and event-driven architectures within the Azure ecosystem, two prominent services take the spotlight: Azure Event Hub and Azure Service Bus. Although both services provide dependable messaging functionalities, they each possess unique features and cater to distinct use cases. In this article, we will examine the fundamental distinctions between Azure Event Hub and Azure Service Bus, while also delving into their essential components and scenarios for their utilization.

What Is Azure Event Hub?  

Azure Event Hub stands as a meticulously managed event streaming platform, empowering the aggregation, retention, and examination of extensive datasets. These datasets can originate from applications, devices, and Internet of Things (IoT) endpoints. This service is thoughtfully crafted for high-throughput use cases, rendering it exceptionally well-suited for tasks involving real-time event handling and the streaming of substantial volumes of big data .  

Event Hub adheres to a “publish/subscribe” (pub/sub) model, wherein events are disseminated to the hub, and multiple consumers can concurrently process these events. With its robust partitioning and consumer group functionalities, Event Hub facilitates scalability and load distribution.  

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Key Components Of Event Hub

When it comes to producing events for Azure Event Hub, it’s important to note that there is a maximum size limit of 1 MB for a single event or a batch of events. Any events that exceed this size threshold will be rejected. This constraint ensures efficient and reliable event processing within the platform.  

Consumer Groups

Consumer groups play a pivotal role in Azure Event Hub, facilitating the simultaneous consumption of events by multiple applications or services from a single Event Hub. Each consumer group retains its individual offset, which signifies its position within the event stream. This offset management empowers different applications to advance through the event data at their own distinct pace, offering flexibility and autonomy in event processing.  

Azure Event Hub strategically segments the event stream into multiple partitions, where each partition represents an organized sequence of events. This partitioning scheme offers numerous advantages, including the ability for multiple consumer instances to concurrently read from different partitions. This parallelism enhances scalability and throughput, ensuring efficient event processing.  

Importantly, publishers need not be preoccupied with the intricacies of the partitioning model employed by an event hub. Instead, their primary concern should be to specify a partition key. This partition key serves the crucial role of consistently assigning related events to the same partition, simplifying event organization and ensuring data coherency within the event hub.  

Checkpoints In Storage

Azure Event Hub includes a valuable feature known as checkpoints, which serves to enhance fault tolerance and support resumable event processing. These checkpoints serve as storage points that retain the current offset or position of a consumer within a specific partition. This capability is instrumental in ensuring that event processing can seamlessly resume from where it left off in the event of a restart or failure, thus contributing to the reliability and robustness of the system.  

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What Is Azure Service Bus?  

Azure Service Bus serves as a flexible messaging service, enabling seamless communication between loosely coupled applications and components. It offers support for two core messaging models: the “queue” model, designed for sending messages to specific queues and processing them with a single consumer, and the “topic/subscription” model, which permits multiple subscribers to receive and handle messages. With its commitment to dependable message delivery, Azure Service Bus proves to be an ideal solution for a wide range of enterprise messaging needs and application integration scenarios.  

Key Components Of Service Bus

Azure Service Bus Queues offer dependable one-to-one messaging capabilities, characterized by first-in-first-out (FIFO) delivery semantics. These queues prioritize the processing of messages in the precise order they are received, and they provide a steadfast assurance of message persistence, ensuring the secure and orderly flow of data.

Azure Service Bus Topics facilitate the implementation of publish/subscribe messaging patterns. In this model, messages are sent to a topic and subsequently distributed to multiple subscriptions. Subscribers have the capability to filter messages according to specific criteria, enhancing the efficiency and precision of message distribution.  

Configuration For Parallelism And Throttling

Azure Service Bus offers customizable configurations to manage parallel message processing and mitigate throttling. Key parameters like MaxConcurrentCalls and PrefetchCount can be adjusted to fine-tune performance and safeguard consuming applications from being overwhelmed, ensuring an optimal and controlled messaging experience.  

Session-Enabled Entity

In Azure Service Bus, session-enabled entities introduce the assurance of a guaranteed First-In-First-Out (FIFO) order for both queues and topics. Senders can establish a session while sending a message by configuring the SessionID property. Once a session is accepted and maintained by a receiving client, that client gains an exclusive lock on all messages within the queue or subscription that share the same SessionID.  

For instance, consider a scenario involving a decoupled employee management application where the employee and company are distinct services. The company service necessitates sending messages to update employee details, a task that is handled by the employee service.  

Now, envision situations where a user rapidly updates an employee’s position multiple times or where multiple users concurrently modify the particulars of the same employee in a brief timeframe. In such cases, it’s crucial to prevent overwriting changes and maintain the order in which updates were received. To accomplish this, you can implement session functionality and utilize the employee ID as the SessionID. By doing so, you ensure that messages pertaining to the same employee are consistently processed in a sequential manner, preserving the integrity of the data and the order of updates.  

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Key Differences Between Azure Event Hub And Service Bus

This table offers a succinct comparison of the primary distinctions between Azure Event Hub and Azure Service Bus, shedding light on their unique attributes and capabilities. This knowledge is invaluable in making an informed choice when selecting the most suitable messaging service tailored to your precise business needs.  

Business case For Azure Event Hub  

Suppose you operate an online retail business and aim to enhance the shopping experience for your customers. Leveraging Azure Event Hub, you can gather and analyze real-time customer behavior data, encompassing actions like clicks, searches, and purchases. Thanks to Event Hub’s robust high-throughput capabilities, you can efficiently handle and derive valuable insights from this data.  

Business Case For Azure Service Bus  

In the context of financial institutions, the detection of fraudulent transactions is of paramount importance to ensure the security of customers and protect the institution’s reputation. Azure Service Bus plays a pivotal role in this scenario by facilitating real-time communication among different components of fraud detection systems. By harnessing Service Bus queues, you can effectively manage and prioritize incoming transaction data for comprehensive analysis and investigation.

Azure Event Hub vs Azure Service Bus – What To Choose?  

Indeed, when considering the task of preparing NoSQL data from SQL relational data, such as loading Cosmos DB with data from MS-SQL, Azure Event Hub can serve as a valuable tool for sending messages representing individual SQL rows. Subsequently, the receiver can process these messages and efficiently populate the Cosmos DB.  

However, if your intention is to utilize messaging services to decouple applications, as described earlier, Azure Service Bus presents an attractive option. It offers the necessary components and flexibility to achieve this architectural goal.  

It’s crucial to emphasize that the choice between Azure Event Hub and Azure Service Bus should be made after careful evaluation of various factors. These factors include data volume, throughput requirements, messaging patterns, and the need for message ordering. By thoroughly assessing your specific use case, you can make an informed decision and leverage the full potential of Azure’s messaging services to meet your business requirements effectively.  

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And you would be right. It has been around for years and has proven itself as the “big boy on the block”.

But let’s take a look at the newcomer. It is being sold as a carefree Kafka competitor, which even surpasses Kafka (according to Microsoft). So let’s have an objective look at “the good, the bad and the ugly” of this solution and if what they are selling is really as good as they claim.

What is Azure Event Hubs ?

Well if you want the boring sales pitch, have a look  here . Read it? Good, now let’s recap. Basically it is a direct competitor of Kafka but offered as a PAAS solution. If that is not enough you will also have a support contract to help you with all your worries and bugs.

Sounds great right? After working with this solution for a couple of months I have found there is actually a shadow side to this story. But first, let’s start on a positive note.

Vocabulary 101

Before we start praising this product, it is good to know the nomenclature used within the platform and how the terms relate to Kafka.

azure event hub case study

Without further stalling let us dive into the good points of Event Hubs.

Yes it is a fully managed PAAS solution. Setting it up from the portal requires only a couple of clicks. With it you get some great features:

  • You can create an auto-inflate cluster, which basically means that the cluster scales up to your needs
  • You can set up geo disaster recovery
  • You can create a Kafka enabled cluster ( more on this later)
  • You can choose with how many nodes you start in the cluster

Once you have created the cluster it is available through an FQDN. I must say I was impressed with what came out of the box.

On a side note, you can also create the cluster through terraform or ARM templates.

Replication

While replication in Kafka is handled through several parameters (either server wide or on topic level) it is something you can simply not forget to configure. The main reasons are performance and if your broker crashes, and you defined only a single partition, all your data is offline.

In Event Hubs this is handled for you in the background. Replication of “Event Hubs” partitions is 3 but you can not influence this figure at this point in time.

This is a plus for all of you who spent their time doing this on Kafka. No messy kerberos, no certificates. Out of the box SSL enabled and fully integrated with AD. This means that you can choose which users have control over the cluster, while reading and writing is done through access policies. These policies are defined by the cluster administrator, yet during setup one SSL certificate is always present giving full control over the entire cluster.

The administrator(s) can generate these policies and distribute the keys to the correct persons in the organisations. If you think a key is compromised you can easily delete it and regenerate a new one.

So all those who need to argue with architects and cyber security, this is definitely a big plus.

Kafka enabled

This one might need some explanation. Until recently there was no compatibility with the Kafka clients and Event Hubs but in May 2018 this feature has been added in preview. Basically it means that your consumer and producer for Kafka now also work for Event Hubs. There are a couple of things you need to consider:

  • So far only Kafka clients 1.X are supported
  • You have to explicitly enable this feature during cluster creation. You can not do this afterwards.

While this is a great feature, it would be nice to see it enabled by default.

Capture mode

Instead of having a service reading your data and writing it to storage, Event Hubs comes with an integrated solution. If you create an “Event Hub” you can choose to where you want to offload the data. You have 2 options at this point in time: Azure Blob Storage or Azure Datalake. Files will be created on an interval specified by you (a size in MB or by time).

Note that this feature will only work with “Standard” created clusters, not a basic one.

The bad and the ugly

azure event hub case study

Well unfortunately it is not all sunshine in Microsoft land. Next is an overview of issues I encountered ( some of them solved at the time of writing) ranging from “shrug” to “screen smashing rage”.

We said this was a plus, well it also has a drawback. The directory structure is in a fixed format and can not be changed. So if you want all your files in 1 daily directory forget it. Given that they work with a pattern it would be more useful if they let the end user decide how the file structure looks like.

Quotas, quotas everywhere… It seems Azure has a fixation on locking everything down with quotas. So basically you will run in the following limitations:

  • Messages can’t be bigger than 256 KB
  • Number of machines in a cluster is maximum 10
  • Number of Event Hubs is limited to 10 per namespace

Well the list goes on and on, more info can be found  here . From the support page it is unclear which quotas you will be able to extend or not, but worst case you loose a couple of days getting certain quotas increased.

Kafka enabled flag terraform

While an ARM template allows us to automate the cluster deployment, I was also looking into automatic deployment through terraform.

Unfortunately it wasn’t available which lead to the following series of tickets I had to create:

  • https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/issues/2099
  • https://github.com/terraform-providers/terraform-provider-azurerm/issues/1417

If both these tickets get resolved we can use terraform to create a Kafka enabled cluster.

Serialisation bug

This one has been fixed according to Microsoft in the week 30th of July. The problem occurred when producing messages through HTTP requests, as described  here . The messages were posted successfully on the Event Hubs but we were unable to read the messages using Kafka client libraries. When we used the Event Hubs native libraries it worked fine.

While this was more of nuisance then a blocking issue, I still believe it was poor compatibility testing from Microsoft.

Spark performace

When we were trying to write data into Event Hubs using spark, we used the native spark drivers from Microsoft and found that writing never exceeded 3KB/s, which was … slow and frustrating. From 2nd of July 2018 this was fixed and throughput is better ( still not ideal). As an alternative I suggest using the Kafka libraries as they seem to get a good throughput (for the dataset I tested it went up to 1.3 MB/s)

Retention period

The retention per Event Hub is no longer than 7 days. I have heard that they will update this to 30 days in the future, still I believe they should leave it to the customer.

Event Hubs namespace listens only on port 9093 for the client libraries and port 443 if you produce messages through an HTTP client. While this has some advantages for Microsoft it also gives some disadvantages to customers. Other technologies let you change the port, why hardcode this port ?

“Exactly one time” — semtantic

This feature has been introduced in Kafka 0.11 and has been described at length by  confluence . While it is complex to implement, it gives the end user so much more flexibility when joining streams and building real-time applications. So hopefully we will get this feature soon.

Kafka connect and Kafka streams

This one is easy, it is not supported. While there are plans to support Kafka Streams there is no mention of Kafka Connect. While it is clear that these 2 frameworks have leveraged the Kafka platform to it’s popularity today, I am uncertain why Microsoft didn’t support this from day one.

While it is obvious that Microsoft is trying to challenge the dominance of Apache Kafka (or Confluent) they dropped the ball on this one. The platform is riddled with bugs and a lot of features are still missing.

In 2015 Microsoft released an article comparing both Eventhub and Kafka, if you want you can find it  here , yet most of the info is inaccurate, out of date or twisted.

Time to update or remove it Microsoft, this is just shooting yourself in the foot. To give a couple of examples:

  • Throttling: Microsoft states it is a good idea to throttle messages and that Kafka does not support this. Yet you have quotas to throttle network and clients for Kafka. Microsoft stating that you can abuse Kafka is simply untrue. If you enable SSL on your cluster, abuse becomes impossible.
  • Security: They state there is no security, yet Kafka supports SSL and Kerberos

Well if you know both technologies you will find more inaccurate statements.

So should we toss it ? Maybe not. It really brings a couple of features to the table that are better or easier to do than with Kafka but for me the maturity is the biggest issue.

If you really rely on heavy duty streaming and complex operations on those streams I would still go with Apacha Kafka. It might be a bit more complex to set up but you get so much more in return.

As always I hoped you enjoyed reading, next time I will try to do a technical explanation on how to do a setup and explain how you can write some code against this platform.

I wrote this article from a personal view while trying to be objective as possible. These thoughts might not necessary be those of my firm.

Source:   Azure Event Hubs: The good, the bad and the ugly

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Azure Event Hub

In today’s rapidly developing world of technology, information has become the lifeblood of organizations. The ability to instantly collect, process and analyze data is crucial to making informed decisions, gaining insight and providing a great customer experience. Azure Event Hubs, a cloud-based data streaming platform provided by Microsoft Azure, is a powerful solution and designed to meet these needs. In this comprehensive guide, we will dive deeper into the basic concepts of Azure Event Hubs, examining its key features, implementations, and best practices. After reading this article, you’ll understand how Azure Event Hubs can help your organization leverage the power of instant data streaming.

Introduction Azure Event Hub

In this rapidly evolving digital world, the ability to instantly collect, process and respond to information is important for businesses and organizations. Azure Event Hubs, powered by Microsoft Azure, is a powerful and scalable event streaming platform designed to meet this need. It provides infrastructure for receiving and processing real-time data and events. In this guide, we’ll explore what Azure Event Hubs is and why it’s so important for building data applications today.

2. What are Azure Event Hubs?

Azure Event Hubs is a fully managed, cloud-based event streaming platform powered by Microsoft Azure. It acts as a hub to collect, consume, and distribute real-time event data from multiple sources, enabling applications to respond to events as they occur. Azure Event Hubs excels in providing reliability, scalability and operational efficiency, making it the first choice for businesses and developers and the fastest data in the world.

Some of the core capabilities and features of Azure Event Hubs include:

  • High throughput: Event Hubs can handle large amounts of data, making it suitable for applications with high data requirements.
  • Scalability: Designed to scale horizontally and vertically to accommodate growth in data flow.
  • Storage: You can allow you to store your data for a certain period of time by determining the retention period of your data.
  • Partition: Split data into multiple partitions to enable parallel processing and load balancing.
  • Publish-subscribe model: Supports publish-subscribe distribution model; many users can subscribe to the same event.
  • Capture: You can capture events and store them in Azure Blob Storage or Data Lake for further analysis.
  • Authentication and Authorization: Event Hubs offers advanced security options including shared access rights and Azure Active Directory integration.

3. Core Concepts

Before diving deeper into Azure Event Hubs, it’s essential to understand some of the core concepts that underlie the service:

  • Event Hubs Namespace: An Event Hubs namespace is a container for one or more event hubs. It acts as a management and security boundary for the event hubs it contains.
  • Event Hub: An event hub is a central component for data ingestion in Azure Event Hubs. Each event hub provides a distinct data stream with its configuration settings. Event hubs can be thought of as channels where data producers send events, and data consumers read events from.
  • Partition: An event hub is divided into partitions. Each partition is a distinct ordered sequence of events. Partitioning enables horizontal scaling and allows multiple consumers to read from different partitions concurrently.
  • Producer: A producer is an entity that sends events to an event hub. Producers can be devices, applications, or services that generate data.
  • Consumer: A consumer is an entity that reads events from an event hub. Consumers can be applications, services, or analytics tools that process and analyze the incoming data.
  • Event: An event is a unit of data that producers send to event hubs. Events can represent various types of data, such as telemetry, logs, or any real-time data.
  • Checkpoint: Checkpoints are used by consumers to keep track of the last event they have processed. This helps in resuming event processing from the last known checkpoint in case of failures or restarts.

4. Key Features

Azure Event Hubs offers a range of features that make it a versatile and powerful solution for real-time data streaming. Some of the key features include:

  • Scalability: Event Hubs can handle high throughput and scale horizontally to accommodate growing workloads.
  • Geo-Disaster Recovery: It provides geo-disaster recovery options to ensure data availability even in the event of a datacenter failure.
  • Capture: Event Hubs Capture allows you to automatically store events in Azure Blob Storage or Azure Data Lake Storage for further analysis and archival.
  • Auto-Inflate: Event Hubs can automatically adjust throughput units to meet your workload demands, ensuring that you pay only for what you use.
  • Time-Based Retention: You can set a retention policy for data, allowing you to keep data for a specific period.
  • Built-in Partitioning: Data is automatically divided into partitions, making it easy to parallelize event processing.
  • Publish-Subscribe Messaging Pattern: Event Hubs supports a publish-subscribe model, allowing multiple consumers to subscribe to the same event stream.
  • Security: It offers robust security features, including shared access policies, Azure Active Directory integration, and transport layer security.
  • Integration with Azure Services: Azure Event Hubs can be easily integrated with other Azure services, such as Azure Stream Analytics, Azure Functions, and Azure Logic Apps.

5. Event Hubs vs. Event Grid vs. Service Bus

Microsoft Azure provides a range of messaging and event-driven services, such as Azure Event Hubs, Azure Event Grid, and Azure Service Bus. It’s crucial to grasp the distinctions between these services to select the most suitable one for your particular use case.

  • Azure Event Hubs: Tailored for high-throughput data streaming scenarios, Event Hubs excel in applications necessitating real-time event processing, telemetry, and analytics. They are well-suited for ingesting and managing substantial data streams efficiently.
  • Azure Event Grid: Event Grid is a managed event-routing service primarily oriented towards event-driven situations. It’s designed for cases where immediate response to events is essential. Event Grid is typically employed in event-driven serverless applications, with the ability to route events to various Azure services or custom endpoints.
  • Azure Service Bus: Service Bus is a messaging service that supports both message queues and publish-subscribe topics. It’s crafted for dependable message-based communication between applications and services. Service Bus is a solid choice when advanced features like message ordering, session management, and transactional support are required.

The choice between these services depends on the nature of your application and its specific requirements. Azure Event Hubs excels in scenarios where you need to ingest and process large volumes of real-time data streams.

6. Use Cases

Azure Event Hubs can be applied to a wide range of use cases across various industries. Some common use cases include:

  • IoT Telemetry: In IoT applications, Event Hubs can ingest telemetry data from sensors and devices in real time, allowing for monitoring, analytics, and alerting.
  • Log and Event Ingestion: Event Hubs are used to collect logs and events from applications and services for real-time monitoring, troubleshooting, and analysis.
  • Fraud Detection: Financial institutions use Event Hubs to process transaction data and detect fraudulent activities in real time.
  • Connected Car Solutions: Automotive companies leverage Event Hubs to collect data from connected cars, enabling remote diagnostics and improving the driving experience.
  • Retail Analytics: Event Hubs can ingest data from point-of-sale systems and online shopping platforms, enabling retailers to gain real-time insights into customer behaviour and inventory management.
  • Gaming Analytics: Online gaming platforms use Event Hubs to collect and analyze game telemetry data, enhancing player experiences and balancing game mechanics.
  • Social Media Analysis: Social media platforms utilize Event Hubs to ingest and analyze social media data in real time, tracking trends and sentiment.
  • Supply Chain Management: Event Hubs are employed in supply chain management for real-time tracking of goods and inventory.
  • Smart Cities: Municipalities use Event Hubs to collect data from various sensors and devices, enabling the creation of smart city applications for traffic management, waste collection, and environmental monitoring.

These use cases highlight the versatility and applicability of Azure Event Hubs across different industries and scenarios. The service’s ability to handle high throughput and real-time data processing makes it a valuable tool for organizations seeking to harness the power of data streaming.

7. Getting Started with Azure Event Hubs

To start using Azure Event Hubs, you’ll need to follow a series of steps:

  • Create an Azure Event Hubs Namespace: Begin by creating an Event Hubs namespace in the Azure portal. This namespace serves as the management and security boundary for your event hubs.
  • Create an Event Hub: Inside the namespace, you can create one or more event hubs. Configure settings such as the number of partitions, message retention, and capture settings for each event hub.
  • Generate Shared Access Policies: Define shared access policies to manage security and access control. These policies grant permissions to producers and consumers.
  • Produce Events: Start by writing code or using SDKs to send events to your event hub. Events can be sent in various formats, such as JSON or Avro.
  • Consume Events: Create consumers to read and process events from the event hub. Consumers can be applications or services that subscribe to specific partitions.
  • Checkpointing: Implement checkpointing to keep track of the last processed event, enabling resuming from the last known checkpoint in case of failures.

Azure provides extensive documentation and tutorials to guide you through these steps, making it relatively straightforward to get started with Azure Event Hubs.

8. Best Practices

To make the most of Azure Event Hubs, it’s essential to follow best practices that ensure efficient and reliable data streaming:

  • Partitioning: Carefully consider how to partition your data. Effective partitioning can improve parallelism and load balancing.
  • Checkpointing: Implement checkpointing in consumers to keep track of processed events and handle restarts or failures effectively.
  • Optimize Event Size: Minimize event size to reduce data transfer costs and improve overall performance.
  • Capture Data: Use Event Hubs Capture to automatically store events in Azure Blob Storage or Data Lake Storage for long-term storage and analysis.
  • Use Shared Access Policies: Define and use shared access policies to control access and security.
  • Monitor and Alert: Set up monitoring and alerting to proactively detect and respond to issues or anomalies.
  • Auto-Inflate: Enable auto-inflate for throughput units to automatically adjust to workload demands.
  • Geo-Disaster Recovery: Enable geo-disaster recovery to ensure data availability in case of a datacenter failure.

Adhering to these best practices will help you optimize the performance, reliability, and cost-efficiency of your Azure Event Hubs implementation.

9. Monitoring and Analytics

To ensure the reliability and performance of your Azure Event Hubs, effective monitoring and analytics are crucial. Microsoft Azure offers a range of tools and features to assist in this regard:

  • Azure Monitor: Azure Monitor enables you to monitor the performance and availability of your Event Hubs and configure alerts for various metrics.
  • Azure Monitor Logs: Event Hub’s telemetry data can be brought into Azure Monitor Logs, allowing for advanced analysis and visualization of the data.
  • Azure Stream Analytics: Azure Stream Analytics is a real-time data streaming and analytics service capable of processing and analyzing data originating from Event Hubs.
  • Integration with Azure Services: Event Hubs seamlessly integrate with various Azure services such as Azure Functions, Logic Apps, and Power BI for real-time analytics and data visualization.

By making use of these tools and services, you can acquire valuable insights into the functioning of your Event Hubs, effectively address issues, and base your decisions on data-driven insights.

10. Security:

Security is a critical aspect of any data streaming platform, and Azure Event Hubs offers robust security features:

  • Shared Access Policies: Create shared access policies to manage access to your event hubs. These policies define permissions for producers and consumers.
  • Azure Active Directory Integration: Use Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) for identity and access management, providing secure authentication and authorization.
  • Transport Layer Security (TLS): Event Hubs use TLS to encrypt data in transit, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of your data.
  • IP Filtering: Configure IP filtering rules to control the IP addresses allowed to access your Event Hubs.
  • Private Endpoints: Use private endpoints to secure network traffic between your Azure Virtual Network and Event Hubs.

Implementing these security features helps protect your data and ensures that only authorized entities can access your Event Hubs.

11. Pricing

Azure Event Hubs pricing is based on several factors, including the number of throughput units, data retention, and data egress. It’s important to understand how these factors affect your costs:

  • Throughput Units: Event Hubs are billed based on the number of throughput units (TUs) you provision. TUs represent the capacity and performance of your event hub.
  • Data Retention: The duration for which you retain data in Event Hubs affects costs. Longer retention periods incur additional charges.
  • Data Egress: Costs are associated with data egress, which includes the transfer of data out of Azure Event Hubs to other Azure services or external destinations.

Azure provides a pricing calculator that allows you to estimate the costs based on your specific requirements and usage patterns.

12. How to create event hub

Step 1: Open Azure portal

Step 2: Search for event hub

search-event-hub

Step 3: Click on Create button

create-eventhub

Step 4: Enter the mandatory field like Subscriation, Resource Group, Namespace Name, Location, Pricing Tier, Throughput Units

create-namespace

Step 5: After filling the details click on Review and Create button

review-and-create

Step 6: review all details then hit create

review-all-and-create

Step 7: After resource will be deploy it required max 2 minutes after deployment click on go to resource

resource-deployed

Main page of Event hub

12. Conclusion

Azure Event Hubs stands as a versatile and scalable platform, tailor-made for the real-time streaming of data and event processing. This empowers businesses to seamlessly collect, process, and scrutinize vast volumes of data from diverse origins, positioning it as an ideal solution for applications like IoT telemetry, log aggregation, and real-time analytics. By gaining a profound understanding of the fundamental principles, standout features, recommended practices, and security considerations, you can unlock the complete potential of Azure Event Hubs within your organization. Be it the development of cutting-edge IoT applications, the enhancement of customer interactions, or the extraction of actionable insights from real-time data, Azure Event Hubs forms the solid groundwork for success in the era of data-driven decision-making.

FAQs on Azure Event Hub

1. what is an azure event hubs namespace.

The Azure Event Hubs namespace is a repository for the Event Hubs service in Microsoft Azure. Azure Event Hubs is a large-scale, fully managed service designed to consume and process millions of events per second.

2. Is it Possible to Change Pricing Tier After Deployment?

No It is not possible

3. Where is Azure Event Hubs Available?

Azure Event Hubs is available in all supported Azure regions.

4. Where does Azure Event Hubs Store Data?

Azure Event Hubs stores data in a distributed manner in Azure storage accounts. Each section has real-time status and data can be integrated, managed, and accessed. This design ensures efficient processing of information and feedback from the event service center.

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Ingesting Azure Event Hubs in Cribl Stream: Common Troubleshooting Tips and Tricks

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Event Hubs is Microsoft’s cloud-native real-time event streaming service. For Event Hubs to work, data must be pushed to or pulled from it. That is where Cribl Stream comes in. Event Hubs is a source and destination inside Cribl Stream and the control for how you route, shape, and transform your data from Event Hubs. But, one does not simply Stream into (or from) Event Hubs. There is a lot that goes into architecting an Event Hubs Source . The first step is to review how much data the producer (log source) will generate and size your event hubs accordingly. Microsoft has excellent sizing documentation for Event Hubs  here .

Sizing Event Hubs in Cribl Stream

Using the standard subscription, each Through Put Unit (TU) can accommodate an ingress of 1MB/s or 1000 eps (whichever comes first) and an egress of 2MB/s or 4096eps (whichever comes first). A Premium Event Hubs namespace will be required to handle heavier log volumes. A premium namespace offers much higher thruput. A premium Event Hubs namespace with 1 PU and 1 event hub (100 partitions) can ~5-10 MB/s ingress and ~10-20 MB/s. It is also essential to consider the number of partitions you will need to transfer the logs to Cribl Stream efficiently. With a standard subscription, there is a limit of 32 partitions per Event Hub. With a Premium subscription, there is a limit of 100 partitions per Event Hub and 200 partitions at the namespace level.

Further, Mircosoft limits ingress to 1 MB/s per partition. For example, if you have a log source that generates 1.29TB per day, you will need a Premium Event Hubs namespace with at least 2 PUs to meet the ingress requirements or a Standard Event Hubs namespace with 15 Throughput Units. In both cases, the Event Hub will need to have 15 partitions.

Third, on the Cribl Stream side, one worker process to one partition is not necessary, but sizing for data volume and having at least 3 worker nodes available is essential for critical workloads to provide resiliency for ingesting your Event Hubs data. Standard calculations apply, 400GB throughput (in+out) per CPU core @3.0 GHz with 2GB RAM. Please review our docs here for more sizing information on sizing, including details on Graviton2/ARM64. As a guideline, we have seen better performance for standard-level namespaces if the worker has a 3:1 (partitions to worker process ratio) as your largest Event Hub. For example, if you have 3 Event Hubs and the largest Event Hub has 32 partitions, you will want at least 12 worker processes (32 Intel/AMD CPU). However, for premium-level namespaces, worker processes can quickly become the bottleneck if you fully saturate a 100-partition Event Hub. Due to this, we recommend a nearly 1:1 ratio if you are saturating a 100-partition Event Hub.

In terms of Architecture, if you have a mix of Event Hubs and other sources, consider a separate worker group to, at a minimum, ingest the Event Hubs data.

Configure the Azure Event Hubs Source in Cribl Stream ​

  • Login to Azure and navigate to your Event Hubs Namespace
  • Write down the  Hostname .

Graphical user interface, text, application Description automatically generated

Finding the Hostname and Shared access policies

  • Click  Shared Access Policies  to open the page where you can select policies for your Event Hubs Namespace, and then click RootManageSharedAccessKey to show details for that policy.

A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated with medium confidence

Viewing Shared access policies

  • Copy and securely store the  Connection String-primary key .
  • Click on Event Hubs on the left-hand column and copy the Event Hubs name you wish to ingest.

Graphical user interface, text, application Description automatically generated

Event Hubs Name

  • From a Cribl Stream instance’s or Group’s  Manage  submenu, select  Data  >  Sources , then select  Azure Event Hubs  from the  Manage Sources  page’s tiles or left nav. Click  New Source  to open the  Azure Event Hubs  >  New Source  modal.
  • InputId : Stream
  • Brokers : Enter the Host Name you wrote down earlier, append port 9093, and enter the result. For example: CriblTest.servicebus.windows.net:9093 .
  • Event Hub Name : The name of your Azure Event Hub, for example: defender .
  • Group ID : This value can be Cribl. However, the groupID used in Cribl cannot be shared with other technologies. Failing to follow these guidelines may cause unexpected behavior, such as failing to collect logs reliably.

A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated with medium confidence

The General Settings tab

  • SASL mechanism : PLAIN (the only supported option).
  • Username : $ConnectionString (the default generated by Azure).
  • Authentication Method : Select Manual to use the Connection String Key generated by Azure Event Hubs.
  • Password : Enter the  Connection String-primary key  that you  copied  earlier.

A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated with medium confidence

The Authentication tab

Verify that Data is Flowing from your Azure Event Hub to Cribl Stream ​

Before you can verify that data is reaching Cribl Stream, you must ensure that it is flowing out of your Azure Event Hub in the first place.

One option is configuring a  Datagen  and a  Route  to send data to the Event Hub destination. We’ll assume you have done that or gotten data flowing from your Azure Event Hub in another way.

  • In Cribl Stream, open the  Sources  >  Azure Event Hubs  >  Cribl Stream  page. This should show your Source, with a message confirming it is working properly.

A Working Source

  • Open the  Live Data  tab. You should see the data that is flowing from your Azure Event Hub to Cribl Stream.

Graphical user interface, text, application, email Description automatically generated

Viewing Live Data

Common Errors

If the Event Hubs source will not connect after initial configuration, check to make sure :9093 is appended to the broker’s hostname in the Event Hub Source configuration tab, and your Connection String-primary key is entered correctly on the authentication page.

A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated with medium confidence

Brokers Hostname and Port

If Event Hubs is still having trouble connecting, check your Event Hubs firewall rules. You may need to allow the Cribl workers to connect to the Event Hub Namespace. More information can be found in Microsoft’s documentation here .

Rebalance Errors

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‘Rebalancing’ log messages are expected behavior when deploying a new configuration bundle to a worker group. However, if you notice a high number of ‘rebalancing’ log messages, you may need to tune some additional timeout settings.

On the Event Hub source, go to the advanced settings and increase the Session and Rebalance Timeout. Doubling the default values is a good place to start. Increasing max retries to 10 can also help.

Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated

Session timeout, rebalance timeout, and max retries settings

Collection lag or low thruput

If you notice collection lag, or lower than expected thruput for your Event Hubs subscription, increasing the Max bytes per partition and Max bytes settings will help alleviate the issue.

Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated

This server does not host this topic-partition

If you are receiving “This server does not host this topic-partition” Errors check to ensure the Event Hub Name entered in your Source or Destination exist in your Event Hub Namespace.

Destination Side – Server Busy Error

If you are receiving Server Busy Errors on an Event Hubs destination, this is an indication that more Through Put or Compute Units are required to ingest the volume of data that Cribl is sending if the Server Busy Errors are preventing sending the observability data in a timely manner.

I hope this troubleshooting guide has been helpful! If you’re new to Cribl’s products, I invite you to sign up for a free Cribl.Cloud account for up to 1TB/day for free! You can also check out our cloud-hosted Sandbox to try Cribl Stream with sample data.

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Azure Cosmos DB design patterns – Part 6: Event Sourcing

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February 6th, 2024 0 0

We’re excited to present the sixth edition of our blog series, dedicated to exploring design patterns in Azure Cosmos DB for NoSQL applications. Drawing from real-world customer experiences, our aim is to help you navigate the intricacies of JSON-based NoSQL databases. In this chapter, we delve deeper into prevalent NoSQL patterns, perfect for those new to this database type. We also focus on patterns specific to Azure Cosmos DB, demonstrating how to harness its distinct capabilities to tackle complex architectural issues.

Azure Samples / cosmsos-db-design-patterns

These patterns, previously shared individually with customers, are now being made more widely accessible. We believe it’s the right moment to broadly publish these insights, enhancing their discoverability among users. Thus, we’ve created Azure Cosmos DB Design Patterns — a GitHub repository filled with an array of examples. These samples are meticulously curated to demonstrate the implementation of specific patterns, assisting you in addressing design challenges when utilizing Azure Cosmos DB in your projects.

To help share these, we have created a blog post series on each of them. Each post will focus on a specific design pattern with a corresponding sample application that is featured in this repository. We hope you enjoy it and find this series useful.

Here is a list of the previous posts in this series:

  • Part 1: Attribute Array
  • Part 2: Data Binning
  • Part 3: Distributed counter
  • Part 4: Global distributed lock
  • Part 5: Document versioning

Azure Cosmos DB design pattern: Event Sourcing

Image event sourcing

Event sourcing is a powerful architectural pattern that has its roots in Domain-Driven Design. It represents a fundamental shift in how entities maintain their internal state. Unlike traditional methods that rely on direct serialization or object-relational mapping, event sourcing achieves this by recording a series of events in an event store.

At its core, event sourcing involves a container-like structure that records events in an append-only manner. This means that events are added to the log, but not updated or deleted. The result is a comprehensive historical record of all events, providing a valuable resource for various system functions.

This approach offers several significant advantages in application design. A key benefit is its natural pairing with the Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS) architecture pattern. In such combinations, especially with Azure Cosmos DB, the Change Feed feature plays a crucial role. It facilitates the read layer of the architecture, supporting patterns like Materialized Views, which are also often used with CQRS. Additionally, event sourcing can establish a communication layer for loosely coupled services, enhancing system flexibility and scalability.

While event sourcing can be implemented with different database types, it finds resonance with developers using Azure Cosmos DB for several reasons:

  • Flexible Schema: NoSQL databases like Azure Cosmos DB are known for their schema flexibility. This adaptability is ideal for event sourcing, where unstructured event data, often in JSON format, needs to be supported seamlessly.
  • Scalability: NoSQL databases are designed to manage high scalability demands. Event sourcing can generate a vast range of data volumes, from thousands to millions of messages per second. Azure Cosmos DB’s scale-out architecture, with its highly elastic throughput and storage capabilities, is well-suited to meet these demands.
  • Change Feed as a Messaging Mechanism: The Change Feed feature in Azure Cosmos DB acts as a centralized and scalable message publishing system. This is particularly useful in event sourcing patterns, where tracking changes and updates in real-time is crucial.

The Scenario:

A common scenario for using the NoSQL event sourcing data pattern is in building event-driven microservices architectures. Event sourcing can be particularly valuable in such scenarios due to its ability to capture and store all changes to an application’s state as a sequence of events.

Scenario: Event-Driven Microservices Architecture

  • Microservices Communication: In a microservices architecture, different services communicate through events. When an event occurs in one microservice, it can be published to an event bus or event stream. Other microservices can then subscribe to relevant events and react accordingly, updating their own state based on the events received.
  • Decoupled Components: Event sourcing allows microservices to be loosely coupled. Each microservice focuses on managing its own events and state changes without needing to know the internal workings of other services. This leads to better separation of concerns and enables each microservice to evolve independently.
  • Scalability: As microservices communicate through events, they can scale independently to manage varying workloads. NoSQL databases, which are often used in event sourcing, are designed to scale horizontally, making them well-suited for supporting the high throughput of events generated and consumed by microservices.
  • Resilience and Event Replay: In the event of failures or system crashes, event sourcing enables easy recovery by replaying events from the event log. By replaying the events, the application can reconstruct its state and continue processing from the point of failure, ensuring data consistency and reliability.
  • Audit and Compliance: Event sourcing provides a complete history of events and state changes, offering a robust audit trail. This is valuable for compliance purposes and helps track and understand how the system reached its current state.
  • Event Versioning and Evolution: As services evolve, events can be versioned, and new event types can be introduced. This allows smooth integration with both new and old versions of services. NoSQL databases’ flexibility in handling different data structures makes it easier to manage event versioning.
  • Event Replay for Testing and Analytics: Event sourcing allows easy replication of events for testing and analytics purposes. Developers can use a test environment to replay events and verify the behavior of services, while data analysts can analyze the historical event log for insights and business intelligence.

Overall, the NoSQL event sourcing data pattern is well-suited for event-driven microservices architectures, enabling scalability, resilience, and loose coupling among microservices. It’s important to design the events carefully and choose the appropriate NoSQL database that fits the application’s requirements and expected event throughput. Additionally, this pattern requires careful consideration of event schema evolution to ensure backward and forward compatibility as services evolve over time.

Sample Implementation:

Case Study: eCommerce Shopping Cart Application

Design and Implementation

Consider the scenario of an eCommerce company needing to track all changes to a shopping cart. Event sourcing is an ideal choice for this scenario, as it ensures the retention of all history and allows the calculation of the state at any point in time.

In our case study, whenever a change is made to the cart, an event is appended to the `shopping_cart_event` event store collection. This approach avoids the need for updating multiple containers for each change. The partition key ‘/cartId’ is used to support the most common queries by the shopping cart service. Other services can consume data from the change feed and leverage solutions like materialized views for different query patterns.

Code Examples

Consider the state of products in the cart maintained as ‘productsInCart’ . This could also be dynamically derived by each query or consumer. Here are sample events in the event store:

Cost Considerations

When designing and implementing this pattern, it’s essential to consider the cost implications, especially regarding the frequency and volume of events generated.

azure event hub case study

Querying the Event Source Data

After populating the event store with data, you can query it directly using Data Explorer in the Azure Portal. Here’s how:

  • In the Azure Portal, navigate your Azure Cosmos DB resource.
  • Select Data Explorer from the left menu.
  • Choose your container and create a new SQL Query.

The most common query for this appends-only store is to retrieve events for a specific `CartId` , ordered by `EventTimestamp` . For example, to retrieve the latest event for a cart to know its last status and contents, use a query like:

Advanced Queries

For more complex scenarios, you can run sophisticated queries on the event container, ideally using the partition key for cost optimization. For instance, if your application does not track `productsInCart` , you can derive this information with a query like:

In our sample implementation, we explored the event sourcing pattern through the lens of a shopping cart application for an eCommerce company using Azure Cosmos DB. The design emphasized tracking all cart changes as events within a single event store collection named `shopping_cart_event` , with `/cartId` as the partition key to optimize query performance. This setup ensures comprehensive historical data tracking and helps efficient data retrieval and processing by various consuming services. We gave concrete examples of event entries and detailed how to query this data effectively using Azure Portal’s Data Explorer, highlighting the practicality and efficiency of event sourcing in handling dynamic, event-driven data requirements in a NoSQL database environment.

Why it Matters.

Event Sourcing with NoSQL is particularly important for developers due to:

  • Immutable History: Ensures a complete, unchangeable record of state changes, enhancing auditability and reliability.
  • Resilience and Recovery: Helps system recovery and debugging by allowing the replay of events, improving overall system resilience.
  • Scalability and Performance: Supports handling large data volumes efficiently, crucial for distributed systems.
  • Flexible Querying: Enables detailed historical data analysis, beneficial for analytics and compliance requirements.
  • Microservices Compatibility: Promotes decoupled service interactions, aligning well with microservices architectures.
  • Schema Flexibility: NoSQL databases offer the ease of evolving event schemas without complex migrations.
  • Real-time Processing: Compatible with real-time data processing and streaming, enabling dynamic, responsive application development.

In conclusion, the Event Sourcing NoSQL design pattern offers developers a robust framework for building scalable, resilient, and flexible applications, particularly in complex, distributed environments. Its advantages in terms of system reliability, data integrity, and architectural flexibility make it a valuable pattern in the toolkit of modern software development.

Getting Started with Azure Cosmos DB Design Patterns

You can review the sample code by visiting the  Global Distributed Event Sourcing on GitHub . You can also try this out for yourself by visiting the  Azure Cosmos DB Design Patterns  GitHub repo and cloning or forking it. Then run locally or from Code Spaces in GitHub. If you are new to Azure Cosmos DB, we have you covered with a  free Azure Cosmos DB account  for 30 days, no credit card needed. If you want more time, you can extend the free period. You can even upgrade too.

Sign up for your free Azure Cosmos DB account at  aka.ms/trycosmosdb .

Explore this and the other design patterns and see how Azure Cosmos DB can enhance your application development and data modeling efforts. Whether you’re an experienced developer or just getting started, the free trial allows you to discover the benefits firsthand.

To get started with Azure Cosmos DB Design Patterns, follow these steps:

  • Visit the  GitHub repository  and explore the various design patterns and best practices provided.
  • Clone or download the repository to access the sample code and documentation.
  • Review the README files and documentation for each design pattern to understand when and how to apply them to your Azure Cosmos DB projects.
  • Experiment with the sample code and adapt it to your specific use cases.

About Azure Cosmos DB

Azure Cosmos DB is a fully managed and serverless distributed database for modern app development, with SLA-backed speed and availability, automatic and instant scalability, and support for open-source PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Apache Cassandra.  Try Azure Cosmos DB for free here.  To stay in the loop on Azure Cosmos DB updates, follow us on  Twitter ,  YouTube , and  LinkedIn .

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Jay Gordon Senior Program Manager, Azure Cosmos DB

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  1. azure event hub case study

    azure event hub case study

  2. azure event hub case study

    azure event hub case study

  3. azure event hub case study

    azure event hub case study

  4. azure event hub case study

    azure event hub case study

  5. azure event hub case study

    azure event hub case study

  6. azure event hub case study

    azure event hub case study

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  1. lesson 03 About Azure

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  4. Azure Memorable Experienced

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  6. The Office Hub

COMMENTS

  1. Overview of features

    Article 10/11/2023 16 contributors Feedback In this article Namespace Event publishers Capture Partitions Show 4 more Azure Event Hubs is a scalable event processing service that ingests and processes large volumes of events and data, with low latency and high reliability. See What is Event Hubs? for a high-level overview.

  2. Samples

    Article 10/06/2023 7 contributors Feedback In this article .NET samples Java samples Spring samples Python samples Show 7 more You can find Event Hubs samples on GitHub. These samples demonstrate key features in Azure Event Hubs. This article categorizes and describes the samples available, with links to each. .NET samples Expand table Java samples

  3. Resilient design guidance for Event Hubs and Functions

    For a detailed comparison of Azure messaging services, see Choose between Azure messaging services - Event Grid, Event Hubs, and Service Bus. Streaming benefits and challenges. Understanding the benefits and drawbacks of streams helps you appreciate how a service like Event Hubs operates. You also need this context when making impactful ...

  4. azure event hub case study

    Peter Lasne July 6th, 2023 0 2 Our team was working on a project recently where Azure Event Hub was used in several different ways. We wanted to share these different use-cases and how we used Event Hubs to address those requirements.

  5. Event Hubs—Real-Time Data Ingestion

    Event Hubs is a fully managed, real-time data ingestion service that's simple, trusted, and scalable. Stream millions of events per second from any source to build dynamic data pipelines and immediately respond to business challenges. Keep processing data during emergencies using the geo-disaster recovery and geo-replication features.

  6. Real-time ingestion with Event Hub and Synapse

    Published Jun 20 2022 08:49 AM 6,167 Views undefined Some weeks ago, my manager encouraged us to create some relevant scenarios that help us to learn new things and before that I was already learning Azure Synapse Analytics.

  7. Unveiling The Secrets Of Azure Event Hubs: A Guide To Capacity Planning

    Understanding Azure Event Hubs Properties. Before delving into capacity planning, let's understand the key components of Azure Event Hubs. One noteworthy component is the Event Hub itself, a highly scalable data streaming platform designed for real-time data analysis. Azure Event Hubs offers four tiers—Basic, Standard, Premium, and ...

  8. Case Study: Integrating Scheduled Events into a Decentralized Database

    Case Study: Integrating Scheduled Events into a Decentralized Database Deployment By wilsonadam Published Apr 26 2023 12:20 PM 3,433 Views undefined This case study focuses on Contoso, an Azure customer who uses Cassandra DB along with scheduled events to power their highly available internal and customer-facing applications.

  9. Scaling Out Azure Functions With Event Hubs Effectively 2

    2 Event Hub Namespace which includes only 1 Event Hub. In this case study, total number of message/sec is 23,800, and the system needs 24 TU. As default, max number of TU is 20. You can ask Azure support to increase TU, but I prefer to separate namespace, because it's easy to setup and each namespace needs 12TU now and can be scaled by 20TU ...

  10. Azure Sentinel with Event Hubs

    17 January 2022 A common problem for large organizations using Azure Sentinel is the handling of data ingestion from applications. We show how our engineers have used Azure Event Hubs for a large environment of a global insurance company to control segregation of data, event filtering and volume control.

  11. Azure Event Hub

    Step 1: Creating and configuring an Event Hub Namespace. 1) In the Azure portal, select + Create a resource icon, type Event Hubs in the search box, and then select Event Hubs from the resulting search. Then click on Create. 2) Give a name for the event hub, and then create a resource group.

  12. Event Hubs with Azure Functions

    Azure Event Hubs is a highly scalable event processing service that can receive millions of events per second. Before diving into the patterns and best practices for Azure Functions integration, it's best to understanding the fundamental components of Event Hubs. The following diagram shows the Event Hubs stream processing architecture: Events

  13. Cloud Academy

    Azure Event Hubs is a fully manaaged PaaS service that offers real-time data streaming service to process large amounts of data and events with low latency and high reliability.

  14. A Look at Azure Event Hubs Archive

    Within the Azure portal, find your Event Hub and click on Properties. Enable the Archive feature by turning the slider to On. We also need to specify the Time Window and the Size Window. Note: The values posted are the default values. The minimum window is 60 seconds up to 900 seconds, which is 15 minutes.

  15. Azure Event Hub vs. Azure Service Bus: A Comparison

    Azure Event Hub stands as a meticulously managed event streaming platform, empowering the aggregation, retention, and examination of extensive datasets. These datasets can originate from applications, devices, and Internet of Things (IoT) endpoints. This service is thoughtfully crafted for high-throughput use cases, rendering it exceptionally ...

  16. Azure Event Hubs: The good, the bad and the ugly

    Capture mode. Instead of having a service reading your data and writing it to storage, Event Hubs comes with an integrated solution. If you create an "Event Hub" you can choose to where you want to offload the data. You have 2 options at this point in time: Azure Blob Storage or Azure Datalake.

  17. Unlocking Real-Time Insights: Streaming Azure Event Hub Data to

    Streaming data from Kafka, Azure Event Hubs, etc. is a common practice in modern data processing and analytics. These platforms are designed to handle large volumes of real-time data and provide a ...

  18. Solving an Azure Event Hubs Issue for our Largest Cribl.Cloud Customer

    Solving an Azure Event Hubs Issue for our Largest Cribl.Cloud Customer Putting Customers First and Amplifying Our Core Values Written by Brandon McCombs December 19, 2022 Cribl places high importance on its core values of Customer First, Always; Together; Curious; Irreverent but Serious, and Transparent.

  19. Quickstart: Create an event hub using Azure portal

    Next steps Azure Event Hubs is a Big Data streaming platform and event ingestion service that can receive and process millions of events per second. Event Hubs can process and store events, data, or telemetry produced by distributed software and devices.

  20. Azure Event Hub

    Azure Event Hubs: Tailored for high-throughput data streaming scenarios, Event Hubs excel in applications necessitating real-time event processing, telemetry, and analytics. They are well-suited for ingesting and managing substantial data streams efficiently. Azure Event Grid: Event Grid is a managed event-routing service primarily oriented towards event-driven situations.

  21. Customer and Partner Success Stories

    Start free Explore Azure customer success stories and case studies to see how organizations all over the world are optimizing their costs and gaining new capabilities.

  22. Ingesting Azure Event Hubs in Cribl Stream: Common Troubleshooting Tips

    From a Cribl Stream instance's or Group's Manage submenu, select Data > Sources, then select Azure Event Hubs from the Manage Sources page's tiles or left nav. Click New Source to open the Azure Event Hubs > New Source modal. Brokers: Enter the Host Name you wrote down earlier, append port 9093, and enter the result.

  23. AZ-204: Develop event-based solutions

    Developer Azure Event Grid Azure Event Hubs Learn how to build applications with event-based architectures by integrating Azure Event Grid and Azure Event Hubs in to your solution. Prerequisites At least one year of experience developing scalable solutions through all phases of software development.

  24. Azure Cosmos DB design patterns

    Case Study: eCommerce Shopping Cart Application. Design and Implementation. Consider the scenario of an eCommerce company needing to track all changes to a shopping cart. Event sourcing is an ideal choice for this scenario, as it ensures the retention of all history and allows the calculation of the state at any point in time.