Type Annotations in JavaScript

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Static Typing is the number one feature missing in JavaScript, according to 16K developers participating in the State of JavaScript survey 2022 . There are so many opinions and conversations around it, that TC39 , the committee which standardizes the JavaScript language launched a new Stage 0 proposal to enable JavaScript developers to add type annotations to their JavaScript code.

JavaScript Soft Typing Support

Let’s understand what is happening and why this could have a major impact on how we write JavaScript.

A Little Bit of History: TypeScript, JavaScript, and Concepts

When JavaScript was first released 27 years ago, it was designed to be a dynamic language or weakly typed language, meaning that developers can't specify the types of information that will be stored in a variable in advance. JavaScript assigns the type of a variable based on the information assigned to it. (e.g. arrays, strings, object, etc). The opposite is Strongly typed language, where specifying types in advance is enforced by the compiler, such as Java, C# and Rust.

Having a weakly typed language is a bittersweet experience.

The sweet part is because it gives you a lot of flexibility and less developer effort as the compiler performs certain kinds of type conversions. The bitter part is because fewer errors are caught at compile time, leaving many bugs to be caught at runtime.

Weakly typed languages allows to things like this: 1 + “1” = 11

And errors like this: x does not have a method 'foo'

As well as other similar errors and weird stuff that could be preventable by adding type syntax. That’s why TypeScript was invented.

JavaScript + Types = TypeScript

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript, meaning that you can completely write valid JavaScript without using any extra features Typescript offers. You can build on JavaScript by adding syntax for type declarations, classes, and other features with type-checking.

In other words, Typescript is a type-checking language that doesn’t change how JavaScript is interpreted by the browser.

TypeScript was first released in 2012 and “is a strongly typed programming language that builds on JavaScript, giving you better tooling at any scale”, is now the seventh most popular language among developers according to Stack Overflow survey 2021 , and fourth according to The State of the Octoverse .

JavaScript Soft Typing Support

Its use and adoption have been extensive, exponential, and explosive! But, it really started to take off in 2017. Its popularity has been growing because, by providing checking syntax on top of JavaScript , TypeScript allows developers to type check their code, helping find bugs and improve documentation of large JavaScript code bases.

Some argue that TypeScript faces the same fate as Coffeescript, which includes improvements for the JavaScript Language such as for..of loops. Those improvements were later included in the JavaScript language itself in ES6, making CoffeScript irrelevant. TypeScript, as a “superset” of JS, could become irrelevant if JavaScript itself adopts all the TypeScript improvements.

Because JavaScript is the lingua franca of the web, a small change can potentially break millions of sites and applications. Luckily, TC39 members always consider features that are completely backward-compatible.

TypeScript is so compatible with JavaScript that if you change a JavaScript file extension for .ts , boom! You have a valid TypeScript file! And, the extra type syntax is optional. You only add it if it brings benefits to you, no wonder why is growing in popularity.

JavaScript Soft Typing Support

Deep Dive into the Proposal: Type Declarations in JavaScript

The main purpose of the proposal is to “Reserve a space for static type syntax inside the ECMAScript language. JavaScript engines would treat type syntax as comments”. TC39 Proposal that means:

Everything in this proposal has no runtime behavior and would be ignored by a JavaScript runtime.

Type Annotations in Variables and Functions

Using type annotations, a developer can explicitly state the type of variable or expression (if it’s a string, type, boolean…). They start with colon : followed by the type. Check the following example:

If x is assigned to a number x = 10 , TypeScript will throw an error. However, the JavaScript engine follows the TC39 proposal. The result won’t throw an error , because annotations are equivalent to comments . They don’t change the semantics of the program.

So what’s the difference?

Well, because a picture is worth a thousand words, check this out:

JavaScript Soft Typing Support

<center><figcaption>[Before and after type annotations](https://tc39.es/proposal-type-annotations/)<figcaption></center>

This means that when you write JavaScript with type annotations, it won’t throw an error anymore. Even if you state that x is a string and you assigned it to a number; you won’t see a comment as such, instead, it will remain as a comment inside the javascript engine, the runtime code will be interpreted like this:

Currently, a “plugin” is necessary in some tools if you want TypeScript to work. But with this proposal, these tools could support type annotations by default. Full TypeScript support, could remain an opt-in mode.

Basically, the transpilation from TypeScript to JavaScript is avoided. If you create a TypeScript program, it should run without transpiling.

You can have annotations placed on parameters inside a function, to specify the types that function accepts, for example:

In this case, only numbers are accepted as parameters, and the return value of the function will be a boolean.

Type Declarations: Type Alias

Type aliasing consists of giving one type a new name; it doesn’t create a new type. It can declare a name for a broader set of types. Aliasing a primitive isn’t very practical as it’s easy using primitive types, but one of the best usages is for documentation purposes.

Will all of TypeScript be supported by this proposal?

Short answer: no. Only the main types that are shown in the section below. For example enums, namespaces and class parameter properties are unlikely to be supported . In addition, specifying type arguments at function call-sites may require a slightly different syntax

Kinds of Types

The allowed types in this proposal are :

  • Simple "identifier" style: number, Foo, string
  • Adding ?: number?, ?number, Foo?
  • Adding parentheses after an identifier: . string[], Foo<T>, Foo<T extends ReturnType<Bar>>
  • Starting with parentheses: {x: number, y: number}, {|x: number, y: number|}, (() => number)

There are other types into consideration, but for now, the types above will be supported.

Parameter Optionality

When declaring parameters for a function in JavaScript, all the parameters are required and if the client has no value for the parameter, they can pass the “null” value instead. If the client doesn’t pass any value (not even null) the parameters will be assigned to undefined which can be a source of errors. The parameter optionality means that the parameters for that function are not required, they are optional.

Parameter Optionality Syntax

You just need to add the question mark “?” between the parameter name and the colon “:” as shown in the example below.

In this case, param2 is optional, param1 is required.

Generics is one of the main tools in the toolbox for creating reusable components in languages such as C# or Java, this means, being able to create components that work with multiple types instead of just one. This could be useful in the way the user can use their own types.

If you are familiar with TypeScript, this is where the famous any type comes into play.

Any type is the most generic one. The example above means that the function allows specifying arbitrary properties, even ones that don’t exist. But, we are losing the information about the type when the function returns . For example, if we pass a number, the only information we have is that it is any type, not a number.

There is a way of capturing the type of the argument that describes what’s being returned: using the type variable that works on types rather than values, giving us type safety.

What’s next?

For this proposal to be fully integrated to JavaScript, it needs to pass four stages. Right now is in the first stage: accepted for consideration.

Here are the stages for the TC39 process:

  • 🙋Stage 0: To be proposed
  • 💡 Stage 1: Accepted for consideration
  • ✍🏻 Stage 2: Draft
  • 📝 Stage 3: Candidate - waiting for implementation
  • ✅ Stage 4: Accepted

For more information on how the process works, visit the official documentation .

Some argue that Type Annotations are the future, and this proposal will likely be accepted since it is one of the most (or the most) requested features in JavaScript.

One of the co-autors of this proposal Gil Tayar , says that if this proposal lands:

  • There will be no more transpilations of most of TS and Flow
  • With real browser ESM, removing all tooling during development will be possible
  • Code will still be checked by third-party checkers (TS and Flow)
  • Slow converge of incompatible TS/FLow to the new syntax
  • Tooling will become much simpler
  • Other type systems will be experimented with, but it will take time, probably years, but it will be worth the wait.

Before you go

Want more developer articles like this? Follow @statefulhq on Twitter to be alerted when Stateful publishes developer content.

Relevant links

  • https://css-tricks.com/the-relevance-of-typescript-in-2022
  • https://www.quora.com/Why-is-TypeScript-a-superset-of-JavaScript
  • https://medium.com/@tomdale/glimmer-js-whats-the-deal-with-typescript-f666d1a3aad0
  • https://medium.com/swlh/typescript-annotation-inference-eb714f66fb11
  • https://nodesource.com/blog/new-JavaScript-era-coming
  • https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-are-type-aliases-and-how-to-create-it-in-typescript
  • https://dotnetpattern.com/typescript-optional-parameters

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Type annotations (aka, types as comments): Strong types, weakly held

annotation javascript definition

Recently, a new ECMAScript proposal called type annotations (previously referred to as types as comments) was revealed. The purpose of the proposal is to allow type annotations to be valid JavaScript syntax, albeit syntax that is ignored by JavaScript engines.

Types As Comments: Strong Types, Weakly Held

The proposal is being worked on by Gil Tayar, Daniel Rosenwasser, Romulo Cintra, Rob Palmer, and others. Many of these people are from the TypeScript community — however, this proposal intentionally does not exist to benefit TypeScript alone.

It’s a contentious topic. As a regular (and longtime) TypeScript user, here’s a description of the proposal and some thoughts.

What is the proposal?

Type annotations (or “tomments,” as some have dubbed it) is a proposal that would allow for the inclusion of types in JavaScript code. Consider the following piece of TypeScript:

At present, this is not valid JavaScript. If you try and run it in a JavaScript engine, you’ll get an error because types are not part of JavaScript syntax.

Types in the Chrome Console

Interestingly, it’s already possible to store types within JavaScript through a standard known as JSDoc. I’ve written about how TypeScript and JSDoc connect before. Essentially, the thing to note is that JSDoc allows for storing type declarations in the context of JavaScript comments.

It’s already possible to write our code sample in valid JavaScript, expressing the types within JSDoc. It looks like this:

This works but it took two lines of code instead of one. The proposal allows for types to be directly expressed rather than be written as comments. So instead of writing the JSDoc equivalent, imagine if JavaScript was happy with the following instead:

That’s what the proposal amounts to.

What isn’t it?

Now that we understand what the proposal is, let’s consider what it isn’t.

Type annotations isn’t an endorsement of a particular type system. Furthermore, it is not type checking in the browser or type checking in Node.js.

Let’s consider each of these. There’s a number of languages that allow us to type check JavaScript: TypeScript, Flow, Hegel and others all play this role. They are similar, but have different syntax and do different things.

What they have in common is the space where types live in their syntax or grammar. The proposal essentially says “Hey, we might not have different approaches to describing types, but we agree about where the types ought to live — let’s standardize that.”

This is why the term “types as comments,” as the proposal was formerly called, is key: these types would be ignored by JavaScript runtimes. The fact that they would be ignored is an indication that no existing type system would be “anointed” by this proposal.

Consider the following:

This is neither TypeScript nor Flow; both would complain about the above. But if the type annotations proposal were adopted, JavaScript would be entirely untroubled.

To reiterate: the proposal is not an endorsement of any given type system and it follows that there is no runtime type checking being introduced to JavaScript.

Why do this at all?

It’s worth taking a look at Daniel Rosenwasser ‘s post where he announces the proposal. Daniel is part of the TypeScript team and one of the champions of this proposal, along with Rob Palmer at Bloomberg and Romulo Cintra at Igalia.

Daniel says:

Today, you can create a .js file in your editor and start sprinkling in types in the form of JSDoc comments. /** * @param a {number} * @param b {number} */ function add(a, b) { return a + b; } Because these are just comments, they don’t change how your code runs at all — they’re just a form of documentation, but TypeScript uses them to give you a better JavaScript editing experience … This feature makes it incredibly convenient to get some of the TypeScript experience without a build step, and you can use it for small scripts, basic web pages, server code in Node.js, etc. Still, you’ll notice that this is a little verbose — we love how lightweight the inner-loop is for writing JavaScript, but we’re missing how convenient TypeScript makes it to just write types. So what if we had both? What if we could have something like TypeScript syntax which was totally ignored — sort of like comments — in JavaScript. function add(a: number, b: number) { return a + b; }

What I take from this is that JavaScript with type annotations would be a more developer-friendly JSDoc.

‘It’s the JSDoc I always wanted!’

This idea really resonates with me. I’m a longtime user of JSDoc. Let me articulate why I find it useful.

annotation javascript definition

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What I wanted way back before TypeScript existed was JavaScript with static typing. TypeScript is mostly  that. At least in the way I choose to use it.

I don’t use enum s, namespace s, decorator s, etc. This is significant because each of these features’ steps has an emit aspect; using one of these will require transpilation to create special JavaScript to represent a custom TypeScript-implemented feature. All other TypeScript features are erased by transpilation; there are no execution characteristics.

So, by subsetting the features of TypeScript, we can choose to use only those features that do not have an emit aspect. By making that choice, it’s possible to use just JavaScript if we’re willing to commit to using JSDoc syntax within JavaScript instead of TypeScript. There are many in the community who are doing this on sizeable projects like webpack already. We don’t lose type checking and we don’t lose refactoring possibilities thanks to editors like VS Code.

JSDoc is great, but it’s undeniably more verbose than writing TypeScript. If type annotations were to be adopted, we’d be able to write TypeScript in our JavaScript files. We’d also be able to use TypeScript to type check that if we wanted to. But we wouldn’t need to transpile our code prior to running — we could run our source code directly. Brilliant!

Controversy and compromise

Up until now, as we’ve looked at the proposal, the story has been one of JavaScript becoming “types tolerant.” As a consequence, the syntax of Flow/TypeScript/Hegel et al. would be considered valid JavaScript in the future.

This paints a picture of JavaScript as a dynamic language being changed to accommodate the sensibilities of those who favor static typing. If you take a look at the discussions on Hacker News and in the issues of the proposal, it’s clear that there’s a very vocal section of JavaScript developers who consider this proposal to be thoroughly unwanted.

While it’s unlikely that the most fervent dynamic language advocates will change their mind, it’s worth considering the nuance of this proposal. In fact, the proposal is a two-way street; to comply with types becoming JavaScript native, languages like TypeScript would likely make changes to accommodate.

Generic invocations and TypeScript

There’s a few cases which apply, the one that seems most significant is that of generic invocation. To quote the proposal :

One can explicitly specify the type arguments of a generic function invocation or generic class instantiation in TypeScript . // TypeScript add<number>(4, 5); new Point<bigint>(4n, 5n); The above syntax is already valid JavaScript that users may rely on, so we cannot use this syntax as-is.

So, if this proposal was to land, writing today’s style TypeScript in JavaScript would not work in the case of generic invocations.

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If we read on in the proposal, it says:

We expect some form of new syntax that could be used to resolve this ambiguity. No specific solution is proposed at this point of time, but one example option is to use a syntactic prefix such as :: // Types as Comments - example syntax solution add::<number>(4, 5) new Point::<bigint>(4n, 5n) These type arguments ( ::<type> ) would be ignored by the JavaScript runtime. It would be reasonable for this non-ambiguous syntax to be adopted in TypeScript as well.

This last sentence is significant. Let’s read it again:

It would be reasonable for this non-ambiguous syntax to be adopted in TypeScript as well.

While not being an absolute commitment, this certainly suggests that TypeScript would be willing to change its own syntax to align with something that was standardized as typed JavaScript.

Speaking personally, I don’t love the proposed new syntax, but I understand the rationale. A new generic invocation syntax is certainly something I could come to terms with. It’s good of the TypeScript team to be open to the idea of making changes to the language to align with the proposal. This is not at zero cost to them. This demonstrates that to allow this proposal to land, there will be compromises on many sides. It’s likely that Flow will be similarly affected, as well.

When you see the various discussions about the type annotations/types as comments proposal online, it’s clear that there are many strong feelings about it. The proposal hasn’t even reached stage 1 (of the potential 4 stages required for adoption). This may be a feature that doesn’t make it, or perhaps takes a long time to land on a mutually agreed design.

Personally, I’m hopeful that this will end up being part of the language. Not only do I like running raw JS, I see the benefits of being able to onboard people from JavaScript to TypeScript by allowing types to live directly in JavaScript.

It’s said that prediction is very difficult, so it is hard to know for sure what the long-term effects on the language and the ecosystem of this proposal might be. It would certainly lower the barrier to entry for using static typing with JavaScript, and as consequence, would likely lead to greater adoption and, hence, less bugs in userland. Time will tell.

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What is JavaScript Annotations? How to Use Its Types?

Are you a web developer looking to enhance the clarity and functionality of your JavaScript code? Look no further than JavaScript annotations.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the world of JavaScript annotations , their importance, and how to effectively use them in your projects. From beginners to seasoned developers, there’s something here for everyone. Let’s dive in!

What is JavaScript annotations?

JavaScript annotations are comments or metadata added to your code to provide additional information about the code’s behavior, structure, or intended use.

They are not executed by the browser but serve as a valuable resource for developers, making the code more readable and understandable.

Annotations play a crucial role in documenting your code, aiding collaboration, and ensuring that future modifications can be made with ease.

JavaScript Type Annotations

Basic data types:.

  • number : Represents numeric values.
  • string : Represent text values
  • boolean : represents true or false
  • null and undefined : represent null and undefined values, respectively.
  • Array : Represents an array of values of a specific type. For example, an Array represents an array of numbers. Objects:
  • object : Represents a generic JavaScript object.
  • { key: type } : Represents an object with specific keys and their corresponding value types. For example, { name: string, age: number } represents an object with a name key of type string and an age key of type number.
  • (parameter: type) => returnType : Represents a function with specific parameter types and a return type. For example, (x: number, y: number) => number represents a function that takes two numbers as parameters and returns a number.

Union Types:

  • type1 | type2 : Represents a value that can be of either type1 or type2. For example, string | number represents a value that can be either a string or a number.

Custom Types (Type Aliases and Interfaces):

  • type : Allows you to create custom type aliases using the type keyword. For example, type Point = { x: number, y: number } defines a custom type alias Point.
  • interface : Defines a contract for object shapes. For example, interface Person { name: string, age: number } defines an interface Person with name and age properties.
  • Type : Represents a type parameter that allows you to create reusable components with varying types. For example, Array uses the generic type Array with a number as the type parameter.

How to use type annotations in JavaScript?

Type annotations are not natively supported in JavaScript like they are in statically-typed languages such as TypeScript .

JavaScript is a dynamically-typed language, which means that variable types are determined at runtime, not at compile-time.

However, you can use type annotations in JavaScript to provide type information for documentation purposes or when using a tool like TypeScript or a linter like ESLint with a type-checking plugin.

Here’s how you can do it:

1. JSDoc Annotations

You can use JSDoc comments to add type annotations to your JavaScript code . JSDoc is a convention for adding structured comments to JavaScript code to provide documentation and type information.

Here’s an example:

In the above code, @param is used to specify the types of the function parameters, and @returns is used to specify the return type.

2. TypeScript

If you want to use type annotations and static type checking in JavaScript, you can consider using TypesScript , which is a statically-typed superset of JavaScript.

With TypeScript, you can declare types using a syntax similar to JavaScript, but you’ll get the benefits of compile-time type checking.

Here’s an example of using TypeScript syntax in a JavaScript file (with a .js extension)

The // @ts-check comment enables type checking in TypeScript for this JavaScript file.

3. Using a Linter

You can also use linters like ESLint with a type-checking plugin (e.g, eslint-plugin-jsdoc) to enforce type annotations and provide type-checking for your JavaScript Codes.

These linters can validate your JSDoc comments against the actual code.

Remember that while type annotations in JavaScript can provide documentation and some level of tooling support, they do not enforce strict type-checking like in statically-typed languages.

If you need strong type checking and better type safety, consider using TypeScript or another statically-typed language that compiles to JavaScript.

To conclude, JavaScript annotations are a powerful tool for improving code clarity, enhancing collaboration, and streamlining the development process.

By investing time in thoughtful annotations, you not only make your code more accessible to others but also set a high standard for code quality.

So, whether you’re a beginner or an experienced developer, make JavaScript annotations a part of your coding practice, and watch your projects thrive.

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Type annotations in JavaScript files

Is it possible to get the benefits of type checking without TypeScript's syntax? Absolutely

Rico Sta. Cruz's picture

TypeScript lets you annotate your JavaScript with type annotations. It can even check these for errors in build-time, so you can catch errors before they get deployed to production. You’ll never have to deal with another undefined is not a function error ever again!

TypeScript, by default, requires you to make a few changes to your build setup. You’ll need to rename your JavaScript files to .ts and .tsx , and either use tsc (the TypeScript Compiler) or Babel (with preset-typescript ) to compile them.

In this article: TypeScript and Jsdoc TypeScript setup Basic annotations Objects and imports Using with React Recap

TypeScript and Jsdoc

Typescript syntax.

Working with TypeScript means having to use a new syntax, even if it’s a strict superset of JavaScript. Many developers don’t like having to deal with a new syntax. If this describes you, then this article is for you.

The JSDoc syntax

TypeScript can read JSDoc’s type annotations. While JSDoc is primarily used as a means of writing documentation, TypeScript types can be written with JSDoc syntax as well. This means anyone can take advantage of TypeScript’s type checking in JavaScript without having to convert JavaScript code to TypeScript.

It’s a great idea to use JSDoc whether you use TypeScript or not. It’s the de facto standard for documenting JavaScript, and is supported by a lot of tools and editors. If you’re using JSDoc to document your JavaScript, you might as well let TypeScript enforce the integrity of your types in your code.

annotation javascript definition

TypeScript setup

InstallTypeScript. We’ll need TypeScript to get started. Install the typescript npm package in your project to get started.

Enable JSDoc type checking. Configure TypeScript to check your JavaScript files. (By default, TypeScript only checks .ts files.) TypeScript is configured using the tsconfig.json file. We’ll also be using the noEmit option, since we’re only going to be using TypeScript as a type checker.

Try it. Run tsc to check your project’s types. It’s recommended to add this to your CI, too, so you can automatically enforce it in your project’s changes.

Basic annotations

Function parameters.

Use @param to document types of a function’s parameters. You’ll need to put these in JSDoc comments, which are block comments that begin with two stars.

Documenting code

JSDoc is, first and foremost, a documentation tool. Aside from adding type annotations, we might as well use it to document what your functions do.

Documenting options

Properties of params can be documented. This can be used to document React props in function components, too.

Optional types

Add an equal sign at the end of a type to signify that it’s optional. In this example, number= is the same as number | null | undefined . This special syntax (“closure syntax”) is only available in JSDoc types.

Use @type to provide inline types to variable declarations. This isn’t typically needed for constants, as TypeScript can usually infer types pretty well. It’s a great fit for non-constant variables, though (ie, let ).

@type can also be used to provide inline type definitions to function arguments. Great for anonymous functions.

Objects and imports

Importing types.

Complex, reusable types are better defined in an external TypeScript file. Types can be defined in an external .d.ts file, then import them into JavaScript using @typedef {import(...)} .

Object types

Use @typedef to define a type. External .d.ts files are preferred to this approach, but this syntax is available should you need it.

Union types

Use union types ( | ) to signify types that can be one or another. This, along with almost any TypeScript type, can be used in a @typedef .

Advanced features

The JSDoc syntax isn’t as expressive as the TypeScript syntax, but it comes very close. There are also some other advanced TypeScript features that are available in JSDoc: The official JSDoc in TypeScript documentation has details on these features and more.

  • Templates with @template
  • Return values with @returns
  • Type guards with @returns
  • Function types with @callback
  • Enums with @enum

Using with React

Function components.

Function components are plain functions. You can document them in any of the ways we previously learned to document functions. In this example, we’ll document them using object types.

Class components

Use @extends to define the types for your props and state. You can then use @typedef (either inline or imports) to define what Props and State are.

Documenting functions: Write documentation as block comments that begin with a double-star. Document parameters with @param .

Importing type definitions: Import type definitions with @typedef and import . This allows writing type definitions in external TypeScript files.

Optionals: Use the equal sign to denote nullable types. This is equivalent to User | null | undefined .

Anonymous functions: Use @type to document parameters of an anonymous function.

Documenting options : You can document the properties of object parameters.

Written by Rico Sta. Cruz

I am a web developer helping make the world a better place through JavaScript, Ruby, and UI design. I write articles like these often. If you'd like to stay in touch, subscribe to my list .

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Adding Text to Data in Line and Scatter Plots

Paper referenced annotations, simple annotation, annotations with log axes.

If the x or y positions of an annotation reference a log axis, you need to provide that position as a log10 value when adding the annotation. In this example, the yaxis is a log axis so we pass the log10 value of 1000 to the annotation's y position.

Multiple Annotations

Subplot annotations, 3d annotations, custom text color and styling, styling and coloring annotations, styling and formatting annotations, webgl text and annotations.

annotation javascript definition

The copy-editor of the web

Annotator is an open-source JavaScript library to easily add annotation functionality to any webpage. Annotations can have comments, tags, links, users, and more. Annotator is designed for easy extensibility so its a cinch to add a new feature or behaviour. Annotator also fosters an active developer community with contributors from four continents, building 3rd party plugins allowing the annotation of PDFs, EPUBs, videos, images, sound, and more.

Download: 1.2.x stable 2.x pre-release GitHub

Using Annotator

Adding annotation to any website is easy with Annotator. First, download the Annotator library, include it in your HTML.

Then, add the following javascript to initialize the annotator:

Full instructions are in the Usage section of the docs.

To setup the default suite of plugins include annotator.min.css and annotator-full.min.js and call the "setupPlugins" method via .annotator(). For example:

Annotator has a simple but powerful plugin architecture. Plug-ins can also be included for adding functionality such as user permissions , tags , filtering and formatting .

The Annotator community has developed more than twenty plugins, such as:

  • Annotorious - image annotation
  • Touch Plugin - support for touch devices (iOS, Android, etc.)
  • Offline Plugin - work on documents while offline, using localStorage
  • Share-annotator - share text and video annotations using social networks or email
  • richText-annotator - rich media and rich text annotations using Tinymce

For a full list of 3rd party Annotator plugins visit our plugin page .

How do I help?

  • Fix (or report) bugs: If you find an issue with The Annotator, have a look at our issue tracker , and file a bug. If you’re a developer, feel free to fork the project and submit a pull request.
  • Write documentation: If you find gaps in the documentation , you can pitch in there too. The process is similar: fork the project, edit the RST docs, and submit a pull request.
  • Write a plugin: If you’ve written a plugin, chances are your code will be useful to others. Please add a link to the wiki so people can find your stuff.
  • If you want to learn more about developing your own plugin, please read our documentation about plugin development.

If you’re interested in our community, or you’re having trouble with something, please join our mailing list . Search (via gmane ):

Who is using it?

More than a dozen projects rely on Annotator for their digital annotation needs and many are open source. A few noteables include Hypothes.is , edX , Annotation Studio , and Peer Library . Please checkout our showcase page for a more complete list.

Adding annotation to your webpage using the Annotator is easy. Full instructions are in the Getting Started section of the docs, but it is just two short steps. First, you need to download the Annotator library (or link to the hosted version), include it on your page along with jQuery . Then add the following line to initialize the annotator.

Plug-ins can be included for adding functionality such as user accounts , tags , filtering and formatting .

To setup the default suite of plugins include annotator.min.css and annotator-full.min.js and call the "setupPlugins" method via .annotator() .

For example:

You'll need to store your data somewhere, luckily we've made this very simple to do using AnnotateIt , a hosted web service for storing annotations.

Alternatively if you'd like to integrate the annotator with your own storage system check out the Docs for more information on the annotation format and store plugin.

The Bookmarklet

The bookmarklet is a simple tool that allows you to add the annotator to any webpage and save your annotations to AnnotateIt. Check it out at http://annotateit.org/ .

Why Type Annotations in JavaScript are a Good Idea

annotation javascript definition

  • Open Source

In March 2022, a Stage 0 proposal was announced that would add TypeScript-like type annotations to the JavaScript language. The utility and ergonomics of static types for JavaScript have been debated since before TypeScript’s inception; some developers feel that types add needless complexity to the language, while others feel that types add a much-needed safety net. Today, static typing is one of the most desired JavaScript features, and adding some level of type syntax to the language would provide several benefits.

The proposal

In a nutshell, the proposal seeks to add a subset of TypeScript’s type syntax to the JavaScript language. Type annotations would be optional and would have no impact on the JavaScript code at runtime. Tools such as the TypeScript and Flow compilers could use these annotations to type check code. Browsers and other runtimes could treat the types as comments, completely ignoring them.

The scope of the proposal is very constrained. It describes a purely additive type syntax for JavaScript; the additional syntax would not affect the current semantics of JavaScript. JavaScript code would not be required to have type annotations, nor would runtimes be required to process annotations (beyond recognizing them as comments). Types would have no effect on code at runtime.

Why it’s good

Static typing in the web community has become increasingly popular over the last few years. TypeScript has ranked in the top 5 most well-loved languages for the last several annual Stack Overflow developer surveys. As static typing has caught on, packages that relied on externally maintained types are starting to manage their own types. It’s common to see messages like this when running npm install in TypeScript projects:

Although static typing is popular, using it can still be a bit of a pain. Developers have two options: they can use a language that’s almost , but not quite, JavaScript, and that requires a build step (outside of the Deno runtime ), or they annotate JavaScript using JSDoc or Flow comments. Both of these options add overhead to the development process, and that overhead is part of the reason types aren’t used more often. Even when a developer has adopted static typing for their own projects, they will often need to use packages for which types are an afterthought, or are maintained separately from the code by a third party. The types-as-comments proposal could help with all of these issues.

Baking types into the language would make them much easier to get started with and use. Running typed JavaScript wouldn’t require a build tool, which is one less thing developers will have to install and configure. Popular editors such as VSCode already come with support for handling typed code, so no additional effort should be required to make use of the types.

This proposal would also help in those situations where a build step isn’t convenient or isn’t possible. While many tools and workflows can implicitly handle TypeScript code, others cannot. In these cases, a developer that wants to use types must either pre-compile TypeScript code or add types using a comment-based syntax. Neither of these is very attractive; pre-compiling adds complexity to the development process, and comment-typed code is very verbose. Consider this snippet of TypeScript:

When typed using JSDoc comments, it balloons into this:

The extra code is certainly worth it in many cases, but having types be part of the language would be significantly more pleasant. 

Adding a standard type syntax to the language could also spur development in type checkers. Python is a good example of how this might work. It has a standard type syntax defined in the  PEP-3107 and PEP-484 standards, and several high-quality type checkers have been developed based on those standards; two of the more popular are mypy and Pyright. Mypy is written in Python and is extensible via a plugin system, but it can be complex to configure and is relatively slow. Pyright, a more recent type checker written in JavaScript, powers VSCode’s Python language services. It is considerably faster than mypy, but lacks mypy’s extensibility. Because both of these are based on the same standard types, a project can use either one or even both (CI might use mypy while a developer’s editor uses Pyright).

Potential issues

As the saying goes, there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Adding types to JavaScript would have some downsides.

Obviously, the new syntax would increase parser complexity since the parser would have to handle new syntax elements. However, the impact would be minimal since the new syntax could be ignored. 

The new syntax could also make code harder to parse for developers. Fans of TypeScript would say this reads very well:

Developers not so fond of static types would point out that there’s still more to read and process there than in the corresponding JavaScript:

A key point to keep in mind is that types would be optional in this proposal. Developers would not be required to use types in their own code, and there would be no compatibility issues when using dependencies that did choose to use types. Editors could even conceal type annotations for developers that didn’t want to deal with them.

Although eventually, this proposal would allow for typed code without a build step, there would be a transition period where build tools were still required. Luckily, tools already used in most projects, such as the TypeScript compiler and Babel, could handle this.

When building is no longer required, some developers may choose to forgo code optimization and deploy typed code directly to production, resulting in wasted network resources. While this is certainly possible, it’s not a new concern; this situation can already happen when using comment-based types (which are significantly more verbose). Existing code minifier tools could be updated to remove types, mitigating the performance impact.

Possibly the most significant issue is the changes that might be required of TypeScript because of conflicts with existing JavaScript syntax. While JavaScript developers could simply ignore the additional type syntax, TypeScript users could not. Consider this example from the proposal: in TypeScript, it represents a simple generic function invocation, but in JavaScript, it represents a set of comparisons:

A JavaScript syntax for generic invocations would need to be distinguishable from existing valid syntax; the proposal gives an example of prepending :: , like:

TypeScript would need to understand the new syntax to process JavaScript files. It could likely support both syntaxes, as it does now for type assertions, where the legacy angle bracket syntax works in non-TSX files and the newer as keyword works anywhere. However, supporting multiple ways of doing the same thing adds complexity to the TypeScript parser and can result in confusing code when different syntaxes are mixed, so it would be in developers’ interest to eventually adopt the standardized type syntax.

Some TypeScript syntax will likely never make it into the JavaScript specification. TypeScript’s enum, namespace, and parameter property features have runtime semantics and so aren’t included. TSX syntax is specifically excluded in the new proposal since the base JSX isn’t valid JavaScript. And as the proposal works towards standardization other features like function overloads, which are useful for defining multiple types a function accepts, may or may not be standardized. These omissions would require developers to use a subset of TypeScript features to be JavaScript compatible.

On balance, the types-as-comments proposal looks like a net win for JavaScript. Although there are some potential drawbacks and compatibility issues, the most significant of them land on TypeScript rather than JavaScript, and Microsoft is in favor of the proposal . The ability to write typed code without requiring a build step, and to use typed code in situations where a build step is inconvenient, would be a huge win for proponents of static typing. On the JavaScript side, developers who typically avoid TypeScript due to its perceived complexity might be tempted to try out native static types, bringing the benefits of static typing to a wider audience.

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NOTE  This document refers to an experimental stage 2 decorators implementation. Stage 3 decorator support is available since Typescript 5.0. See: Decorators in Typescript 5.0

Introduction

With the introduction of Classes in TypeScript and ES6, there now exist certain scenarios that require additional features to support annotating or modifying classes and class members. Decorators provide a way to add both annotations and a meta-programming syntax for class declarations and members.

Further Reading (stage 2): A Complete Guide to TypeScript Decorators

To enable experimental support for decorators, you must enable the experimentalDecorators compiler option either on the command line or in your tsconfig.json :

Command Line :

tsconfig.json :

A Decorator is a special kind of declaration that can be attached to a class declaration , method , accessor , property , or parameter . Decorators use the form @expression , where expression must evaluate to a function that will be called at runtime with information about the decorated declaration.

For example, given the decorator @sealed we might write the sealed function as follows:

Decorator Factories

If we want to customize how a decorator is applied to a declaration, we can write a decorator factory. A Decorator Factory is simply a function that returns the expression that will be called by the decorator at runtime.

We can write a decorator factory in the following fashion:

Decorator Composition

Multiple decorators can be applied to a declaration, for example on a single line:

On multiple lines:

When multiple decorators apply to a single declaration, their evaluation is similar to function composition in mathematics . In this model, when composing functions f and g , the resulting composite ( f ∘ g )( x ) is equivalent to f ( g ( x )).

As such, the following steps are performed when evaluating multiple decorators on a single declaration in TypeScript:

  • The expressions for each decorator are evaluated top-to-bottom.
  • The results are then called as functions from bottom-to-top.

If we were to use decorator factories , we can observe this evaluation order with the following example:

Which would print this output to the console:

Decorator Evaluation

There is a well defined order to how decorators applied to various declarations inside of a class are applied:

  • Parameter Decorators , followed by Method , Accessor , or Property Decorators are applied for each instance member.
  • Parameter Decorators , followed by Method , Accessor , or Property Decorators are applied for each static member.
  • Parameter Decorators are applied for the constructor.
  • Class Decorators are applied for the class.

Class Decorators

A Class Decorator is declared just before a class declaration. The class decorator is applied to the constructor of the class and can be used to observe, modify, or replace a class definition. A class decorator cannot be used in a declaration file, or in any other ambient context (such as on a declare class).

The expression for the class decorator will be called as a function at runtime, with the constructor of the decorated class as its only argument.

If the class decorator returns a value, it will replace the class declaration with the provided constructor function.

NOTE  Should you choose to return a new constructor function, you must take care to maintain the original prototype. The logic that applies decorators at runtime will not do this for you.

The following is an example of a class decorator ( @sealed ) applied to a BugReport class:

We can define the @sealed decorator using the following function declaration:

When @sealed is executed, it will seal both the constructor and its prototype, and will therefore prevent any further functionality from being added to or removed from this class during runtime by accessing BugReport.prototype or by defining properties on BugReport itself (note that ES2015 classes are really just syntactic sugar to prototype-based constructor functions). This decorator does not prevent classes from sub-classing BugReport .

Next we have an example of how to override the constructor to set new defaults.

Method Decorators

A Method Decorator is declared just before a method declaration. The decorator is applied to the Property Descriptor for the method, and can be used to observe, modify, or replace a method definition. A method decorator cannot be used in a declaration file, on an overload, or in any other ambient context (such as in a declare class).

The expression for the method decorator will be called as a function at runtime, with the following three arguments:

  • Either the constructor function of the class for a static member, or the prototype of the class for an instance member.
  • The name of the member.
  • The Property Descriptor for the member.
NOTE  The Property Descriptor will be undefined if your script target is less than ES5 .

If the method decorator returns a value, it will be used as the Property Descriptor for the method.

NOTE  The return value is ignored if your script target is less than ES5 .

The following is an example of a method decorator ( @enumerable ) applied to a method on the Greeter class:

We can define the @enumerable decorator using the following function declaration:

The @enumerable(false) decorator here is a decorator factory . When the @enumerable(false) decorator is called, it modifies the enumerable property of the property descriptor.

Accessor Decorators

An Accessor Decorator is declared just before an accessor declaration. The accessor decorator is applied to the Property Descriptor for the accessor and can be used to observe, modify, or replace an accessor’s definitions. An accessor decorator cannot be used in a declaration file, or in any other ambient context (such as in a declare class).

NOTE  TypeScript disallows decorating both the get and set accessor for a single member. Instead, all decorators for the member must be applied to the first accessor specified in document order. This is because decorators apply to a Property Descriptor , which combines both the get and set accessor, not each declaration separately.

The expression for the accessor decorator will be called as a function at runtime, with the following three arguments:

If the accessor decorator returns a value, it will be used as the Property Descriptor for the member.

The following is an example of an accessor decorator ( @configurable ) applied to a member of the Point class:

We can define the @configurable decorator using the following function declaration:

Property Decorators

A Property Decorator is declared just before a property declaration. A property decorator cannot be used in a declaration file, or in any other ambient context (such as in a declare class).

The expression for the property decorator will be called as a function at runtime, with the following two arguments:

NOTE  A Property Descriptor is not provided as an argument to a property decorator due to how property decorators are initialized in TypeScript. This is because there is currently no mechanism to describe an instance property when defining members of a prototype, and no way to observe or modify the initializer for a property. The return value is ignored too. As such, a property decorator can only be used to observe that a property of a specific name has been declared for a class.

We can use this information to record metadata about the property, as in the following example:

We can then define the @format decorator and getFormat functions using the following function declarations:

The @format("Hello, %s") decorator here is a decorator factory . When @format("Hello, %s") is called, it adds a metadata entry for the property using the Reflect.metadata function from the reflect-metadata library. When getFormat is called, it reads the metadata value for the format.

NOTE  This example requires the reflect-metadata library. See Metadata for more information about the reflect-metadata library.

Parameter Decorators

A Parameter Decorator is declared just before a parameter declaration. The parameter decorator is applied to the function for a class constructor or method declaration. A parameter decorator cannot be used in a declaration file, an overload, or in any other ambient context (such as in a declare class).

The expression for the parameter decorator will be called as a function at runtime, with the following three arguments:

  • The ordinal index of the parameter in the function’s parameter list.
NOTE  A parameter decorator can only be used to observe that a parameter has been declared on a method.

The return value of the parameter decorator is ignored.

The following is an example of a parameter decorator ( @required ) applied to parameter of a member of the BugReport class:

We can then define the @required and @validate decorators using the following function declarations:

The @required decorator adds a metadata entry that marks the parameter as required. The @validate decorator then wraps the existing print method in a function that validates the arguments before invoking the original method.

Some examples use the reflect-metadata library which adds a polyfill for an experimental metadata API . This library is not yet part of the ECMAScript (JavaScript) standard. However, once decorators are officially adopted as part of the ECMAScript standard these extensions will be proposed for adoption.

You can install this library via npm:

TypeScript includes experimental support for emitting certain types of metadata for declarations that have decorators. To enable this experimental support, you must set the emitDecoratorMetadata compiler option either on the command line or in your tsconfig.json :

When enabled, as long as the reflect-metadata library has been imported, additional design-time type information will be exposed at runtime.

We can see this in action in the following example:

The TypeScript compiler will inject design-time type information using the @Reflect.metadata decorator. You could consider it the equivalent of the following TypeScript:

NOTE  Decorator metadata is an experimental feature and may introduce breaking changes in future releases.

The TypeScript docs are an open source project. Help us improve these pages by sending a Pull Request ❤

Ron Buckton  (54)

Last updated: Feb 08, 2024  

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JavaScript reference

The JavaScript reference serves as a repository of facts about the JavaScript language. The entire language is described here in detail. As you write JavaScript code, you'll refer to these pages often (thus the title "JavaScript reference").

The JavaScript language is intended to be used within some larger environment, be it a browser, server-side scripts, or similar. For the most part, this reference attempts to be environment-agnostic and does not target a web browser environment.

If you are new to JavaScript, start with the guide . Once you have a firm grasp of the fundamentals, you can use the reference to get more details on individual objects and language constructs.

JavaScript standard built-in objects , along with their methods and properties.

Value properties

Function properties.

  • parseFloat()
  • decodeURI()
  • decodeURIComponent()
  • encodeURI()
  • encodeURIComponent()
  • escape() Deprecated
  • unescape() Deprecated

Fundamental objects

Error objects.

  • AggregateError
  • ReferenceError
  • SyntaxError
  • InternalError Non-standard

Numbers and dates

Text processing, indexed collections.

  • Uint8ClampedArray
  • Uint16Array
  • Uint32Array
  • BigInt64Array
  • BigUint64Array
  • Float32Array
  • Float64Array

Keyed collections

Structured data.

  • ArrayBuffer
  • SharedArrayBuffer

Managing memory

  • FinalizationRegistry

Control abstraction objects

  • AsyncIterator
  • GeneratorFunction
  • AsyncGeneratorFunction
  • AsyncGenerator
  • AsyncFunction

Internationalization

  • Intl.Collator
  • Intl.DateTimeFormat
  • Intl.DisplayNames
  • Intl.DurationFormat
  • Intl.ListFormat
  • Intl.Locale
  • Intl.NumberFormat
  • Intl.PluralRules
  • Intl.RelativeTimeFormat
  • Intl.Segmenter

JavaScript statements and declarations

Control flow

  • try...catch

Declaring variables

Functions and classes.

  • async function
  • async function*
  • for await...of
  • Expression statement
  • with Deprecated

Expressions and operators

JavaScript expressions and operators .

Primary expressions

Left-hand-side expressions.

  • Property accessors
  • import.meta

Increment and decrement

Unary operators, arithmetic operators, relational operators.

  • < (Less than)
  • > (Greater than)

Equality operators

Bitwise shift operators.

  • >>>

Binary bitwise operators

Binary logical operators, conditional (ternary) operator.

  • (condition ? ifTrue : ifFalse)

Assignment operators

  • >>>=
  • &&=
  • [a, b] = arr , { a, b } = obj

Yield operators

Spread syntax, comma operator.

JavaScript functions.

  • Arrow Functions
  • Default parameters
  • Rest parameters
  • Method definitions

JavaScript classes.

  • constructor
  • Private properties
  • Public class fields
  • Static initialization blocks

Additional reference pages

  • Lexical grammar
  • Data types and data structures
  • Iteration protocols
  • Trailing commas
  • Strict mode
  • Deprecated features

Apryse Announces Acquisition of AI-Powered Document Toolkit Provider LEAD Technologies

A Comprehensive Guide to PDF Annotations with JavaScript

By Heather Dinsdale | 2022 Jun 29

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Related Products

This guide explores PDF annotations using JavaScript and highlights the annotation capabilities in the Apryse and WebViewer SDKs. It defines PDF annotations, emphasizes their importance and versatility, and covers various annotation types and their applications.

If you're a developer aiming to enhance your PDF annotation skills or integrate annotations into your projects, this concise guide offers practical insights and examples for effective JavaScript-based PDF annotation.

The guide addresses use cases like threaded conversations, measurements, stamps, and electronic signatures. It explains annotation permissions, adding/editing annotations, creating drawing annotations, and importing/exporting annotations.

And since Apryse has much expertise in this field, we’ll also touch on the annotation capabilities in the Apryse and WebViewer SDK.

What Are PDF Annotations?

Let’s start at the beginning – what is a PDF annotation ? It is an object such as text, graphics, highlights, text boxes, or redaction marks that users add to a document. You can incorporate an SDK or library into your solution, which allows users to add annotations to documents.

Annotations are added to an existing document, without changing the underlying PDF content. You can add comments or drawings to the PDF for review and collaboration, or even export the annotations separately into a database for more fine-grained control when storing the annotations and applying version control.

Additionally, PDF JavaScript annotations support interactive objects, such as forms and e-signatures. You can embed rich media annotations, including audio, video, even 3D annotations into a PDF file, or add hyperlinks, watermarks, and a lot more.

A popular way to annotate documents is using a web app. You can annotate PDF documents in your project using JavaScript, in addition to annotations via native languages using the Apryse SDK.

Why Add PDF Annotations?

So why embed PDF annotation features into your solution? The answer is easy: because PDF annotations are versatile. (Apryse supports 35+ types.) The PDF format has annotation types to support many use cases and workflows.

And, as a developer, you can customize documents with annotations programmatically – placing watermarks, hyperlinks, images and other annotations via code.

Annotating Images or Office Files

This article focuses on PDFs, but annotations aren’t limited to just PDFs. You can also add notations or discussion threads to Word documents, contracts or reports, or complex designs and construction drawings.

With the right toolkit, annotations are virtually file-format agnostic. Add them to images, Office files, even videos. For example, dynamic client-side Office conversion supports annotation on top of your Office files in a web app without pre-processing them.

Your toolkit may also support video and web site annotations. Each format uses the same WebViewer component and rich array of PDF annotation to simplify integration, support, maintenance, and extension.

Check out our "How to annotate web pages using JavaScript" video for more information.

Client-Side JS Conversion and Annotation

There are numerous reasons for adding JavaScript annotations in a client-side app.

  • They work well when privacy is important. You can minimize transfers across a network or to/from servers when you have sensitive data.
  • They provide cost-effective feature scalability, since client-side reduces server and network resource usage.
  • User experience is consistent and reliable, because viewing and annotation are not impacted by network latency or servers under heavy load.

Read this blog to learn how to incorporate annotations into a PDF using JavaScript .

Markup vs. Annotation

There are two different ways to use an annotation in a PDF .

  • Markup annotations: Used to mark up content in a PDF file or other documents. Markup annotations are common in document reviews, when multiple people collaborate, create text comments, or add notes.
  • Non-markup annotations: These are used to add interactive widget objects like a signature or fillable form fields to an existing PDF.

PDF Annotations Types

The PDF specification supports 26 standard annotations, and the Apryse JavaScript annotation library adds nine more types. You can even create custom annotations, changing the appearance and behavior.

Let’s look at some of the different PDF annotation types, and where they fit into applications.

1. Drawing and Shape

Add these annotation types to quickly draw attention to suggestions or edits, over images or blocks of text, or to highlight information in the document. The shapes and drawings provide a very visible way to see reviewers' suggestions.

  • Freehand/Ink
  • Cloud polygon

Image of a PDF page with a cloud polygon annotation type

PDF with a cloud polygon annotation

2. Interactive Form and Signature Widgets

Form widgets enable interactivity within a PDF document. Add them along with signature widgets to sign, form fill, and capture filled-in information.

The form fields are a collection of interactive elements. These include text boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, drop-down lists, or push buttons, which gather user information interactively.

Form fields exist as widget annotations and display independently of the field itself. For example, on a loan document, you can add a signature widget that appears on every page for the primary applicant’s signature. Other pages may require multiple signatures for both the applicant and any co-signers.

Check out our online form builder demo .

  • Signature Note: This annotation widget adds e-signatures and fields, which are different from digital signatures.
  • Radio button
  • Push button

Image of a PDF page with an electronic signature annotation added

An electronic signature annotation added to a PDF

3. Redaction

Use redaction annotations to remove sensitive data within your PDFs. Apryse’s JS redaction does not just obscure or mask sensitive data with a dark highlight or image like many browser-based tools. It actually modifies the underlying PDF file to prevent malicious retrieval of any redacted information, including text, images, parts of images, and certain metadata in a client-side application.

There are two stages of a redaction annotation:

  • Draft redaction marks /highlights that allow other users to verify content for redaction.
  • Redaction labels placed on top of content after it’s redacted. Labels can be simple basic black rectangles. With the Apryse SDK, you can customize how redaction labels look and provide general context as to what was redacted.

Image of a redaction annotation on a photo and fields

Use redaction annotation on photos and fields, and add text labels

Text annotations add text comments, but text markup annotates the actual text instead,. This is done by highlighting and underlining the text, or adding squiggly lines or text strikeouts to note text to remove or change.

  • Text: Text comment boxes and sticky notes
  • Text markup annotations: Highlight, underline, strikeout, squiggly, and caret

Image of a PDF page using text annotations

PDF using text annotations like highlighting, underlining, and text comment

5. Rubber Stamp

Use these annotations to add a stamp to your PDF the same as you might stamp a hardcopy document. This conveys a message quickly to the reader, that maybe the PDF is private, confidential, copyrighted, or a draft version. It can also convey the document status during a review, if it’s stamped as Approved, Rejected, etc.

Image of a PDF page with an Approved rubber stamp

PDF with Approved rubber stamp annotation

6. Rich Media/Multimedia

Rich Media annotations can be used to embed videos and sound files in PDF documents. When a document is opened in a compliant reader, users can then play them back directly as part of the page content, usually by just clicking on the video.

7. Hyperlink

Adds a hyperlink or intra-document link annotation to a PDF file page.

8. Images and File Attachments

Adds images or file attachment annotations to your PDF.

  • File attachment
  • Image stamp

9. Custom Annotations

Depending on your toolkit, you can create your own annotations and customize them.

For example, change the appearance or behavior of annotations, selection boxes, and control handles. You can also build customized annotations to appear in other PDF viewers.

Check out our custom annotations demo for basic examples.

Image of a custom triangle shape tool

A custom triangle shape tool created with WebViewer's custom annotations

10. Measurement

Measure the area, distance and perimeter in PDFs using JavaScript. The Apryse SDK tools add annotations and provide a UI to modify common properties. There is also an API for fine-grained control.

Measurement annotations are common in the construction industry, where they are used to dimension rooms or spaces in drawings, and estimate the necessary materials and labor. Check out our measurement tool demo .

  • Distance measurement
  • Arc measurement
  • Perimeter measurement
  • Area measurement
  • Ellipse area measurement
  • Rectangular area measurement
  • Cloud rectangular area measurement
  • Count measurement

Image of measuring a room's diameter

Measure a room's diameter with the measurement tool annotation

So now you know what annotations are, how do you implement them? There are various methods, but only some offer all 26 standard types. The Apryse SDK supports all standard annotations, plus nine additional types, and custom annotations.

With WebViewer, your users can add annotations directly in the UI, using the annotations toolbar. You can also add annotations to PDFs programmatically, using code to add watermarks directly in the client application.

There are other use cases as well, such as:

Threaded Conversations

Annotations can provide real-time collaboration and discussion on top of content. In WebViewer, you can attach threaded conversations via comments, or reply to comments on any annotation.

Many PDF viewers add single notes or comments, which is a messy format for reviews and conversations. For example, if a copy editor leaves a comment on a particular paragraph, there’s no easy way for the author to quickly see or respond to it in place. With multiple comments scattered across the page, it becomes nearly impossible to piece together the conversation flow—which is not conducive to discussion or quality output.

Instead, with threaded conversations, the editor can add a comment, and other people can reply directly to it, creating a chain discussion. It keeps the comments and replies tidy, visible, and easy to find and respond to. For more information about document reviews and sample code:

  • JavaScript document collaboration library
  • Document collaboration using mentions in JavaScript PDF Viewer
  • Annotation statuses

Measurement

Measurements are commonly used in construction and engineering workflows on PDF drawings exported from CAD and BIM programs. Use annotations with measurement tools to calculate area dimensions, measure between lines, or trace perimeters in engineering drawings in a browser or app with JavaScript. You can also add measurement tools to your application and measure the area, distance, or perimeter for construction plans. For more information and sample code:

  • Measurement tool annotations in the Apryse WebViewer demo
  • JavaScript PDF measurement library

Adding Stamps

Much like rubber stamping a real-world document, PDF stamp annotations denote a document's status (i.e., Approved, Rejected, Voided, etc.). With WebViewer, dynamically create stamps with custom text, like who created the stamp, or the date and time it was created.

Electronic Signatures

You can also approve documents you’ve reviewed using an electronic signature annotation. This adds a simple visual signature to your document. It is a visually identifiable autograph, and can be exported and stored in a database. For more information about e-signatures:

  • Add a signature field annotation

Note: Electronic signatures are created as images, hand drawn, photographs, or typed text. They are not digital signatures, which are more complex, and require a digital ID or certificate from a certification authority (self-signed or a third party). For more information about digital signatures:

  • JavaScript digital signature demo
  • JavaScript PDF digital signature library
  • GitHub: Apryse Sign App

Adding Annotations: UI vs. Programmatically

After implementing them, you can add PDF JavaScript annotations in two ways: from the UI, or programmatically.

1. UI-based: For this approach, users access annotations with tools in the viewer interface.

Apryse adds all annotations, including redactions and watermarks, in the browser client, so no data is sent out to third-party servers, and the information never leaves the browser environment. Since you're relying less on server and network resources, the solution is more reliable and scalable for your users.

2. Programmatically: You can also apply annotations automatically, via code. This includes adding watermarks to sensitive documents.

  • Custom annotations: Some PDF programs apply personal logos and convert text into clickable links.

Apryse’s WebViewer provides many APIs to interact with and customize annotations programmatically. For more information, see creating custom annotations for your viewer.

  • Automation workflow: Government agencies and financial institutions use automation software to programmatically stamp or insert timestamps on digital documents.

Adding Annotations via JavaScript

There are two ways to incorporate PDF annotations with JavaScript – build your own solution, or use an existing library.

1. Create a JavaScript Solution Creating your own solution gives you more control. However, it requires much work, and understanding minute details. You must carefully conform to the PDF specification, handle edge cases, ensure your annotations work with other widely-used PDF readers, and interoperate with the PDF specification standard XFDF format to store annotations.

2. Use an Existing Solution

Building support for custom annotations, form filling, or signature features requires understanding the entire process – which is handled automatically within a commercial SDK UI.

For example, the Apryse SDK supports annotations, even in its trial version, so users can process annotations directly in WebViewer.

WebViewer exposes several APIs to easily add annotations with a professional PDF and Office viewer component. You can then customize your preferred annotations and tool groupings in the toolbar ribbon, or add your own annotations programmatically and headlessly within your existing experience and UI. WebViewer also works with all major JS frameworks so it fits easily into your project. Visit our download center to try it with your preference.

WebViewer also adds support beyond what’s provided in the PDF specification, including support for custom annotation types.

Install WebViewer for Annotations

There are different ways to install WebViewer, but we’ll use NPM for this example.

To use WebViewer for annotations, download and install versions 8.0+ via NPM . (The following examples are all for version 8.0+.)

Since WebViewer requires static resources to be served (which cannot be bundled), an extra step involves manually copying static files into your dist directory.

Prerequisites

First, install Node and NPM .

WebViewer does not require Node, NPM, or node_modules. It is only recommended to run the samples.

1. Install via NPM

Run the following command in your project:

This installs the main JS entrypoint, and downloads static assets required for WebViewer to run.

2. Copy static assets

Next, copy the static assets required for WebViewer to run into a public location that is served via HTTP/HTTPS (usually a dist or build folder). The static files are located in

You can add a script to your package.json that moves the static files for you after your build completes.

This copies all required files into the dist/public folder after your build is complete.

When using WebViewer in your code, you must tell it where you copied these static files using the path parameter.

For example, if you copied the static files into dist/public/webviewer , your code would look something like this:

For information on the next steps, visit Integrating WebViewer via NPM .

Integrate Apryse Annotations

The Apryse SDK provides annotations right out of the box, using a toolbar in the UI or programmatically by writing code for the annotation types.

When writing code, add the annotation after the document loads. For example, to add it immediately after the document loads, use the documentLoaded event:

Annotation type properties and functions are available in the annotation API documentation .

For more information and links to samples, visit the Create Annotations Programmatically page. 

Use the following annotation examples to set annotation permissions, add or edit annotations, or create a drawing annotation. For more information, visit annotation code samples in JavaScript.

Set Annotation Permissions

Annotation permissions are flexible and customizable. WebViewer supports client-side user permissions to control who modifies which annotations. By default, users can only modify annotations they create, but you can customize this. The permissions include:

  • Admin: Fully allowed to create/reply to/edit/delete any annotations
  • User: Allowed to create/reply to any annotations, but only allowed to edit/delete their own annotations
  • Read only: Not allowed to create/reply to/edit/delete any annotations

Define your own logic by using the setPermissionCheckCallback function on AnnotationManager.

This function takes a callback function you defined and returns it true if you give the current user permission to modify the annotation, or returns false otherwise.

Add or Edit PDF Annotations

The following sample code adds or edits annotations using the Apryse SDK JavaScript PDF annotation library . The sample annotation types include: hyperlink, intra-document link, stamp, rubber stamp, file attachment, sound, text, free-text, line, circle, square, polygon, polyline, highlight, squiggly, caret, and ink.

Learn more about our JavaScript PDF Library and PDF Annotation Library .

Create a Drawing Annotation

Use this example to create a rectangle JavaScript PDF annotation . Creating other types of annotations is similar.

Import/Export Annotations

One option is to use XFDF files to save and load annotations. You can use AJAX requests to save and load the XFDF string from the server, and set up the server to write and read XFDF files.

Ready to unlock the potential of XFDF annotations? Dive into our blog and discover how to enhance your document workflows with this powerful tool.

For more information, see Import/export annotations .

Related Resources

Learn more about PDF annotations from the following resources:

  • Apryse annotation capabilities
  • JavaScript PDF annotation library
  • Import/export annotations
  • Annotate document statuses
  • Flattening annotations

In this article, we described what PDF annotations are and the rich functionality they bring to projects with the right annotation library. We also covered:

  • Potential use cases for annotations in an application
  • How to annotate a PDF in JavaScript using Apryse's annotations, which require minimal code to get up and running
  • Examples of creating and adding annotations

To learn more about Apryse's customizable annotations, visit our documentation or download a free trial of the Apryse SDK. Our product specialists and the engineers who built the product are delighted to answer any questions, so don't hesitate to drop us a line .

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Heather Dinsdale

PDF SDK for Web

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Javascript library for creating annotations in PDF documents

highkite/pdfAnnotate

Folders and files, repository files navigation, pdfannotate.

pdfAnnotate allows to annotate PDF documents in javascript. It works in a browser, as well as, in a nodejs environment. The idea is to provide a simple interface to annotate PDF documents. The annotated PDF document can be easily downloaded or further processed.

Note: pdAnnotate is no PDF viewer/ renderer. It provides an API to create different types of PDF annotations. For implementing a web-based PDF editor we recommend to use it in combination with PDF.js or a similar renderer.

Table of Contents

Installation, getting started, the translation of coordinates, configuration options, backward compatibility, appearance stream support, constructor(...), loadfile(...), createtextannotation(...), createhighlightannotation(...), createunderlineannotation(...), createsquigglyannotation(...), createstrikeoutannotation(...), createfreetextannotation(...), createlineannotation(...), createcircleannotation(...), createsquareannotation(...), createpolygonannotation(...), createpolylineannotation(...), createstampannotation(...), createcaretannotation(...), createinkannotation(...), createpopupannotation(...), deleteannotation(...), getannotations(), download(...), adding an annotation, document updates, pdf objects, cross-reference stream objects, stream objects, compression, documentation.

Either use npm for the installation or reference the bundled file from the _bundles directory.

If you use Typescript you can import the factory with:

You can also load the bundled files from the _bundles directory.

To add annotations the AnnotationFactory needs to be initialized. One approach is to use the static loadFile method that takes as argument a filepath and then initializes the factory with the corresponding PDF document data.

Annotations can be easily created by calling creator methods (see API Documentation ). Finally the extended document can be downloaded by calling the download method.

When using a PDF viewer, as for instance PDF.js the factory can be initialized as follows:

Thereby pdfDocument is the PDF document representation of the PDFjs library as provided by pdfjsLib.getDocument(...) . See the examples for more information.

Using the Library in Angular

If you use the library in Angular (9) just import the AnnotationFactory class as described above.

Then add the following to the package.json file of your angular project:

Demo / Examples

An example application that uses the pdfAnnotate library together with PDFjs is given in the examples directory: pdfjsExample.html . By reading the code you might understand how to utilize the library and get some ideas how to combine it with the PDFViewer .

Although it is part of the code, we want to discuss the solution of a common problem when using PDFjs together with annotation libraries:

When adding an annotation to a PDF most of the time the position of the annotation is determined by a mouse click. Depending on the object to which the click event handler is attached to the position coordinates are shifted by an offset or the PDF document is scaled.

Therefore we start by subtracting the offsets from the coordinates. This must be done with respect to the current page. Positioning of objects in PDF document is always based on the coordinate system of a page. A page spans a canvas on which multiple objects of different types are placed.

Finally we need to consider the viewport of the PDF representation. The PDF might be scaled. This must be considered when computing the coordinates.

The following code shows an examplary code snippet to translate the coordinates:

Note that we assumed that you used the PDFjs PDFViewer for displaying the PDF and we utilized JQuery for the offset computation.

Quadpoints are a feature of PDF annotations to describe mulitple rectangles, where every rectangle is defined by four points given in x any y coordinates. The order of the points can be observed in the following depiction:

Quadpoints

Please note the order. The PDF specification defines another order, but it seems to be an error (cfg. Stackoverflow discussion ) in the document.

It is possible to define multiple rectangles in a quadpoint array. The length of the quadpoints array must be a multiple of 8 . In some cases the API does not require the definition of quadpoints, although the definiton is actually required by the PDF specification. In these cases we derive the quadpoints directly from the provided rect array. However, it is always possible to overwrite this behaviour by providing the quadpoint array.

Please note that the coordinate system origin in PDF canvas is the left bottom corner.

From the PDF specification: If a conforming reader does not recognize a QuadPoint array (e.g., it is not present) the Rect entry is used. Also the QuadPoints array will be ignored by conforming readers, if the specified points are outside the bounding box specified by the Rect array.

API Documentation

In the following we introduce the API.

It is possible to provide additional options to the functions, that create the annotations to configure the appearance and behavior. In the following we provide an overview of existing options. Note that not every annotation type support every option. The PDF specification differentiates between different annotation classes. For once, there exists parameters, that are supported by every annotation and there exists parameters, that are only supported by Markup annotations and there exists individual options.

Please also note, that just because the specification supports these options, there is no guarantee that a specific PDF reader (as for instance, pdfjs, Foxit reader, or the Adobe reader) implemented the option.

These are the options that are supported by every annotation:

We now show options, that are only supported by Markup annotations. Markup annotations are: Text, FreeText, Line, Square, Circle, Polygon, PolyLine, Highlight, Underline, Squiggly, StrikeOut, Stamp, Caret, Ink, FileAttachment, Sound, Redact

Individual configuration options are discussed in the corresponding documentation sections.

There exists a lot of parameters and options to control the behavior and appearance of annotations. In fact, there exists so many, that it is not feasible to add them to the parameter lists in the annotation creation function headers. Instead we decided to provide dictionaries to the creation functions. The dictionaries are required to contain a number of mandatory parameters, as for instance the page number, the coordinate rectangle or the content text and other optional parameters. The user can decide, what optional parameters to use. For compatibility reasons, we also support the former variant. However, in this case the optional parameters must be provided within a dictionary as a last parameter.

For clarification: The example in the former notation

is better written as:

With version 1.0.15 the library supports appearance streams for the visual representation of annotations. This has the advantage, that the annotations are displayed equally on different PDF renderers independent from any default-appearances. Also annotations, that are not supported, as for instance the freetext annotation in pdfjs are displayed.

To use the libraries default appearance stream use the method createDefaultAppearanceStream() on the returen created annotation object.

It is possible to create an annotation factory and initialize it directly with the data of a PDF document given as UInt8Array . This is for instance useful, when using the pdfAnnotate library with PDFjs .

Parameters:

loadFile is a static method of the factory. It creates a factory object initialized with the data from the document specified by the provided path.

It returns a promise with the instantiated factory as argument.

A text annotation is an icon, which shows a popup text when clicking on it.

 Example of a text annotation

The parameters must be wrapped within a dictionary (cfg. Backward Compatibility ).

Note that there are more optional parameters available, as described in Configuration Options . Also note, that a text annotation is a Markup annotation.

In evince the annotation icons ar displayed as follows:

When using the default appearance stream, the icons look as follows:

Note that currently only the icons Help and Note are supported. If you need other icons you can either adapt the appearance stream or create a feature request.

Example usage:

The highlight annotation emphasizes a selected text, with a semitransparent color.

 Example of a highlight annotation

The underline annotation underlines a selected text. However, see the remark: This annotation is not always correctly rendered.

 Example of an underline annotation

Note The underline annotation is not displayed by the PDFjs renderer. However, it is displayed in the chrome PDF viewer. Sometimes it is wrongly rendered. In the Ubuntu Gnome PDF viewer Evince it is displayed as overline . Use the createDefaultAppearanceStream() option to support all PDF renderers.

Uses a curly line for underlining a selected text.

 Example of a squiggly annotation

Can be used to cross out the selected text.

 Example of a strike out annotation

Creates a free text annotations. It puts a label at an arbitrary position. Notice that in particular the chrome PDF viewer and the Firefox PDF viewer are only able to render the annotation when using a default appearance stream.

 Example of a free text annotation

Example of a callout annotation:

 Example of a callout annotation

Line ending styles of callout pointers:

Please note, that if you use the createDefaultAppearanceStream() method, the library will apply a naive line wrapping to place the text in the space defined by the rect field. It tries to split at spaces and only if the space is not sufficient to hold a single word it will wrap the line within a word. If the defined rect is not sufficient to display the whole text it will be cut off at the bottom. The text starts at the upper right corner. You can format the text by specifying the rect and playing with the fontSize . Also note, that the default appearance stream does not support callout lines. If you need those, please create a feature request.

Not yet implemented.

Adds a circle annotation to the document.

 Example of a circle annotation

Adds a square annotation to the document.

 Example of a square annotation

Adds a polygon as depicted in the following figure.

 Example of a polygon annotation

Adds a polygon line as depicted in the following figure.

 Example of a poly line annotation

Adds an ink annotation

 Example of an ink annotation

Deletes an existing annotation. Either from the set of newly created annotations or from the actual PDF document.

Returns the annotations that originally exist in the PDF document and those that were created by the library in the mean time. The return values is a list of lists, where every list represents one page in the pdf document.

Returns the fonts, that are defined in the PDF document.

Appends the created annotations to the PDF file and returns the complete file encoded as UInt8Array .

The download method allows the download of the adapted PDF document in the browser.

The save method allows to store the adapted PDF document in a nodejs environment.

Please notice : It seems to be unusal to create a library targeting the node environment and the browser equally. When using the library in Angular 6+ it complains that the module fs can not be loaded. For more information see discussion on Github . I did not find a way to compile this library or change the code of the library sothat it is possible to run it in angular and nodejs. If you know please contact me.

If you want to use this method you need to uncomment it in the code. Sorry for the inconvenience. I know this is a really, really poor design;).

How does the Library Works? -- Head Jump into the Rabbit Hole

The annotation of PDF documents is an awesome feature that I really appreciate. Although there exists a number of javascript PDF viewer libraries, as for instance pdfjs , those do not support the creation of annotations. There exists the library pdf-annotate.js an interesting annotation solution that introduces an additional layer for creating annotations on top of the PDF document. For storing these annotations a storage adapter must be provided. Instead of storing the annotations separated from the actual PDF document file I prefer storing the annotations directly in the PDF file. Otherwise these annotations are only visible in dedicated viewer application.

I started the journey by diving into the pdfjs library. I managed to create annotations that are visible on the viewing area, but noticed a bit late that pdfjs does not provide any sort of pdf writer. So it is only one step to extend the pdfjs library by an annotation that is correctly positioned with all the styles applied, but an entirely different step to write these information into a valid PDF document.

So I tried to employ different javascript pdf writer libraries, as pdfkit , pdfmake or jspdf , to create a new PDF document by going through the pdfjs PDF datastructure and write all the objects of the PDF document into the datastructures of the writer libraries. Since my plan was to use this functionality in a browser within the angular framework I failed in using pdfkit and pdfmake. jspdf on the other hand seemed to work. The only problem was that it was not able to parse CFF based fonts and after diving a few days into the opentype font specification and some implementations that were able to convert CFF fonts into TTF outlined fonts I decided that there must be a simpler way. Additionally I figured that the font problem would not be the last problem, when trying to clone a PDF document from a more highlevel datastruture. A PDF document can comprise a lot of different data.

Finally I stumbled over the Updating section in the PDF specification. Generally speaking it is possible to add annotations by just appending them to the end of the PDF file. Furthermore it is possible to delete or edit existing annotations. I decided that this might be the best way to implement the annotation of PDF documents in a javascript context.

In the following I describe the function of the library on a high level. We assume that the PDF document was loaded entirely and the data stream is available.

  • An annotation is created
  • The latest update of Page object must be fetched to check, whether there exists an Annots field in the object definition
  • If there is no Annots field it must be added and a reference to a list must be added that holds the references to the annotations of the page
  • We need to append one or two new object to the PDF document: One object that represents the newly created annotation and if necessary one object representing the list of annotations of a page, in case the corresponding page does not have an Annots field yet.
  • For this we need unique object identifiers (see PDF Objects ). There are two ways to identify new object numbers in a PDF document. Either by using an existing but freed object identifier or by creating a new one by incrementing the last used object identfier.
  • After adding the objects and updating the Annots array the cross reference table must be created and attached to the file data
  • Finally we need some way to download or process the modified file

We can conclude: for creating an annotation we need the following informations:

  • a free object id (new or reused) for creating the annotation object
  • the address of the annotation field or to the page object, if the annotation field does not exists yet. In this case we also need a free object id for the new annotation list
  • the last update section for handling the references and the cross reference table

From Document updates we learned that we can use the cross reference table for efficiently reading the necessary objects and information from PDF documents.

A newly created PDF document closes with three sections: Body update , Cross-reference section and Updated Trailer . When the PDF document is updated, that means manipulated by for instance adding an annotation, another triplet of a Body update , Cross-reference section and Updated Trailer is attached to the end of the file. These sections contain jump addresses that allow an efficient traversal through the PDF document. So by reading the last update section we can go backwards and read all the information without the need of consuming outdated (already updated) information.

To understand how such an update section works let us consider the following example:

The first part contains the body update. In this example the objects 7 and 8 are updated. Thereby the object 7 represents the list of annotations of a certain page. This list is extended by another new annotation defined in object 8 .

The next part starting with the xref keyword represents the cross-reference section . The cross-reference section can be devided into sub sections that are always separated by the two numbers, which are again separated by a blank. So in the example, we have two subsections one starting with 0 1 and one starting with 7 2 . The first number represents the object id of the first referenced object and the second the number of references contained in subsection. So in the subsection starting with 7 2 we know that the first entry refers to the object with id 7 and has two entries. The second entry refers to an object with id 8 .

If there is a gap in the consecutive enumeration of updated objects a new subsection is created that starts with the id of the first updated object in a consecutive row of updated objects. In this way uninvolved objects must not be mentioned in the table.

Let us now consider the structure of the subsection entries. It starts with a pointer to the object locations. So for instance in the entrie 0000001321 00000 n the number 0...01321 represents the number of the byte in the document where the object with id 7 is defined. The second number in this case 00000 represents the generation number of the object. That is an indication of how often the corresponding object id was reused. An object can be freed. The object id becomes available again and can be reused. To mark an object id that had been reused the generation number is used. (see PDF Objects for more information). The third part of a subsection entry is an n or an f . f marks an object as freed, that means its object id can be reused, while n indicates the creation of a new object or the update of an existing object.

There is an additional particularity when freeing an object: The first number in the subsection entry represents then the address of the last free object. So we build a linked list of freed objects. This also explains the existance of the entry with object id 0 , which represents the head of the linked list of freed entries. 65535 represents the maximum generation number. The generation number of a freed object is the generation number of the object that is newly created and reuses the object id.

The last part of the update section contains the file trailer. It starts with the keyword trailer and is followed by the trailer dictionary. The trailer dictionary has commonly three sections: The Root key refers to the catalog dictionary object of the PDF document, the Prev key points to the previous cross reference section. This entry does not exists in the first document trailer, which marks the start of the document update history. The Size key contains the total number of entries in the cross-reference table with respect to the complete update history. So for instance in the example we have a size of 9 , which means that the complete cross-reference table (covering the total history) has 8 objects. In the body update section we created the object with id 8 , thus together with the 0'th object we have 9 objects maintained by the table. This number will always increment when using a new object id. It can also be used to easily identify the newest object id.

The last part of the trailer starts with the keyword startxref and the position of the xref keyword. This represents the byte poisiton of the cross reference table start.

A PDF document consists of an arbitrary number of objects. These objects have different purposes. A page object is the logic representation of a physical PDF page, a root object is the start position of the document top-down traversal, there are also content objects, and a great variety of other types.

What all these objects have in common is how they are identified and referenced. An object reference consists of a number representing an object id and a generation . An exemplary object definition is given in the following:

Here the object has id 3 and generation 0 . So what is this generation value? The PDF specification allows the reusing of object ids. If there was once an object with id 3 , but then it was freed, its id can be reused at the next update as a unique id for a new object. To differentiate the original object and the object that uses the reused id there exists the generation field. It is incremented for every reuse of the id.

When referencing an object we need to provide the object id, as well as the generation to unambiguously identify a certain object. To reference the introduced example object we write:

Since the introduction of PDF 1.5 there exists apart from the cross-reference tables the feature to compress the reference information using cross-reference stream objects . Basically these are regular PDF stream objects consisting of a dictionary containing information about the structure of the stream and at the end of the object a stream section holding the compressed reference table.

An example is given in the following:

Note that a cross-refeerence stream object must have the type /XRef . In this example the actual stream is replaced by ... , since this is only a bytestream and cannot be displayed in character encodings anyway.

In general the stream data is compressed. The used compressing algorithm is determined by the attribute /Filter . Before one can work with the stream data it is necessary to uncompress them. We will discuss compression algorithms later, but assume in the following that we already have an uncompressed data stream. See the Compression section for more information.

The most important information provided by the cross-reference stream object to interprete the stream data is given by the /W attribute. It determines the length of a cross-reference entry. In this case the value of /W is [1 3 1] , what means that the total length of a cross-reference entry is 5 bytes. It further determines that the first value is encoded using one byte, the second value with three bytes and the last value again with one byte.

So in this case a cross-reference entry is determined by three values. Note that it is posisble that a field becomes 0 , in which case it is omitted, since 0 bytes are used to represent it.

The meaning of the three values is explained in the PDF standard. The first value determines the type. A 0 as value means that a freed object is encoded, a 1 determines a regular object and a 2 a compressed one.

Type 0 : For understanding freed objects, please read Document Updates . The three bytes of a freed object encode the object id of the next freed object and the third value represents the generation to use when reusing the freed object. This establishes a linked list of freed object ids, as we already discussed in Document Updates .

Type 1 : Those types are regular cross-reference objects, as we already know from the regular cross-reference tables. In this case the three byte value represents the pointer start position of the PDF object in the document.

Type 3 : This type is introduced with stream objects (cf. Stream Objects ). Besides the option to compress the cross-reference table it is now possible to compress PDF objects in general. In this case multiple objects are encoded in a stream object. In this case the three byte value determines the object id of the stream object that contains the actual object. The third value determines an offset. In a stream objects multiple objects are encoded sequentiell in the object stream. The offset determines the position of the object in the stream.

Note that the object id is not directly encoded in the cross reference stream. That is similar to the concept of section headers in the cross-reference tables. If no /Index field is available, the cross-reference stream object is considered as one long cross-reference section, with the first encoded cross-reference entry representing the object with id 0 , the second entry the object with id 1 and so on.

The /Index attribute determines the length of such a sequence. In this case it says [0 3681] what means starting at object id 0 the stream section encodes 3681 objects. Which is also stated in the /Size field. However, as in the case of cross-reference tables multiple incoherent sequences can be encoded.

This for example can be interpreted that the tream first encodes four objects starting with id 0 (so objects with ids: 0, 1, 2 and 3) and two objects starting with id 10 (so objects with ids: 10 and 11).

Note that as in case of cross-reference tables there might be mulitple cross-reference stream objects that build upon each other. In this case a stream object contains a /Prev attribute that points to the previous object.

The non-stream part of a stream object represents a dictionary containing information about the structure of the stream data. The /Type attribute of a stream object is always /ObjStm . The number of encoded objects is given by the /N attribute and the first attribute starts at the value given by the /First attribute.

The reason for providing a /First attribute is that the stream consist of two parts. The firs part can be considered as a cross reference table for the objects within the stream object, while the second part contains the actual object data.

Two important remarks about the structure of the stream:

  • All generation values of objects within a stream object are 0 . That means objects with reused object ids can not be compressed into stream objects.
  • The obj and endobj key words for determining the limits of an object are omitted within the stream.

As in case of Cross-Reference Stream Objects the data stream is compressed. We assume in the following that we already deal with an uncompressed data stream. See the Compression section for more information.

The first part of a cross reference stream object determines the position of encoded objects within the stream.

Every entry consists of two values: the object id and an offset .

So a the object data of an object with id $i$ can be found at position $\textit{/First} + \textit{offset}_{i}$ .

The compression of a stream object is determined by two flags: /Filter and /DecodeParms . The first determines the actual compression algorithm. In the example above it is the Flate decoding, which is right now the only supported encoding. If this becomes a problem, please file a feature request.

The optional decode parameters determine additional filtering of the stream data. So for instance it is possible to apply the PNG predictor functions to improve the actual compression. When uncompressing a stream data it is then necessary to invert the predictor values. h

Contributors 6

  • JavaScript 50.8%
  • TypeScript 48.4%
  • EJ2 JavaScript

Labels in EJ2 JavaScript Diagram control

10 Feb 2024 24 minutes to read

Annotation is a block of text that can be displayed over a node or connector. Annotation is used to textually represent an object with a string that can be edited at runtime. Multiple annotations can be added to a node/connector.

Create annotation

An annotation can be added to a node/connector by defining the annotation object and adding that to the annotation collection of the node/connector. The content property of annotation defines the text to be displayed. The following code illustrates how to create a annotation.

annotation javascript definition

Add annotations at runtime

Annotations can be added at runtime by using the client-side method addLabels . The following code illustrates how to add a annotation to a node.

The annotation’s ID property is used to define the name of the annotation and its further used to find the annotation at runtime and do any customization.

Remove annotation

A collection of annotations can be removed from the node by using client-side method removeLabels . The following code illustrates how to remove a annotation to a node.

Update annotation at runtime

You can change any annotation properties at runtime and update it through the client-side method dataBind .

The following code example illustrates how to change the annotation properties.

Annotation can be aligned relative to the node boundaries. It has margin , offset , horizontal, and vertical alignment settings. It is quite tricky when all four alignments are used together but gives more control over alignment.

The offset property of annotation is used to align the annotations based on fractions. 0 represents top/left corner, 1 represents bottom/right corner, and 0.5 represents half of width/height.

Set the size for a nodes annotation by using width and height properties.

The following code shows the relationship between the annotation position (black color circle) and offset (fraction values).

Horizontal and vertical alignment

The horizontalAlignment property of annotation is used to set how the annotation is horizontally aligned at the annotation position determined from the fraction values. The verticalAlignment property is used to set how annotation is vertically aligned at the annotation position.

The following tables illustrates all the possible alignments visually with ‘offset (0, 0)’.

The following codes illustrates how to align annotations.

Annotation alignment with respect to segments

The offset and alignment properties of annotation allows you to align the connector annotations with respect to the segments.

The following code example illustrates how to align connector annotations.

Margin is an absolute value used to add some blank space in any one of its four sides. The annotations can be displaced with the margin property. The following code example illustrates how to align a annotation based on its offset , horizontalAlignment , verticalAlignment , and margin values.

The textAlign property of annotation allows you to set how the text should be aligned (left, right, center, or justify) inside the text block. The following codes illustrate how to set textAlign for an annotation.

Diagram provides a support to add a hyperlink for the nodes/connectors annotation. It can also be customized.

A User can open the hyperlink in the new window, the same tab and the new tab by using the hyperlinkOpenState property

Template Support for Annotation

Diagram provides template support for annotation. you should define a SVG/HTML content as string in the annotation’s template property.

The following code illustrates how to define a template in node’s annotation. similarly, you can define it in connectors.

When text overflows node boundaries, you can control it by using text wrapping . So, it is wrapped into multiple lines. The wrapping property of annotation defines how the text should be wrapped. The following code illustrates how to wrap a text in a node.

Text overflow

The label’s TextOverflow property is used control whether to display the overflowed content in node or not.

You can change the font style of the annotations with the font specific properties (fontSize, fontFamily, color). The following code illustrates how to customize the appearance of the annotation.

The label’s bold , italic , and textDecoration properties are used to style the label’s text.

The label’s fill , strokeColor , and strokeWidth properties are used to define the background color and border color of the annotation and the opacity property is used to define the transparency of the annotations.

The visible property of the annotation enables or disables the visibility of annotation.

The fill, border, and opacity appearances of the text can also be customized with appearance specific properties of annotation. The following code illustrates how to customize background, opacity, and border of the annotation.

Interaction

Diagram allows annotation to be interacted by selecting, dragging, rotating, and resizing. Annotation interaction is disabled, by default. You can enable annotation interaction with the constraints property of annotation. You can also curtail the services of interaction by enabling either selecting, dragging, rotating, or resizing individually with the respective constraints property of annotation. The following code illustrates how to enable annotation interaction.

Diagram provides support to edit an annotation at runtime, either programmatically or interactively. By default, annotation is in view mode. But it can be brought to edit mode in two ways;

Programmatically By using startTextEdit method, edit the text through programmatically.

Interactively

  • By double-clicking the annotation.
  • By selecting the item and pressing the F2 key.

Double-clicking any annotation will enables editing and the node enables first annotation editing. When the focus of editor is lost, the annotation for the node is updated. When you double-click on the node/connector/diagram model, the doubleClick event gets triggered.

Read-only annotations

Diagram allows to create read-only annotations. You have to set the read-only property of annotation to enable/disable the read-only constraints . The following code illustrates how to enable read-only mode.

The diagram control now supports defining the dragLimit to the label while dragging from the connector and also update the position to the nearest segment offset.

You can set the value to dragLimit left , right , top , and bottom properties which allow the dragging of connector labels to a certain limit based on the user defined values.

By default, drag limit will be disabled for the connector. It can be enabled by setting connector constraints as drag.

The following code illustrates how to set a dragLimit for connector annotations.

Multiple annotations

You can add any number of annotations to a node or connector. The following code illustrates how to add multiple annotations to a node.

Constraints

The constraints property of annotation allows you to enable/disable certain annotation behaviors. For instance, you can disable annotation editing.

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  • Research Briefing
  • Published: 21 February 2024

OMArk, a tool for gene annotation quality control, reveals erroneous gene inference

Nature Biotechnology ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

  • Quality control
  • Sequence annotation

We developed the OMArk software package for evaluating protein-coding gene annotation quality. In addition to assessing the completeness of a proteome, OMArk estimates the overall quality of the gene set’s content, a feature that will help to improve public protein sequence data.

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annotation javascript definition

Blaxter, M. et al. Why sequence all eukaryotes? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119 , e2115636118 (2022). An article that presents the reasoning behind the ongoing massive sequencing of all eukaryotic genomes.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Salzberg, S. L. Next-generation genome annotation: we still struggle to get it right. Genome Biol. 20 , 92 (2019). A piece summarizing the challenges of gene annotation.

Altenhoff, A. M. et al. OMA orthology in 2024: improved prokaryote coverage, ancestral and extant GO enrichment, a revamped synteny viewer and more in the OMA ecosystem. Nucleic Acids Res. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad1020 (2023). The latest paper presenting the OMA orthology database, which OMArk uses as reference.

Article   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Rossier, V., Vesztrocy, A. W., Robinson-Rechavi, M. & Dessimoz, C. OMAmer: tree-driven and alignment-free protein assignment to subfamilies outperforms closest sequence approaches. Bioinformatics https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab219 (2021). This paper describes OMAmer, the first step in the workflow of OMArk.

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Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This is a summary of: Nevers, Y. et al. Quality assessment of gene repertoire annotations with OMArk. Nat. Biotechnol . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02147-w (2024).

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OMArk, a tool for gene annotation quality control, reveals erroneous gene inference. Nat Biotechnol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02155-w

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annotation javascript definition

Ajout de commentaires à l’aide des outils d’annotation et d’annotation de dessin dans PDF

Avant de commencer

Nous déployons une nouvelle expérience de produit plus intuitive. Si l’écran affiché ici ne correspond pas à l’interface de votre produit, sélectionnez  aide pour votre expérience actuelle .

annotation javascript definition

Ajoutez des commentaires aux fichiers de PDF à l’aide des outils de surlignage, des notes, de l’outil de dessin à main levée et des outils d’annotation.

Ajout de commentaires lors de l’affichage d’un document de PDF

Vous pouvez désormais utiliser des actions rapides dans une barre d’outils flottante pour ajouter des commentaires lors de l’affichage d’un PDF. Les actions rapides suivantes peuvent être commentées en fonction de votre sélection dans un PDF :

  • Actions sur la sélection de texte : vous pouvez Surligner le texte, Souligner le texte sélectionné, Barrer le texte sélectionné, Biffer du texte, Copier le texte et Modifier un PDF.

Actions sur la sélection de texte

  • Actions sur la sélection d’images : Lorsque vous sélectionnez une image, vous pouvez effectuer des actions telles qu’Ajouter une note, Surligner l’image, Biffer l’image, Copier l’image et Modifier un PDF.

Actions sur la sélection d’images

  • Actions sur la sélection des tons clairs : Lorsque vous sélectionnez un commentaire de mise en surbrillance dans un PDF, des actions rapides permettant d’ajouter une note, de modifier la couleur ou de supprimer le commentaire s’affichent.

Actions sur la sélection des tons clairs

Présentation des outils d’annotation et d’annotation de dessin

Dans Acrobat Reader, les outils de commentaire complets sont disponibles uniquement dans les PDF avec  commentaires activés .

Vous pouvez utiliser les outils d’annotation et d’annotation de dessin pour ajouter des commentaires. Les commentaires sont des notes et des dessins qui communiquent des idées ou fournissent des commentaires aux PDF. Vous pouvez saisir un message texte à l’aide de l’outil Ajouter un commentaire de texte. Vous pouvez également utiliser un outil de dessin pour ajouter une ligne, un cercle ou une autre forme, puis saisir un message dans la fenêtre contextuelle de la note associée. Les outils d’édition de texte vous permettent d’ajouter des repères de modification pour indiquer les modifications que vous souhaitez apporter au document source.

Dans Acrobat Pro, vous pouvez ajouter des balises à vos commentaires afin que les lecteurs ayant des limitations de mouvement ou de vision puissent les lire à l’aide de technologies d’assistance.

Afficher les outils d’annotation et d’annotation de dessin

Les outils d’annotation et d’annotation n’apparaissent pas par défaut, sauf lorsque vous ouvrez un PDF dans le cadre d’une révision gérée.

Choisissez l’option  Commentaires icône dans le volet de droite pour afficher les commentaires ajoutés.

Volet Commentaires dans Acrobat

Les outils d’annotation de dessin sont regroupés sous Dessiner à main levée dans le menu flottant des outils rapides sur la gauche.

Menu Outils de dessin dans Acrobat

Sélection d’un outil d’annotation ou d’annotation de dessin

Dans le menu d’outils rapides sur la gauche, sélectionnez l’annotation souhaitée à ajouter au PDF.

Outils d’annotation

Après avoir fait un commentaire initial, l’outil reprend la forme de l’outil Sélection afin que vous puissiez déplacer, redimensionner ou modifier votre commentaire. (La Crayon  et  Surbrillance Texte  les outils restent sélectionnés.)

Maintenir un outil d’annotation sélectionné

Vous pouvez ajouter plusieurs commentaires sans devoir sélectionner à nouveau l’outil.

Dans les outils de commentaire, sélectionnez l’outil à utiliser (mais ne l’utilisez pas encore).

annotation javascript definition

Ajouter un commentaire

Dans Acrobat Reader , les outils de commentaire complets sont disponibles uniquement dans les PDF pour lesquels les commentaires sont activés. Les PDF d’un processus de révision incluent généralement des droits de commentaire.

Le type de commentaire le plus courant est Ajouter un commentaire qui ressemble à une note. Le commentaire s’affiche sous la forme d’une icône de note sur la page et d’une fenêtre contextuelle de note pour votre message. Vous pouvez ajouter un commentaire n’importe où sur la page ou dans la zone de document.

Ajouter un commentaire dans Acrobat

Procédure à suivre pour ajouter un commentaire

annotation javascript definition

Si vous fermez la fenêtre contextuelle de la note, votre texte est conservé.

Modification d’un commentaire

Sélectionnez ou double-cliquez sur l’icône de note.

Pour modifier les propriétés du commentaire, cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris sur la note   ou dans le menu d’options du commentaire, sélectionnez Propriétés. Modifiez les propriétés du pense-bête selon vos besoins et sélectionnez OK .

Utilisez le panneau Commentaires de la boîte de dialogue Préférences pour modifier la taille de la police, le comportement du menu contextuel par défaut et d’autres paramètres de création et d’affichage des commentaires

Copie de texte partiel dans un commentaire

  • Cliquez deux fois ou cliquez sur l’icône de note.

Sélectionnez le texte, puis faites un clic droit et copiez le texte.

Suppression d’un commentaire

annotation javascript definition

Sélectionnez l’icône de note, puis appuyez sur Supprimer .

Vous pouvez également double-cliquer sur l’icône de note et choisir Supprimer dans le menu Options de la fenêtre contextuelle de la note.

Ajouter un commentaire texte

Utilisez la commande Ajouter un commentaire texte pour saisir du texte n’importe où sur la page du PDF.

Dans le menu Outils rapides, sélectionnez Ajouter un commentaire > Ajouter un commentaire texte .

Sélectionnez l’emplacement sur la page où placer le curseur

Pour modifier la mise en forme du texte, double-cliquez sur le commentaire de texte ajouté, sélectionnez le texte, puis sélectionnez la police, l’alignement du texte et toute autre mise en forme souhaitée.

Modification du nom de l’auteur pour les commentaires

Lorsque vous ajoutez un commentaire dans un fichier de PDF, votre nom de connexion est utilisé par défaut comme nom d’auteur du commentaire. Pour modifier le nom de l’auteur, voir modification du nom de l’auteur pour les commentaires .

Ajout d’un trait, d’une flèche ou d’une forme

Dans Acrobat Reader , les outils de dessin sont disponibles uniquement dans les PDF pour lesquels la fonction de commentaire est activée. Les PDF d’un processus de révision incluent généralement des droits de commentaire.

Lorsque vous sélectionnez un outil de dessin, réfléchissez à l’effet souhaité.

Dans le menu Outils rapides, sélectionnez l’option Dessiner à main levée puis sélectionnez l’outil d’annotation de dessin souhaité :

annotation javascript definition

Pour spécifier la largeur de trait, la couleur et d’autres propriétés avant de dessiner, sélectionnez l’outil souhaité et appuyez sur Ctrl+E pour ouvrir la barre d’outils des propriétés. Définissez les options souhaitées dans la barre d’outils Propriétés.

Pour créer un nuage ou un polygone, cliquez pour créer le point de départ, déplacez le pointeur, puis cliquez pour créer chaque segment. Pour terminer le dessin de la forme, cliquez sur le point de départ ou cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris et choisissez Terminer dans le menu. Cliquez deux fois pour terminer une ligne polygonale.

Pour tracer une ligne, une flèche ou un rectangle, faites glisser le pointeur sur la zone où vous souhaitez faire apparaître l’annotation ou cliquez deux fois : une fois pour créer le point de départ et une fois pour créer le point d’impact.

Pour dessiner un carré ou un cercle, ou pour tracer une ligne horizontale, verticale ou inclinée de 45°, maintenez la touche Maj enfoncée pendant que vous dessinez.

  • Pour modifier ou redimensionner l’annotation, sélectionnez-la et faites glisser l’une des poignées pour effectuer vos réglages.

Pour ajouter une note à l’annotation, sélectionnez l’annotation, puis sélectionnez Ajouter une note dans le menu contextuel action rapide.

Ajouter une note au balisage

(Facultatif) Cliquez sur le bouton de fermeture dans la fenêtre contextuelle de la note. Une icône de note s’affiche à droite de l’annotation pour indiquer la présence de texte dans la fenêtre contextuelle de la note.

Pour supprimer une annotation de dessin, sélectionnez-la et appuyez sur la touche Suppr.

Vous pouvez également : modification de PDF avec des commentaires en ligne. Notre éditeur de PDF en ligne vous permet d’ajouter facilement du texte, des notes, des surlignages, des dessins et bien plus encore aux PDF.

Association et dissociation d’annotations

Vous pouvez associer plusieurs annotations afin que vos commentaires fonctionnent comme un seul commentaire. Vous pouvez grouper temporairement des annotations pour les déplacer ou modifier leurs propriétés au lieu de les modifier individuellement. Le regroupement permet également de distinguer vos annotations de celles des autres réviseurs lors de la révision d’un document.

Vous ne pouvez pas associer des annotations de modification de texte.

Annotations de groupe

  • Sélectionnez une annotation à l’aide de l’outil Sélection ou Main.
  • Maintenez la touche Ctrl ou Commande enfoncée et cliquez pour sélectionner les annotations à associer.

Cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris dans la sélection, puis choisissez Groupe .

Dissocier les annotations

Cliquez avec le bouton droit sur la sélection groupée, puis choisissez Dissocier .

Ajout de commentaires dans une zone de texte ou une légende

Dans Acrobat Reader , les outils de commentaire sont disponibles uniquement dans les PDF pour lesquels la fonction de commentaire est activée. Les PDF d’un processus de révision incluent généralement des droits de commentaire.

Vous pouvez utiliser la commande Ajouter un commentaire texte  pour créer une zone contenant du texte. Vous pouvez le positionner n’importe où sur la page et l’ajuster à n’importe quelle taille. Une zone de texte reste visible sur la page du document et ne se ferme pas comme une fenêtre contextuelle de note.

La police et la taille du texte dépendent des paramètres par défaut du système.

Ajout d’un commentaire dans une zone de texte ou une légende

Vous pouvez ajouter des commentaires au texte japonais, chinois et coréen à l’aide de la boîte de dialogue Zone de texte , mais les fichiers de ressources en langue asiatique doivent être installés. Les zones de texte acceptent uniquement le texte horizontal.

Vous pouvez utiliser la commande Légende de texte pour créer une zone de texte de légende. Les zones de texte de légende sont pratiques pour mettre en évidence (sans toutefois obscurcir) une zone particulière d’un document. Les zones de texte de légende se divisent en trois parties : une zone de texte, une ligne de genou et une ligne d’extrémité. Vous pouvez redimensionner chaque partie en faisant glisser une poignée. La genouillère ne peut être redimensionnée que dans une seule direction ; les genouillères horizontales ne peuvent être redimensionnées qu’horizontalement ; les genouillères verticales ne peuvent être redimensionnées que verticalement. La zone de texte s’agrandit verticalement au fur et à mesure que vous tapez afin que tout le texte reste visible.

Vous pouvez déplacer la zone de texte elle-même ou avec la ligne d’extrémité. La zone de texte se déplace autour d’un point d’ancrage fixe (la flèche sur la ligne de fin) défini lors du premier clic dans le PDF. Vous pouvez modifier la couleur et l’aspect de la zone de texte et ajouter des flèches ou des points de conduite à la ligne d’extrémité.

annotation javascript definition

Ajout d’une zone de texte

Dans le PDF, sélectionnez l’emplacement auquel vous souhaitez ajouter le texte.

Sélectionnez l’option Définir ou modifier les propriétés du texte sélectionné dans le menu outils rapides pour modifier la couleur, l’alignement et les attributs de police du texte.

Saisissez le texte. Le texte est automatiquement renvoyé à la ligne lorsqu’il atteint le bord droit de la zone.

Utilisation de Sélectionner , sélectionnez un bord de la zone de texte, puis faites glisser un coin pour la redimensionner. Cliquez avec le bouton droit sur la zone de texte pour ouvrir les propriétés de la zone de texte et modifier les options de bordure et de remplissage.

Double-cliquez sur la zone de texte pour modifier le texte ou les attributs de texte. Faites glisser le curseur sur le texte pour le sélectionner, puis sélectionnez les options dans le menu des outils rapides.

Pour supprimer la zone de texte, sélectionnez-la, puis appuyez sur Supprimer .

Vous pouvez également coller un bloc de texte en le sélectionnant et en le copiant dans n’importe quelle application, en sélectionnant l’outil Main dans Acrobat, puis en choisissant Édition > Coller.

Ajouter une légende

Dans le menu Outils rapides, sélectionnez Dessiner à main levée > Légende de texte .

  • Cliquez une fois pour définir l’emplacement du point d’extrémité, puis cliquez à nouveau pour définir l’emplacement de la zone de texte.

Choisissez l’option Définition ou modification des propriétés   pour le texte sélectionné dans le menu outils rapides, puis sélectionnez la couleur, l’alignement et les attributs de police du texte.

Pour redimensionner la légende, sélectionnez-la et faites glisser l’une des poignées qui s’affichent.

Pour déplacer la zone de texte, cliquez à l’intérieur de la zone et faites-la glisser.

Pour déplacer la légende entière, cliquez sur la ligne de fin ou sur un bord de la zone de texte, puis faites-la glisser.

Pour modifier la couleur, l’opacité ou les caractéristiques de la ligne, cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris et choisissez Propriétés , puis sélectionnez les options souhaitées.

Ajout de commentaires dans une pièce jointe

Utilisez la commande Joindre un fichier pour incorporer un fichier à un emplacement sélectionné dans un PDF, afin que le lecteur puisse l’ouvrir pour consultation. L’ajout de pièces jointes en tant que commentaire permet de faire référence à des documents plus longs qui ne peuvent pas être collés facilement dans une fenêtre contextuelle de note ou une zone de texte. Si vous déplacez le PDF vers un nouvel emplacement, le fichier incorporé l’accompagne automatiquement. Pour afficher une pièce jointe, une application permettant son ouverture doit être installée sur le lecteur.

Assurez-vous d’utiliser la Joindre un fichier de l’outil Ajouter des commentaires lors de la jonction de fichiers pour la révision d’un document. Pièces jointes au niveau du document que vous joignez à l’aide de la boîte de dialogue Joindre un fichier de l’outil  Modifier > Plus ne sont pas suivis avec d’autres commentaires dans un flux de révision et peuvent entraîner la perte de vos commentaires joints.

Dans le menu Outils rapides, sélectionnez Ajouter un commentaire > Joindre un fichier .

  • Cliquez dans le PDF à l’endroit où vous souhaitez placer la pièce jointe.

Sélectionnez le fichier à joindre, puis cliquez sur Ouvrir . Si vous joignez un PDF, vous pouvez mettre en surbrillance les zones d’intérêt du fichier à l’aide de commentaires.

Dans le panneau Pièce jointe Propriétés , sélectionnez les paramètres de l’icône de fichier qui s’affiche dans le PDF et sélectionnez OK .

La pièce jointe de commentaire apparaît également dans l’onglet Pièces jointes (dans le volet de navigation de droite) avec un numéro de page indiquant son emplacement.

Pour supprimer la pièce jointe, cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris sur l’icône du commentaire joint, puis choisissez Supprimer.

Préférences de commentaire

Les préférences de commentaire affectent à la fois l’aspect et l’affichage des annotations et des annotations dans les PDF.

Un réviseur peut placer des commentaires n’importe où dans le cadre du document. En conséquence, vous devrez parfois faire défiler la page ou effectuer un zoom arrière pour afficher les commentaires situés en dehors de la page.

Dans la boîte de dialogue Préférences, sous Catégories, sélectionnez Commentaires.

Affichage des commentaires

Police, taille de police

Sous Windows , vous pouvez déterminer la police et la taille du texte dans les fenêtres contextuelles de notes. Entrée SE MAC , vous pouvez uniquement sélectionner les paramètres Grands, Moyens ou Petits pour la police. Ce paramètre s’applique à tous les commentaires nouveaux et existants.

Opacité de la fenêtre contextuelle

Détermine l’opacité des fenêtres de commentaire de 1 à 100. Lorsqu’une fenêtre contextuelle de note est ouverte mais pas sélectionnée, une valeur d’opacité de 100 la rend opaque, tandis qu’une valeur inférieure la rend plus transparente.

Activation Des Indicateurs De Texte Et Des Info-Bulles

Affiche une info-bulle lorsque vous placez le pointeur de la souris sur un commentaire qui inclut une fenêtre contextuelle de note. L’info-bulle contient le nom de l’auteur, l’état du commentaire et deux lignes du texte. Sélectionné par défaut.

Impression de fenêtres et de notes

Spécifie que les fenêtres contextuelles de note associées à des commentaires, ainsi que les icônes de note, d’audio et de pièces jointes s’impriment exactement telles qu’elles apparaissent sur la page.

Au lieu de sélectionner cette option, vous pouvez imprimer le texte des commentaires dans différentes mises en page en choisissant Fichier > Imprimer, puis cliquer sur Résumer les commentaires . Pour plus de détails, reportez-vous au document à l’adresse imprimer les commentaires .

Afficher les lignes reliant les annotations de commentaire à leurs fenêtres lors du survol de la souris

Lorsque vous placez le pointeur de la souris sur une annotation de commentaire (telle qu’une mise en surbrillance ou une icône de note), le connecteur ombré s’affiche. Sélectionné par défaut.

Assurez-vous que les fenêtres contextuelles sont visibles lors du défilement du document

Lorsque vous faites défiler un PDF, les fenêtres contextuelles de note d’une page donnée se déplacent pour rester visibles dans le panneau de visualisation. Sélectionné par défaut.

Comportement d’ouverture d’une fenêtre contextuelle

Ouvrir automatiquement les fenêtres de commentaire pour les commentaires autres que les notes

Une fenêtre contextuelle de la note s’affiche lorsque vous créez un commentaire à l’aide d’un outil de dessin, de l’outil Tampon ou de l’outil Crayon.

Masquer les fenêtres de commentaire lorsque la liste des commentaires est ouverte

Permet de réduire l’encombrement de l’écran lorsqu’une page contient de nombreux commentaires. Sélectionné par défaut.

Ouvrir automatiquement les fenêtres contextuelles lors du survol de la souris

Lorsque vous placez le pointeur de la souris sur un commentaire de tout type (y compris les dessins et les tampons), la fenêtre contextuelle de la note s’ouvre.

Ajout de commentaires

Toujours utiliser le nom de connexion pour le nom d’auteur

Détermine le nom qui s’affiche dans la fenêtre contextuelle de la note que vous créez. Si cette option est sélectionnée, le Nom de connexion dans le panneau Identité de la boîte de dialogue Préférences. Si cette option n’est pas sélectionnée, le nom par défaut spécifié pour Auteur dans la boîte de dialogue des propriétés du commentaire est utilisé. Sélectionné par défaut.

Créer de nouvelles fenêtres contextuelles alignées sur le bord du document

Aligne les fenêtres contextuelles de note sur le côté droit de la fenêtre du document, quel que soit l’endroit où l’annotation de commentaire (icône de note ou texte surligné, par exemple) est ajoutée. Si cette option est désélectionnée, la fenêtre contextuelle de la note s’affiche en regard de l’annotation de commentaire. Sélectionné par défaut.

Autoriser la réponse imbriquée aux notes (redémarrage requis)

Permet de répondre aux pense-bêtes avec une expérience de thread unique. Si cette option est sélectionnée, chaque annotation apparaît comme une conversation et toutes les réponses comme une expérience de thread unique.

Activer la sélection de texte pour surligner, barrer et souligner

Permet de sélectionner et de copier du texte pour surligner, barrer et souligner des commentaires

Activer le texte et l’icône de type Commentaire dans la liste des commentaires (redémarrage requis)

Affiche le type de commentaire et d’icône ajoutés dans la liste des commentaires.

Afficher la case à cocher dans la note de commentaire

Coche la même case pour tous les commentaires.

Ajout de commentaires (spécifiques à Acrobat)

Copier le texte entouré dans les fenêtres de commentaire de dessin

Copie le texte que vous encerclez à l’aide des outils de dessin dans la fenêtre contextuelle de la note associée à l’annotation de dessin.

Copier le texte sélectionné dans les fenêtres de surbrillance, de barrage et de soulignement des commentaires

Copie le texte sélectionné dans la fenêtre contextuelle de la note associée à des commentaires de modification de texte, tels que ceux créés par l’outil Surligner le texte outil.

Modification de l’aspect de vos commentaires

Vous pouvez modifier la couleur et l’aspect des commentaires ou des annotations avant ou après les avoir créés. Vous pouvez définir le nouvel aspect comme aspect par défaut pour cet outil.

Pour modifier l’apparence de votre nom dans les commentaires, ouvrez la fenêtre Préférences, sélectionnez Commentaires, puis désélectionnez l’option Toujours utiliser le nom de connexion pour le nom d’auteur.

Pour l’outil sélectionné, vous pouvez utiliser les icônes Sélecteur de couleurs et Propriétés du texte disponibles dans les outils Commentaire.

Sélecteur de couleurs

Vous pouvez également choisir Propriétés dans le menu contextuel accessible via un clic droit, puis sélectionner les options appropriées.

Propriétés

Modifier l’aspect d’un commentaire et le définir comme commentaire par défaut

Après avoir créé un commentaire, cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris sur le commentaire ou sur son icône, puis choisissez Propriétés dans le menu contextuel.

Dans la boîte de dialogue Propriétés, effectuez l’une des opérations suivantes, puis cliquez sur OK :

Cliquez sur l’onglet Aspect pour modifier certaines options, telles que la couleur et le type d’icône utilisé. Le type de commentaire sélectionné détermine les options disponibles.

Cliquez sur l’onglet Général pour modifier le nom de l’auteur et le sujet du commentaire.

Cliquez sur le bouton Historique des révisions pour afficher l’historique des modifications apportées à l’état d’un commentaire au cours d’une révision.

Sélectionnez Verrouillé au bas de la boîte de dialogue Propriétés pour empêcher la modification ou la suppression du commentaire.

Sélectionner Définir les propriétés par défaut au bas de la boîte de dialogue Propriétés pour appliquer ces propriétés à tous les commentaires suivants de ce type.

Définition de l’aspect par défaut d’un outil

Après avoir créé un commentaire, cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris sur le commentaire et choisissez Propriétés .

Définissez les propriétés souhaitées, puis sélectionnez  OK .

Cliquez avec le bouton droit de la souris sur le commentaire et choisissez Définir les propriétés actuelles par défaut .

Tous les commentaires créés à l’aide de cet outil affichent les caractéristiques que vous avez définies. Les commentaires existants ne sont pas affectés, pas plus que l’aspect du texte dans les fenêtres contextuelles de notes.

Attirer l’attention d’un réviseur sur votre commentaire

Utilisez @mentions pour attirer l’attention de n’importe quel réviseur.

Lorsque vous utilisez @mention dans vos notes de commentaire personnelles dans un fichier de PDF, le mode de révision est activé. Les réviseurs recevront un e-mail d’invitation avec un lien vers le fichier partagé.

Dans le texte du commentaire, cliquez sur le symbole @.

@ mentionner les réviseurs pour attirer l’attention

Un menu contextuel s’affiche avec une liste de réviseurs. Choisissez le réviseur que vous souhaitez mentionner.

Plus comme ceci

  • Participation à une révision de PDF
  • Annotation du texte avec les modifications
  • Gestion des commentaires | afficher, répondre, imprimer
  • Ajout d’un tampon à un PDF
  • Ajout de contenu multimédia aux PDF (Acrobat Pro)
  • Importation et exportation de commentaires
  • Fonctionnalité du produit : ajout de commentaires aux PDF à l’aide d’Acrobat
  • Utilisation d’un outil de remplissage de PDF en ligne

Recevez de l’aide plus rapidement et plus facilement

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Advertisement

The Civil Fraud Ruling on Donald Trump, Annotated

By Kate Christobek

Former President Donald J. Trump was penalized $355 million , plus millions more in interest, and banned for three years from serving in any top roles at a New York company, including his own, in a ruling on Friday by Justice Arthur F. Engoron. The decision comes after the state's attorney general, Letitia James, sued Mr. Trump, members of his family and his company in 2022.

The ruling expands on Justice Engoron’s decision last fall , which found that Mr. Trump’s financial statements were filled with fraudulent claims. Mr. Trump will appeal the financial penalty and is likely to appeal other restrictions; he has already appealed last fall’s ruling.

The New York Times annotated the document.

Download the original PDF .

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New York Times Analysis

This ruling by Justice Arthur F. Engoron is a result of a 2022 lawsuit filed by New York’s attorney general, Letitia James , against Donald J. Trump and the Trump Organization; his adult sons, Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump; the company’s former chief financial officer Allen Weisselberg and former controller Jeffrey McConney; and several of their related entities. Mr. Trump’s daughter, Ivanka Trump, was also initially a defendant until an appeals court dismissed the case against her.

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The law under which Ms. James sued, known by its shorthand 63(12), requires the plaintiff to show a defendant’s conduct was deceptive . If that standard is met, a judge can impose severe punishment, including forfeiting the money obtained through fraud. Ms. James has also used this law against the oil company ExxonMobil, the tobacco brand Juul and the pharma executive Martin Shkreli.

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Justice Engoron is now providing a background of this case. This ruling comes after a three-year investigation by the attorney general’s office and the conclusion of a trial that ended last month. But this likely won’t be Mr. Trump’s last word on the matter — he will appeal the financial penalty and is likely to appeal other restrictions, as he has already appealed other rulings.

In late 2022, Justice Engoron assigned a former federal judge, Barbara Jones, to serve as a monitor at the Trump Organization and tasked her with keeping an eye on the company and its lending relationships. Last month, she issued a report citing inconsistencies in its financial reporting, which “may reflect a lack of adequate internal controls.”

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Here, Justice Engoron is laying out the laws he considered in his ruling beyond 63(12). The attorney general’s lawsuit included allegations of violations of falsifying business records, issuing false financial statements, insurance fraud and related conspiracy offenses.

Justice Engoron is explaining the decision, issued a week before the trial, in which he found that Mr. Trump’s financial statements were filled with fraud , fundamentally shaping the rest of the trial.

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For over 50 pages, Justice Engoron describes his conclusions about the testimony of all of the witnesses who spoke during the trial.

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Justice Engoron discusses Mr. McConney’s important role in preparing Mr. Trump’s financial statements. The judge points out that Mr. McConney prepared all the valuations on the statements in consultation with Mr. Weisselberg.

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In his discussion of Mr. Weisselberg, Justice Engoron calls his testimony in the trial “intentionally evasive.” Justice Engoron then brings up Mr. Weisselberg’s separation agreement from the Trump Organization, which prohibited him from voluntarily cooperating with any entities “adverse” to the organization. Justice Engoron says that this renders Mr. Weisselberg’s testimony highly unreliable.

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When Donald Trump Jr. testified in court, he disavowed responsibility for his father’s financial statements despite serving as a trustee of the Donald J. Trump Revocable Trust while his father was president. But Justice Engoron specifically cites here that Donald Trump Jr. certified that he was responsible for the financial statements, and testified that he intended for the banks to rely on them and that the statements were “materially accurate.”

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During his testimony, Eric Trump, the Trump Organization’s de facto chief executive, initially denied knowing about his father’s financial statements until this case. As Justice Engoron points out here, Eric Trump eventually conceded to knowing about them as early as 2013. As a result, Justice Engoron calls Eric Trump’s credibility “severely damaged.”

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Justice Engoron points to Mr. Trump’s testimony when he took the witness stand in November when Mr. Trump acknowledged that he helped put together his annual financial statements. Mr. Trump said he would see them and occasionally have suggestions.

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After four pages of describing Mr. Trump’s testimony, Justice Engoron says Mr. Trump rarely responded to the questions asked and frequently interjected long, irrelevant speeches, which all “severely compromised his credibility.”

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For several pages, Justice Engoron provides background on specific assets that Mr. Trump included in his annual financial statements.

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The judge is clarifying that Ms. James had to prove her claims by a “preponderance of the evidence,” meaning she had to demonstrate it was more likely than not that Mr. Trump and the co-defendants should be held liable. This is a lower standard than that of a criminal trial, which requires that evidence be proven “beyond a reasonable doubt.”

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During the trial, Mr. Trump and his legal team tried to shift the blame for any inaccuracies in his financial statements onto his outside accountants. But Justice Engoron criticizes that argument here.

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During the monthslong trial, Mr. Trump, his legal team and several witnesses stressed that real estate appraisals are an art, not a science. But here it’s clear Justice Engoron, while agreeing with that sentiment, also believes it’s deceptive when different appraisals rely on different assumptions.

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Justice Engoron is now going through the defendants one by one and articulating the evidence that shows each of their “intent to defraud,” which is required by the statute against falsifying business records. Notably, his first paragraph describing the former president’s intent provides examples including Mr. Trump’s awareness that his triplex apartment was not 30,000 square feet and his valuation of Mar-a-Lago as a single-family residence even though it was deeded as a social club.

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Among the defendants, Justice Engoron finds only Allen Weisselberg and Jeffrey McConney liable for insurance fraud. Here, he doesn’t provide an explanation for why the other defendants, including Mr. Trump and his adult sons, were not found liable, and he says that both Mr. Weisselberg and Mr. McConney made false representations to insurance companies about Mr. Trump’s financial statements.

While Mr. Trump and his adult sons were not found liable for insurance fraud, here Justice Engoron finds them liable for conspiracy to commit insurance fraud, explaining that they all “aided and abetted” the conspiracy to commit insurance fraud by falsifying business records.

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Justice Engoron here adopts the approximations of Michiel McCarty, the attorney general’s expert witness. Justice Engoron says Mr. McCarty testified “reliably and convincingly,” and finds that the defendants’ fraud saved them over $168 million in interest.

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In finding that the defendants were able to purchase the Old Post Office in Washington, D.C., through their use of the fraudulent financial statements, Justice Engoron rules that the defendants’ proceeds from the sale of the post office in 2022 should be considered “ill-gotten gains.” He penalizes Donald Trump and his companies over $126 million, and Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump $4 million each, for this one property.

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Justice Engoron blasts the defendants for failing to admit that they were wrong in their valuations — adding that “their complete lack of contrition and remorse borders on pathological.” He says that this inability to admit error makes him believe they will continue their fraudulent activities unless “judicially restrained.”

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The judge cites other examples of Mr. Trump’s “ongoing propensity to engage in fraud,” bringing up lawsuits against Trump University and the Donald J. Trump Foundation. He also notably raises two criminal cases brought by the Manhattan district attorney’s office: one against Mr. Weisselberg, who pleaded guilty to tax fraud and falsifying business records , and another against the Trump Organization, which was convicted of 17 criminal counts including tax fraud .

Justice Engoron states that Judge Barbara Jones, who has been serving as an independent monitor at the Trump Organization since 2022, will continue in that role for at least three years. He clarifies that going forward, her role will be enhanced and she will review Trump Organization financial disclosures before they are submitted to any third party, to ensure that there are no material misstatements.

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In addition to extending the monitor’s tenure and strengthening her powers, Justice Engoron also took the unusual step of ordering that an independent compliance director be installed inside The Trump organization, and that they report directly to the monitor.

— William K. Rashbaum

In his pre-trial order, Justice Engoron ordered the cancellation of some of Mr. Trump’s business licenses . But here, he pulls back on that decision and instead says that any “restructuring and potential dissolution” would be up to Ms. Jones, the independent monitor.

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Justice Engoron lays out his bans against the defendants, ruling that Mr. Trump, Mr. Weisselberg and Mr. McConney cannot serve as officers or directors of any corporation or legal entity in New York for the next three years, and bans his sons Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump for two years from the same. He also prohibits Mr. Trump from applying for any loans from any New York banks for the next three years. The ruling goes further in the cases of Mr. Weisselberg and Mr. McConney, permanently barring them from serving in the financial control function of any New York business.

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Justice Engoron also ordered that Mr. Trump and his sons pay the interest, pushing the penalty to $450 million, according to Ms. James.

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An earlier version of this article misstated how long the adult sons of former President Donald J. Trump — Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump — were barred by Justice Arthur F. Engoron from serving as officers or directors of any corporation or legal entity in New York. It was two years, not three. The article also misstated the number of pages in which Justice Engoron describes his conclusions about the testimony of all of the non-defendant witnesses. It was under 50 pages, not over 50 pages. The article also misstated the number of pages in the section in which Justice Engoron provides background on specific assets that Mr. Trump included in his annual financial statements. It was several pages, not more than a dozen pages.

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    JavaScript assigns the type of a variable based on the information assigned to it. (e.g. arrays, strings, object, etc). The opposite is Strongly typed language, where specifying types in advance is enforced by the compiler, such as Java, C# and Rust. Having a weakly typed language is a bittersweet experience.

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    The proposal. In a nutshell, the proposal seeks to add a subset of TypeScript's type syntax to the JavaScript language. Type annotations would be optional and would have no impact on the JavaScript code at runtime. Tools such as the TypeScript and Flow compilers could use these annotations to type check code.

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    To define a basic JavaScript project, add a jsconfig.json at the root of your workspace: {"compilerOptions": ... Property type inlay hints show the type of class properties that don't have an explicit type annotation. Setting: javascript.inlayHints.propertyDeclarationTypes.enabled.

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    JavaScript reference. The JavaScript reference serves as a repository of facts about the JavaScript language. The entire language is described here in detail. As you write JavaScript code, you'll refer to these pages often (thus the title "JavaScript reference"). The JavaScript language is intended to be used within some larger environment, be ...

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    Additionally, PDF JavaScript annotations support interactive objects, such as forms and e-signatures. You can embed rich media annotations, including audio, video, even 3D annotations into a PDF file, or add hyperlinks, watermarks, and a lot more. A popular way to annotate documents is using a web app.

  17. GitHub

    pdfAnnotate. pdfAnnotate allows to annotate PDF documents in javascript. It works in a browser, as well as, in a nodejs environment. The idea is to provide a simple interface to annotate PDF documents. The annotated PDF document can be easily downloaded or further processed. Note: pdAnnotate is no PDF viewer/ renderer.

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  19. Nvd

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  25. The Civil Fraud Ruling on Donald Trump, Annotated

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