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Top Five Paraphrasing Techniques (video included)

When it comes to Writing Task 1 and 2, paraphrasing is an essential skill for every one of your introductions. Many students incorrectly copy the question into their writing, and as such, they get a lower score. 

Are you worried about paraphrasing? Read below for our top paraphrasing techniques and make paraphrasing an essential part of your study routine.

1. Use Synonyms

The most common technique, and maybe most important, is to find synonyms for keywords in the question. For this technique, take note of the important nouns and verbs in the question, and see in which synonyms might be appropriate to replace them. 

Example: The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry.

Paraphrased Example: The diagram illustrates the way bricks are made for the building industry.

In the example above, you’ll notice that we found synonyms for three of the words to help us paraphrase the question.

2. Use a Different Word Form

Another way to paraphrase is to change the form of the words used in the question. It’s helpful to be aware of how word families work in English in order to do so. A common way to do this is to change the nouns to verbs, verbs to nouns, adjectives to nouns, etc.

Example: The line graph below shows the consumption of four kinds of meat in a European country from 1979 to 2004.

Paraphrased Example: The line graph below shows how one European country consumed four kinds of meat from 1979 to 2004.

Here you can see we changed the noun, consumption to its verb form, consumed .

3. Change from the Active to the Passive

Often, we can simply change the grammar structures in the question. Changing active voice to passive is a great way to help paraphrase a question.

Example: The real estate developers invested over $40 million USD into the development of a new senior living community.

Paraphrased Example: $40 million USD was invested in the development of a new senior living community.

Above you see we changed invested to was invested helping us paraphrase by changing the active to the passive.

4. Change the word order

For all this talk about synonyms, changing the word form, or changing grammatical structures, sometimes it’s easy enough to simply change where the words stand in a sentence.

Paraphrased Example: The line graph below shows how four different kinds of meat were consumed over a 25-year period in one European Country.

As you can see, I not only changed the word order, which had a dramatic effect on how the question is read, but I also changed the main verb from active to passive. This leads to our next top tip below.

5. Use a combination of techniques

Typically relying on one technique to paraphrase in your writing is doable, but it can be stressful and not very effective. To get the best results, try using at least two or three different techniques. Using synonyms combined with changing the grammar or word order can have a dramatic effect on your paraphrasing skills.

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The Chunking Method: Teaching Language Learners how to Paraphrase

IELTS preparation

Whether you are preparing learners to write research papers or to take the IELTS Writing Test, paraphrasing is an important skill; however, the task of taking a long sentence with elevated vocabulary and trying to reword it can be overwhelming. Furthermore, students who attempt to paraphrase and fail may be accused of plagiarism, so it is vital that students preparing for academic work in English have a solid foundation in how to paraphrase. In this post, I’d like to introduce one method of paraphrasing called the “Chunking Method," and I’ll also explain how paraphrasing can be used on the IELTS Writing Test. 

Using the Chunking Method

When writing academic papers, students are expected to incorporate the ideas of others through a combination of quotations and paraphrases. Instructors often suggest students paraphrase more than they quote to show they understand the quotation and to maintain their own voice throughout the essay.  Paraphrasing, however, is not something that comes naturally to students and so instructors should include time in their lessons for explicit paraphrasing instruction. Though there are many methods, the chunking method is one I have found great success in. I am not sure who is credited for inventing this approach, but I first learned about this method of paraphrasing in Dollahite and Haun’s academic writing textbook, Sourcework . 

The Chunking Method includes three steps: chunking, rephrasing, and reorganizing. I will explain each step and provide an example.  

Step #1: Chunk the sentence

The first step of this method is chunking. To do this, students must separate the sentence into smaller segments - think adverb clauses or prepositional phrases. They can do this by adding a slash between chunks. If you are teaching a mixed skills class, then it is great to review thought groups before this as it lends itself well to understanding where slashes might go. I have given an example sentence below: 

Step #2: Rephrase each chunk

Now that the sentence has been separated into smaller units, students will reword each chunk. Not only is it easier to reword smaller chunks vs the entire sentence, this approach also lessens the likelihood that a student will make mistakes in terms of changing the meaning of the sentence.

This graph gives information / about cinema attendance in Australia / 

this chart presents data                      regarding movie theater attendance in Australia

between 2010 and the present, / with projections to 2030.

from 2010 until now                                        including forecasts for 2030    

Step #3: Reorganize the sentence

The final step is to reorganize the sentence. For students with lower levels of proficiency, you may want to skip this step, but for higher levels it is a fun activity to see how students can restructure the sentence. In addition to just reorganizing, you might encourage students to incorporate previous grammar knowledge (e.g. reducing adjective clauses or writing passive sentences). Here is one possibility:

Paraphrasing on the IELTS Writing Test

You may be wondering where a student might paraphrase on the IELTS Writing Test. Often test takers begin Task 1 and 2 of the IELTS Academic Writing Test and Task 2 of the IELTS General Training Writing Test by paraphrasing the prompt. If test takers simply copy and paste the prompt, this might impact their ability to show a range of vocabulary (lexical resource) and it also would not count toward the minimum word count required for the task, so students are encouraged to begin their essays by paraphrasing the prompt. Paraphrasing adequately requires a sophisticated vocabulary and sufficient grammatical range to be able to reword and reorganize a sentence without losing meaning. Breaking this task down into manageable “chunks” is one way to help your students perfect this important academic skill. 

Do you have an activity relating to paraphrasing you would like to share? We’d love to hear about it on our  Likedin page !

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  • How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples

Published on 8 April 2022 by Courtney Gahan and Jack Caulfield. Revised on 15 May 2023.

Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing a source involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning.

Paraphrasing is an alternative to  quoting (copying someone’s exact words and putting them in quotation marks ). In academic writing, it’s usually better to paraphrase instead of quoting. It shows that you have understood the source, reads more smoothly, and keeps your own voice front and center.

Every time you paraphrase, it’s important to cite the source . Also take care not to use wording that is too similar to the original. Otherwise, you could be at risk of committing plagiarism .

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Table of contents

How to paraphrase in five easy steps, how to paraphrase correctly, examples of paraphrasing, how to cite a paraphrase, paraphrasing vs quoting, paraphrasing vs summarising, avoiding plagiarism when you paraphrase, frequently asked questions about paraphrasing.

If you’re struggling to get to grips with the process of paraphrasing, check out our easy step-by-step guide in the video below.

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Putting an idea into your own words can be easier said than done. Let’s say you want to paraphrase the text below, about population decline in a particular species of sea snails.

Incorrect paraphrasing

You might make a first attempt to paraphrase it by swapping out a few words for  synonyms .

Like other sea creatures inhabiting the vicinity of highly populated coasts, horse conchs have lost substantial territory to advancement and contamination , including preferred breeding grounds along mud flats and seagrass beds. Their Gulf home is also heating up due to global warming , which scientists think further puts pressure on the creatures , predicated upon the harmful effects extra warmth has on other large mollusks (Barnett, 2022).

This attempt at paraphrasing doesn’t change the sentence structure or order of information, only some of the word choices. And the synonyms chosen are poor:

  • ‘Advancement and contamination’ doesn’t really convey the same meaning as ‘development and pollution’.
  • Sometimes the changes make the tone less academic: ‘home’ for ‘habitat’ and ‘sea creatures’ for ‘marine animals’.
  • Adding phrases like ‘inhabiting the vicinity of’ and ‘puts pressure on’ makes the text needlessly long-winded.
  • Global warming is related to climate change, but they don’t mean exactly the same thing.

Because of this, the text reads awkwardly, is longer than it needs to be, and remains too close to the original phrasing. This means you risk being accused of plagiarism .

Correct paraphrasing

Let’s look at a more effective way of paraphrasing the same text.

Here, we’ve:

  • Only included the information that’s relevant to our argument (note that the paraphrase is shorter than the original)
  • Retained key terms like ‘development and pollution’, since changing them could alter the meaning
  • Structured sentences in our own way instead of copying the structure of the original
  • Started from a different point, presenting information in a different order

Because of this, we’re able to clearly convey the relevant information from the source without sticking too close to the original phrasing.

Explore the tabs below to see examples of paraphrasing in action.

  • Journal article
  • Newspaper article
  • Magazine article

Once you have your perfectly paraphrased text, you need to ensure you credit the original author. You’ll always paraphrase sources in the same way, but you’ll have to use a different type of in-text citation depending on what citation style you follow.

Generate accurate citations with Scribbr

It’s a good idea to paraphrase instead of quoting in most cases because:

  • Paraphrasing shows that you fully understand the meaning of a text
  • Your own voice remains dominant throughout your paper
  • Quotes reduce the readability of your text

But that doesn’t mean you should never quote. Quotes are appropriate when:

  • Giving a precise definition
  • Saying something about the author’s language or style (e.g., in a literary analysis paper)
  • Providing evidence in support of an argument
  • Critiquing or analysing a specific claim

A paraphrase puts a specific passage into your own words. It’s typically a similar length to the original text, or slightly shorter.

When you boil a longer piece of writing down to the key points, so that the result is a lot shorter than the original, this is called summarising .

Paraphrasing and quoting are important tools for presenting specific information from sources. But if the information you want to include is more general (e.g., the overarching argument of a whole article), summarising is more appropriate.

When paraphrasing, you have to be careful to avoid accidental plagiarism .

Students frequently use paraphrasing tools , which can be especially helpful for non-native speakers who might have trouble with academic writing. While these can be useful for a little extra inspiration, use them sparingly while maintaining academic integrity.

This can happen if the paraphrase is too similar to the original quote, with phrases or whole sentences that are identical (and should therefore be in quotation marks). It can also happen if you fail to properly cite the source.

To make sure you’ve properly paraphrased and cited all your sources, you could elect to run a plagiarism check before submitting your paper.

To paraphrase effectively, don’t just take the original sentence and swap out some of the words for synonyms. Instead, try:

  • Reformulating the sentence (e.g., change active to passive , or start from a different point)
  • Combining information from multiple sentences into one
  • Leaving out information from the original that isn’t relevant to your point
  • Using synonyms where they don’t distort the meaning

The main point is to ensure you don’t just copy the structure of the original text, but instead reformulate the idea in your own words.

Paraphrasing without crediting the original author is a form of plagiarism , because you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

However, paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you correctly reference the source . This means including an in-text referencing and a full reference , formatted according to your required citation style (e.g., Harvard , Vancouver ).

As well as referencing your source, make sure that any paraphrased text is completely rewritten in your own words.

Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own. Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas into your own words.

So when does paraphrasing count as plagiarism?

  • Paraphrasing is plagiarism if you don’t properly credit the original author.
  • Paraphrasing is plagiarism if your text is too close to the original wording (even if you cite the source). If you directly copy a sentence or phrase, you should quote it instead.
  • Paraphrasing  is not plagiarism if you put the author’s ideas completely into your own words and properly reference the source .

To present information from other sources in academic writing , it’s best to paraphrase in most cases. This shows that you’ve understood the ideas you’re discussing and incorporates them into your text smoothly.

It’s appropriate to quote when:

  • Changing the phrasing would distort the meaning of the original text
  • You want to discuss the author’s language choices (e.g., in literary analysis )
  • You’re presenting a precise definition
  • You’re looking in depth at a specific claim

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Gahan, C. & Caulfield, J. (2023, May 15). How to Paraphrase | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 26 February 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/working-sources/paraphrasing/

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Courtney Gahan

Courtney Gahan

Other students also liked, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, how to avoid plagiarism | tips on citing sources, apa referencing (7th ed.) quick guide | in-text citations & references.

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How to Paraphrase in Academic Task 1: A Step-by-Step Guide

Are you gearing up for the IELTS Academic Writing Task 1? If so, mastering the art of paraphrasing is crucial for your success. But worry not, as our comprehensive eBooks and personalized Essay Feedback Service are here to guide you every step of the way. Paraphrasing isn't just about using synonyms; it's an essential skill that showcases your English proficiency.

By delving into our eBooks , you’ll gain insights into effective paraphrasing techniques, and with our Essay Feedback Service , you'll receive expert analysis on your paraphrasing skills. These tools are designed to help you impress the examiner with your linguistic dexterity. Today, let's dive deep into the nuances of paraphrasing, using a real IELTS Academic Task 1 question as our guide.

How to Paraphrase in Academic Task 1: A Step-by-Step Guide - ielts luminary

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What is Paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing is more than just a writing skill; it's a critical component of effective communication in IELTS Writing Task 1. It involves rewording and rephrasing the original text while retaining the core message and meaning. This skill allows you to express the same ideas presented in the task prompt, but in a way that is unique and reflective of your own language abilities. In IELTS Writing, especially in the introduction of Task 1, paraphrasing plays a pivotal role. It requires you to not only understand the given prompt but also to creatively rewrite it, ensuring accuracy and originality.

Why is Paraphrasing Important in IELTS Writing Task 1?

Avoids Plagiarism:

Paraphrasing is essential in academic writing to steer clear of plagiarism. It involves presenting the same information in a new way, which is crucial in the IELTS exam where originality is valued.

This skill demonstrates that you can think independently and express ideas in your own words, a key aspect of language proficiency.

Demonstrates Language Proficiency:

Effective paraphrasing showcases your ability to use a wide range of vocabulary and different grammatical structures. It's a testament to your English language skills, particularly in understanding and manipulating complex ideas.

It also reflects your ability to understand the nuances of language, as paraphrasing often requires subtle changes in word choice and sentence structure.

First Impressions Count:

The introduction of your Task 1 response is the first thing the examiner reads. A well-paraphrased introduction immediately indicates your language competency.

It sets a positive tone for your response, signalling to the examiner that you have a strong command of English. This initial impression can be influential in determining your overall score.

Enhances Cognitive and Writing Skills:

Paraphrasing is not just about language; it's also about thinking. It requires you to process information, understand it thoroughly, and then express it differently.

This cognitive process enhances your overall writing skills, as you learn to construct ideas and arguments in diverse ways.

Improves Adaptability in Language Use:

By practicing paraphrasing, you become more adaptable in using the English language. You learn to convey the same message in various contexts, which is a valuable skill in real-world communication.

This adaptability also helps in other parts of the IELTS test, such as the speaking component, where you might need to rephrase your thoughts during a discussion.

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How to Paraphrase in IELTS Academic Writing Task 1

Paraphrasing is an essential skill in IELTS Writing Task 1, and mastering it can significantly improve your performance. Here are detailed steps to help you paraphrase effectively:

Understand the Original Text:

Before you begin paraphrasing, it's vital to fully comprehend the original prompt. Read it several times to grasp the core message and main ideas.

Look for the key points and data presented in the chart, graph, or table. Understanding these elements is crucial to accurately paraphrase the prompt.

Use Synonyms Wisely:

Identifying and using synonyms is a fundamental part of paraphrasing. However, it's important to use them wisely.

Not all words have exact synonyms, and some synonyms can change the meaning if not used appropriately. Always consider the context before replacing words.

Change the Sentence Structure:

Altering the sentence structure is a powerful tool in paraphrasing. This can involve changing from active to passive voice, or modifying the sentence format.

For example, if the original sentence is in the form of a statement, you might consider turning it into a clause or vice versa.

Keep it Accurate:

The most crucial aspect of paraphrasing is maintaining the accuracy of the original text. Ensure that the paraphrased sentence conveys the same information.

Avoid adding your own opinions or altering the data. The goal is to restate the original information in a new form, not to create new content.

Example in Detail:

Let’s examine a real IELTS Academic Task 1 question and its paraphrased version in detail:

Original Question Statement:  “The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph shows trends in consumption of fast foods.”

Paraphrased:  “The provided bar chart delineates the weekly expenditure on fast food items in the UK, while the line graph illustrates the consumption patterns of these foods over time.”

Analysis of Paraphrasing:

Original to Paraphrased:

"chart below" becomes "provided bar chart," indicating the type of chart more specifically.

"amount of money" is paraphrased to "expenditure," a more formal synonym.

"per week" changes to "weekly," which is a concise way of expressing the same idea.

"fast foods in Britain" is transformed into "fast food items in the UK," using a synonym for the country and slightly varying the phrase.

"graph shows trends" is rephrased to "line graph illustrates," where "shows" is replaced with "illustrates," and "trends" with "consumption patterns," providing a richer description.

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Key Points in Paraphrasing for IELTS Writing Task 1

Paraphrasing effectively in IELTS Writing Task 1 involves more than just substituting words; it's about rethinking how to present the same information in a fresh and engaging way. Here's an expanded list of key points to consider when paraphrasing, along with detailed explanations:

'shows' -> 'delineates':

'Delineates' is a more formal and precise term, adding a level of sophistication to the sentence. It implies a detailed and accurate representation, which is ideal for describing charts or graphs.

'amount of money' -> 'expenditure':

'Expenditure' is a more technical term, suitable for academic writing. It encapsulates the idea of spending money, elevating the language style.

'per week' -> 'weekly':

'Weekly' is a concise and direct way to describe a time frame. It streamlines the sentence, making it more straightforward and easy to read.

'spent on' -> 'on':

Simplifying 'spent on' to 'on' makes the sentence more concise without losing the original meaning. It's an example of how removing unnecessary words can enhance clarity.

'fast foods' -> 'fast food items':

'Fast food items' gives a more detailed image, suggesting a variety of foods rather than a general category. It adds specificity to the description.

'Britain' -> 'the UK':

'The UK' is a more formal and encompassing term than 'Britain,' which can be seen as more colloquial. This change also introduces geographical variety.

'graph' -> 'line graph':

Specifying 'line graph' instead of the more generic 'graph' provides clarity about the type of data representation, which is critical in accurately describing the task.

'trends' -> 'patterns':

'Patterns' suggest a more nuanced and detailed observation of data, compared to 'trends,' which can be more general. It indicates a deeper analysis of the information.

'consumption' -> 'consumption patterns':

Expanding 'consumption' to 'consumption patterns' adds depth, indicating not just the act of consuming but also the manner and trends of consumption.

'below' -> 'presented below':

Changing 'below' to 'presented below' adds a formal touch and emphasizes the arrangement of the information in the test material.

'shows the amount' -> 'illustrates the quantity':

'Illustrates the quantity' changes the phrase to sound more academic. 'Illustrates' suggests a detailed portrayal, while 'quantity' is a more formal synonym for 'amount.'

'money' -> 'fiscal expenditure':

'Fiscal expenditure' is a more sophisticated way of referring to money spending, aligning with the formal tone expected in academic writing.

'in Britain' -> 'within the United Kingdom':

'Within the United Kingdom' is a more formal and inclusive way of referring to the geographic area, enhancing the academic tone of the sentence.

By expanding your vocabulary and varying sentence structures, you can effectively paraphrase in IELTS Writing Task 1, showcasing your language proficiency and ability to present information in a clear, accurate, and academically suitable manner. Paraphrasing in IELTS Writing transcends mere task completion; it's an art that calls for a deep understanding, creativity, and precision. This skill, when practiced diligently, can be a significant catalyst in enhancing your IELTS Writing score.

It's important to approach paraphrasing as an intelligent rephrasing exercise, not merely as a process of swapping words. This approach will not only refine your writing skills but also demonstrate your comprehensive grasp of the English language in a context that values clarity and precision.

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Academic English UK

 Academic Paraphrasing Skills

Paraphrasing is  presenting ideas and information in your own words and acknowledging where they come from. By using your own words, you demonstrate your understanding and your ability to convey this information.

Paraphrasing video

A 10-minute video on how to paraphrase effectively using t he 4-key stages of paraphrasing.

What is paraphrasing?

  • Paraphrasing shows you have a clear understanding of the topic.
  • Paraphrasing ensures that the text used is relevant to your specific assignment.
  • Direct copying is plagiarism . Quotation is acceptable but only when defining terms or a very central statement.

Which is a summary, quotation and paraphrase?

Poor paraphrasing..

Why is this a poor paraphrase?

Original source

“Exeter Council spends £3.3 million each year on biofuel heating rather than the £7 million it would spend if it still relied on oil and gas” (Smith, 2021, p.221).

Poor paraphrase

Smith (2021) highlights that Exeter Council pays £3.3 million every year on biofuel heating instead of the £7 million if it relied on oil and gas.

It’s a poor paraphrase because the writer has only changed a couple of the words. If this was put through a plagiarism checker it would score a very high originality score. 

Paraphrasing websites

Paraphrasing is a difficult skill and needs constant practice. However, there a range of websites to help you paraphrase words and change the sentence structure. These four websites are important for good paraphrasing. For more information go here

useful websites for paraphrasing

Key steps to effective paraphrasing

1.highlight important words / key terms (words that cannot be changed), 2.find synonyms / alternative words for high frequency words, 3.change grammar:   sentence structure,   active to passive, nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, word order, etc.., 4.check meaning, paraphrasing step by step examples (using synonyms), original sentence: ‘memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information’ (smith, 2021)., 1: choose keywords that cannot be changed , memory has the capacity for storing and retrieving information (smith, 2021), 2: find synonyms for the other words, memory  is the  capacity  for  storing  and  retrieving  information., use google or thesaurus.com to find a range of synonyms – like below.

paraphrasing synonyms

3. Choose the words that are similar in meaning or change the form (storing to storage)

B) memory is the facility for storage  and recovering data.  [paraphrases sentence – ok]  , 4. change the grammar, word forms and structure, c) data recovery and storage are facilitated in the memory. [paraphrased sentence – very good].

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Paraphrasing Lesson

Paraphrasing lesson 1 – how to paraphrase effectively.

 It starts by discussing the differences between quotation, paraphrase and summary. It takes students through the basics of identifying keywords, finding synonyms and then changing the grammatical structure. There is plenty of practice, all with efficient teacher’s notes.  Level ** ** * [B1/B2/C1]   Example  / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP  / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

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Paraphrasing Lesson 2 – improve your paraphrasing skills

This lesson helps students to improve their paraphrasing skills. The guided learning approach includes a text analysis activity where students identify the paraphrasing strategies, five sentence-level tasks to practise the strategies and two paragraph-level exercises to build on the previous tasks..  Level ** ** * [B1/B2/C1]   Example  / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP  / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

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Writing a paragraph: paraphrasing.

This lesson provides a number of quotations based around smoking. The lesson ask students to pick three quotes, paraphrase them and write a coherent paragraph using the paraphrases. It includes a model answer. More info.

      Writing a paragraph – using quotes about smoking

Students are given a worksheet with nine quotes taken from The New Scientist, BBC News, The Economist, etc… and choose only three. They use these three quotes to write a paragraph trying to paraphrase the quotes and produce a cohesion piece of writing.  Level ** ** * [B1/B2/C1]    Example / TEACHER MEMBERSHIP  / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

Free lesson: Paraphrasing quotes

Here are a range of quotations adapted from an academic text on the topic of the Environment. Take the quotations and paraphrase them into suitable sentences with similar meaning.

Paraphrasing: writing worksheet 

This worksheet provides paraphrasing practice. There are five sentences taken from an academic text and students paraphrase the sentences to keep the same meaning. Includes possible answers. TEACHER MEMBERSHIP  / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERSHIP

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Practice Exercise  

  • Paraphrasing

Smith et al., (2010) state that ‘human activities can also change the climate.’

Peterson et al., (2010) point out that ‘climate is controlled by the long term balance of energy of the earth and its atmosphere.’, smith et al., (2010) note that ‘winds and ocean currents redistribute heat over the surface of the earth.’, jones & smith, (2010) argue that ‘the atmospheric amounts of many greenhouse gases are increasing, especially carbon dioxide, which has increased by 30 % over the last 200 years, primarily as a result of changes in land use (e.g., deforestation) and burning coal, and natural gas (e.g., in automobiles, industry, and electricity generation).’, lucus et al., (2010) mention that ‘the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities will change the climate by enhancing the natural greenhouse effect, leading to an increase in in the earth’s average temperature.,   paraphrasing answers, academic english / paraphrasing exercises                    , 1) smith et al., (2010) state that ‘human activities can also change the climate.’, it has been suggested that climate change is influenced by human activity (smith et al., 2010), 2) peterson et al., (2010) point out that ‘climate is controlled by the long term balance of energy of the earth and its atmosphere.’, according to peterson et al, (2010) the lasting equilibrium of energy between the earth and the atmosphere is regulated by the climate., 3) smith et al., (2010) note that ‘winds and ocean currents redistribute heat over the surface of the earth.’, the continuous distribution of warmth is through wind and ocean currents across the periphery of the planet (smith et al., 2010)., 4) jones & smith, (2010) argue that ‘the atmospheric amounts of many greenhouse gases are increasing, especially carbon dioxide, which has increased by 30 % over the last 200 years, primarily as a result of changes in land use (e.g., deforestation) and burning coal, and natural gas (e.g., in automobiles, industry, and electricity generation).’, jones & smith’s (2010) argument holds validity that over the last 20 years there has been a 30% increase in greenhouse gases (co2) due to the manipulation of the environment for the benefit of globalisation., 5) lucus et al., (2010) mention that ‘the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities will change the climate by enhancing the natural greenhouse effect, leading to an increase in in the earth’s average temperature.’, lucus et al., (2010) argue that the earth’s average temperature is increasing because of human activity through the intensification of atmospheric greenhouse gases., more  writing  resources  , academic phrases, academic style [1], academic style [2], academic style [3], academic style [4], academic word list , writing websites, error correction, hedging [1], hedging [2], nominalisation, noun phrases [1], noun phrases [2], the syllabus, referencing, in-text referencing, harvard ref. [1], harvard ref. [2], apa ref [1], apa ref [2], ref. generators, reference lists, reporting verbs, credible sources, evaluating sources, academic integrity, 'me' in writing, writer's voice  , writing skills, paraphrasing [1], paraphrasing [2], paraphrase (quotes), summary writing  , summary language, critical thinking, analysis &  evaluation, fact vs opinion, argument essays, spse essays, sentence str.  [1], sentence str.  [2],     sentence str. [3], punctuation, academic posters new, structure    , essay structure, introductions, thesis statements, paragraphing, topic sentences  [1], topic sentences [2], definitions, exemplification , conclusions, linking words, parallelism, marking criteria, more digital resources and lessons.

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Preparation for the IELTS Exam

Paraphrasing and synonyms in IELTS reading

Synonyms and paraphrasing exercise for ielts reading..

Updated: September 2023

A key skill for a high score is your ability to understand paraphrasing in IELTS reading. Paraphrasing is also a crucial skill for the writing section as you need to change the wording of the task question. It is also very useful in speaking and it shows up in the reading and listening sections.

Paraphrasing is when the wording changes but the same meaning is retained. It can be done with synonyms, changing the grammatical structure and the use of set phrases.

In the reading section, the words in the question will be reflected in the text but they will not have the same wording. They will be paraphrased usually with synonyms. Bear in mind that a whole sentence can have completely different wording but keep the same meaning.

The reading section in IELTS is actually testing your vocabulary!

  • You should not read the whole text in detail in the exam as you will not have time, and you cannot use a dictionary either. Skimming, scanning and reading in detail in the area where you feel the answers might be is important.
  • Guessing meaning from context is also skill you will need to develop. Have a look at this lesson here  to see more about this.

Let’s try this reading text from the Cambridge IELTS 13 book. Try the paraphrasing exercise below. The latest book in the series is IELTS 18 which you can buy online.

paraphrasing british council

Source: Cambridge IELTS 13 page 38

Match the words highlighted in yellow in the text with the synonyms/paraphrases below, then check your answers.

  • an indication of how wealthy an individual is
  • which originates from
  • was believed to heal different illnesses
  • participating in
  • a sweet smell
  • was also said to be beneficial to well being
  • leave a mark on

Click below for the answers

The bold words on the right were in the original text.

  • made from = produced from
  • which originates from = which is native to..
  • stated = mentioned
  • a number of = several
  • added to = mixed with
  • a sign of = i ndicating
  • participating in = attending
  • a sweet smell = a pleasant scent
  • main = primary
  • especially = particularly
  • leave a mark on = impress
  • an indication of how wealthy an individual is = a sign of wealth at his or her disposal
  • was also said to be beneficial to well being = was also reported to have health benefits
  • was believed to heal different illnesses = was thought to cure various ailments

Here is how I have reformulated the above paragraph using these synonyms and paraphrasing.

Cinnamon is a sweet, fragrant spice made from the inner bark of trees of the genus Cinnamomum, which originates from the Indian subcontinent. It was known in biblical times and is stated in a number of books in the Bible, both as an ingredient that was added to oils for anointing peoples bodies and also as a token that was a sign of friendship among lovers and friends. In ancient Rome, mourners participating in funerals burnt cinnamon to create a sweet smell . Most often, however, the spice found its main use as an additive to food and drink. In the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford the spice used it to flavour food, especially meat, and to leave a mark on those around them with their ability to purchase an expensive condiment from the ‘exotic’ East. At a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with various spies piled upon it as an indication of how wealthy an individual is . Cinnamon was also said to be beneficial to well being and was believed to heal different illnesses, such as indigestion.

Let’s try it with paragraph 2

paraphrasing british council

  • keen to get involved in
  • together with
  • kept it under wraps
  • set an excessively high cost
  • competitors
  • the way of living
  • prompted them to look for
  • this resulted in an increased need for…
  • buy their stock of
  • the way of living = the lifestyle
  • this resulted in an increased need for… = this led to a growth in demand for..
  • kept it under wraps = closely guarded the secret
  • competitors = rivals
  • through = via
  • arrived at = reached
  • buy their stock of = purchase their supply of
  • amounts = quantities
  • cartel = monopoly
  • set an excessively high cost = set the price exorbitantly high
  • together with = coupled with
  • prompted a search for = spurred the search of
  • keen to get involved in = eager to take part in

Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the European middle classes began to desire a way of living similar to that of the elite, including their consumption of spices. This resulted in an increased need for cinnamon and other spices. At that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants, who kept the source of the spice under wraps from potential competitors . They took it from India, where it was grown, on camels through an overland route to the Mediterranean. Their journey ended when they arrived at Alexandria. European traders sailed there to buy their stock of cinnamon, then brought it back to Venice. The spice then travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe. Because the overland trade route allowed for only small amounts of the spice to reach Europe, and because Venice had a virtual cartel on the trade, the Venetians could set an excessively high cost . These prices, together with the increasing demand, prompted a search for new routes to Asia by Europeans keen to get involved in the spice trade.

Reformulating the text as I have done in my examples is a good way to practice paraphrasing.  Find a reading text and just start with a few sentences. Rewrite them in your own words while keeping the same meaning.

Practice this skill regularly but you will need to read a lot to develop your vocabulary for this to be effective.

Any questions?  leave a comment below.

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Free Paraphrasing Tool

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What Is Paraphrasing?

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Frequently Asked Questions

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An Overview of the IELTS

The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is designed to measure English proficiency for educational, vocational and immigration purposes. The IELTS measures an individual's ability to communicate in English across four areas of language: listening , reading , writing and speaking . The IELTS is administered jointly by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge English Language Assessment at over 1,100 test centres and 140 countries. These test centres supervise the local administration of the test and recruit, train and monitor IELTS examiners.

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Patterns with reporting verbs

C1 grammar: Patterns with reporting verbs

Do you know how to use reporting verbs in a sentence? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

Look at these examples to see how we use reporting verbs.

Harper reminds us that human rights are the priority. Smith suggests introducing small changes at first. Brown warns governments not to ignore ordinary people.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

MultipleChoice_MjQ3NDA=.xml

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

When we tell someone what another person said, we often use the reporting verbs say , tell and  ask . However, we can also use other verbs to more accurately report what the speaker has said. 

Each reporting verb requires a different pattern after it, and more than one pattern is possible after some verbs.

Verb + infinitive

When some verbs are immediately followed by another verb, the second verb is in infinitive form.

They refuse to accept responsibility for the accident. He promised not to share our personal information.

Verbs in this group include agree , claim , demand , offer , promise , refuse and threaten .

Verb + object + infinitive

Some verbs that are followed by the infinitive need an object between the reporting verb and the infinitive. 

The judge ordered the police to release the individual immediately. Ferguson warns governments not to delay any further.

Verbs in this group include advise , ask , encourage , invite , order , remind , tell , urge and warn .

Verb + -ing  

When certain verbs are immediately followed by another verb, the second verb has to be in -ing form. 

She recommends waiting for the refund. Computer scientists admit not knowing where the faulty data came from.

Verbs in this group include admit , deny , mention , recommend and suggest . 

Verb + preposition + -ing  

Note that when verbs with dependent prepositions are followed by another verb, we always use the -ing form. 

Employees complain about receiving important information too late. Two organisations apologised for not being present.

Verbs in this group include apologise for , complain about , confess to , insist on and object to . 

This structure is also used with warn when it is followed by the preposition against , and admit  when it is followed by the preposition to .

Novak warns against moving too fast. They'll never admit to not knowing the answer.

Verb + object + preposition + -ing

Some verbs that are followed by the -ing form need an object between the reporting verb and the preposition.

O'Reilly accused the government of lying about the issue. Parents blame schools for not doing enough to tackle bullying.

Verbs in this group include accuse ( someone of ), blame ( someone for ), and congratulate ( someone on ).

Verb + that + subjunctive

Some reporting verbs can also be followed by that + the base form of the verb. The verb in this part of the sentence is in the subjunctive and has no tense.

We suggest that she read the documents carefully before signing. Steiner demanded that the government investigate the issue.

Reporting verbs can be followed by the subjunctive when they express something that is wanted. These verbs include advise , ask , command , demand , insist , order , propose , recommend , request , suggest and urge .

Verb + that + indicative

When reporting verbs do not relate to a desire, they can be followed by a that clause in a variety of tenses, and the subjunctive is not necessary.

Customers complained that they had not been kept informed. Experts admit that it will take a long time to develop a solution. Sengupta agrees that we need a better system.

Verbs in this group include admit , advise , agree , claim , complain , decide , deny , explain , insist , promise , recommend and say .

Verb + object + that clause

With verbs like assure , persuade , remind , tell and warn , we put the object after the reporting verb and before the that clause.

She assured us that they would fully investigate the situation. Gairola warned ministers that the situation was critical.

MultipleChoice_MjQ3Mzk=.xml

Language level

Staff objected to being asked to change their shifts at such short notice

this sentence from test 2 number 9. why is the answer "to being"? isn't "to" is followed by infinitive? why is it not "for being?"

thank you in advance, sir.

  • Log in or register to post comments

Hi ashiecajlenreese,

It's because in that sentence, "to" is a preposition. After all prepositions, the verb should be in the - ing  form. We know that "to" is a preposition because it followed the verb "object", which requires that preposition. You can see more examples of verbs like "object" in the section "Verb + preposition + - ing " on the page above.

We can't say  Staff objected for being ...   because the verb "object" only takes the preposition "to" (not "for").

In a sentence such as  I want to buy a car , "to" is not a preposition. It's part of the verb, and in that case it's followed by the infinitive.

I hope that helps.

LearnEnglish team

Computer scientists admit not knowing where the faulty data came from.

They'll never admit to not knowing the answer.

is there any exact reason when we use "admit to not knowing" and "admit not knowing?"

Hello ashiecajlenreese,

Both forms are used and they mean the same thing when followed by an '-ing' form.

You might find the Longman dictionary entry for ' admit ' useful. There are lots of examples and if you scroll down to the Grammar and Collocations boxes you can find some interesting comparisons.

Best wishes, Kirk LearnEnglish team

what is the diffrence between they admitted having an issue with the newest version of their product and they admitted to have an issue with their newest version of their product

Thanks for your question. "They admitted to have an issue ..." is not grammatically correct. As the page above explains:

When certain verbs are immediately followed by another verb, the second verb has to be in - ing form.  Verbs in this group include admit ...

So, it has to be  They admitted having an issue ...  .

thanks alot

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Although it would be easy to dismiss Russia’s accomplishments and just list a number of political leaders who shaped the world politics, the truth is that Russia has given us more than just the cute waltz of “Once upon a December” from Anastasia. From athletes like Anna Kournikova and Maria Sharapova, to composers like Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky, or Shostakovich, to great authors like Nabokov, and Dostoyevsky (and all other “-evsky”s, and “-ov”s and “-ova”s), Russia gave us of the most influential people in history. You have to assume that a country that gave us so many celebrities has its universities and teaching system in order, right? Russia has 21 universities in the World University Ranking, so it’s no wonder so many students choose to come and study here. Besides the obvious high quality of teaching, we have to mention the great campuses and facilities: seeing asRussia is the largest country in the world, they can afford to turn a huge plot of land into a campus, adding parks, fountains, museums, and even botanical gardens. Still, you do have to keep in mind that winters in Russia can be rough and the climate can be fickle. But, luckily, Russian kindergartens allow children to run outside in their underwear, and then dump freezing water over them to strengthen their immune system. so, students can brave the weather and bring mittens from home.

To study in English at one of the universities in Russia, you may need a proof of English proficiency. There are several standardised English tests that you can take to proof your English level, such as the PTE (Pearson Test of English), TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), CAE (Cambridge Advanced English) and IELTS (International English Language Testing System), offered by British Council and IDP. IELTS is the most popular of these tests, with British Council offering more than 500 test locations and being accepted by more than 9,000 organisations world-wide.

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paraphrasing british council

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IMAGES

  1. paraphrasing british council

    paraphrasing british council

  2. paraphrasing british council

    paraphrasing british council

  3. paraphrasing british council

    paraphrasing british council

  4. British Council IELTS tips #6: Top five paraphrasing techniques

    paraphrasing british council

  5. All About Paraphrasing Online in UK in 2019

    paraphrasing british council

  6. Successful Process of Teaching Paraphrasing To Young Writers

    paraphrasing british council

COMMENTS

  1. Paraphrasing

    Paraphrasing is not only an essential skill for all speakers but also key to learners developing communicative ability beyond their existing knowledge of language. Example The learner is describing a photograph of a glider and doesn't know the word, so paraphrases by saying 'an airplane that uses the wind'. In the classroom

  2. Top Five Paraphrasing Techniques (video included)

    1. Use Synonyms The most common technique, and maybe most important, is to find synonyms for keywords in the question. For this technique, take note of the important nouns and verbs in the question, and see in which synonyms might be appropriate to replace them.

  3. British Council IELTS tips #6: Top five paraphrasing techniques

    1.5K 285K views 4 years ago IELTS tips from British Council teacher When it comes to Writing Task 1 and 2, paraphrasing is an essential skill for every one of your introductions. Many...

  4. The Chunking Method: Teaching Language Learners how to Paraphrase

    Step #1: Chunk the sentence The first step of this method is chunking. To do this, students must separate the sentence into smaller segments - think adverb clauses or prepositional phrases. They can do this by adding a slash between chunks.

  5. PDF Dealing with Short Answer questions

    1. Surveying a text 2. Skimming a text for gist 3. Identifying keywords and synonyms/paraphrasing 4. Scanning a text 5. Reading for detail 6. Strategy analysis for dealing with Short Answer questions 7. Test practice Aims • To review key reading skills: surveying, skimming and scanning

  6. PDF Test familiarisation and lexical resource

    Procedure: put students into pairs or small groups to discuss and answer the quiz questions. elicit answers and go over key points of the Speaking section. Answers 1 b, 2 a, 3 a, 4 c, 5 c, 6 b, 7 a, 8 c Length of test: 11-14 minutes

  7. PDF Improving lexical resource

    Students will have practised paraphrasing and using synonyms. Information about this section of IELTS Part 2 tests the ability to talk about a topic, develop ideas about a topic, and the use of relevant vocabulary and grammar.

  8. How to Paraphrase

    Paraphrasing means putting someone else's ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing a source involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning. Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting (copying someone's exact words and putting them in quotation marks ). In academic writing, it's usually better to paraphrase instead of ...

  9. How to Paraphrase in Academic Task 1: A Step-by-Step Guide

    Our step-by-step approach teaches you how to paraphrase in Academic Task 1, ensuring your answers are both accurate and creative. Elevate your IELTS preparation with our expert strategies on how to paraphrase in Academic Task 1, tailored for those seeking to achieve high scores in Academic Task 1.

  10. IELTS paraphrasing lesson and exercise, Writing task 2

    Updated: April 29th 2021 One of the most important skills in IELTS writing is the ability to paraphrase. In IELTS Writing Task 1 and Task 2 you are marked on your ability to use vocabulary effectively. Therefore, if paraphrasing is done accurately it can demonstrate to the examiner that you have a good grasp of vocabulary.

  11. Learn English Online

    Learn new words and improve your language level to be able to communicate in English effectively. Online exercises to help you learn the meaning, pronunciation and spelling of new words. Learn new words connected to a wide range of different topics. Play our word games and have fun as you improve your vocabulary.

  12. Wishes: 'wish' and 'if only'

    In the present. We can use wish/if only + a past form to talk about a present situation we would like to be different. I wish you didn't live so far away. If only we knew what to do. He wishes he could afford a holiday.

  13. paraphrasing

    paraphrasing. Popular. TeachingEnglish: How to teach speaking. TeachingEnglish: How to teach grammar. Online skills for 21st century teachers. Gender in language education. Phonemic chart. Courses. Find an online teacher training course. Research and insight.

  14. Academic Paraphrasing

    1.Highlight important words / key terms (words that cannot be changed) 2.Find synonyms / alternative words for high frequency words 3.Change grammar: sentence structure, active to passive, nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, word order, etc.. 4.Check meaning Paraphrasing step by step examples (using synonyms)

  15. Agreeing and disagreeing

    Check your browser's developer console for more details. In this video, Emir and Paul discuss a design for a client. Listen to the language they use for agreeing and disagreeing and practise saying the useful phrases. Do the preparation exercise first. Then watch the video and do the exercises to check your understanding and practise the language.

  16. PDF Sentence Transformation

    Ask Ss to complete the gaps in the two sentences at the bottom of worksheet 1. You may want to do a brief review of passive at this stage. Play the sentence transformation game described below. ∑ Write the example sentence from worksheet 2 and the gapped version below it on the board. Number the gaps, e.g.

  17. Exercise on paraphrasing and synonyms in IELTS reading

    Try the paraphrasing exercise below. The latest book in the series is IELTS 18 which you can buy online. Source: Cambridge IELTS 13 page 38. Match the words highlighted in yellow in the text with the synonyms/paraphrases below, then check your answers. an indication of how wealthy an individual is.

  18. Free Paraphrasing Tool

    articulate way. Save time by paraphrasing even the most complicated sentences in one click. Make your points eloquently by customizing the length and formality of each paraphrase to fit your needs. Feel confident in your rewrites, even if English is your second language. What Is Paraphrasing?

  19. Take the IELTS test in or nearby Moscow, Russia

    The British Council IELTS is your best option if you need proof of English language proficiency when applying for a degree in an English-speaking country like the US, the UK, Australia, Canada, or New Zealand. You can opt for the IELTS Online Test, prepare with a training platform online, and even do the IELTS Practice Test Online.

  20. IELTS test centers and test dates 2024 in Moscow, Russia

    The IELTS is administered jointly by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge English Language Assessment at over 1,100 test centres and 140 countries. These test centres supervise the local administration of the test and recruit, train and monitor IELTS examiners.

  21. Patterns with reporting verbs

    Customers complained that they had not been kept informed. Experts admit that it will take a long time to develop a solution. Sengupta agrees that we need a better system. Verbs in this group include admit, advise, agree, claim, complain, decide, deny, explain, insist, promise, recommend and say.

  22. Take an IELTS test in Russia

    There is one British Council test centre in Russias capital Moscow. The average IELTS score of test takers with Russian as native language is 6.4. In 2017, the average IELTS score of test takers in Russia was 6.69. According to our database, there are 18 universities in Russia that accept the IELTS test.

  23. "Metallurgical Plant "Electrostal" JSC

    Round table 2021. "Electrostal" Metallurgical plant" JSC has a number of remarkable time-tested traditions. One of them is holding an annual meeting with customers and partners in an extеnded format in order to build development pathways together, resolve pressing tasks and better understand each other. Although the digital age ...