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How to Cite a Pamphlet in APA, MLA, or Chicago

Working on a project about a museum exhibit? You’ll likely want to cite the pamphlet given to visitors, in addition to newspaper clippings about the exhibit or books written on the subject presented. Compiling information about a business? You may want to quote directly from the company’s brochure.

Quickly cite a pamphlet by using our online form here .

Citing a pamphlet may seem like a daunting task at first. You may be more accustomed to writing citations for scholarly works, rather than for primary source documents. But with the proper information, you’ll find that citing a pamphlet isn’t as challenging as it might seem initially. In fact, the information required is quite similar to what you’d need if you were citing a book.

Let’s review how to do this in MLA format (9th ed.), APA format, and Chicago/Turabian. For our example, let’s look at the pamphlet “ Access ” by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

To cite a pamphlet properly, you must identify the following pieces of information:

  • The author of the pamphlet. This can be an individual, group, or organization
  • Title of the pamphlet
  • URL of the website that the pamphlet was found on (if found online)
  • Date the pamphlet was published
  • Publisher of the pamphlet
  • City where the publisher is located (for Chicago/Turabian)

Use the following structure to cite a pamphlet in MLA format:

Last name, First name of the author or Organization responsible for the creation of the pamphlet. Title of the Pamphlet. Publisher*, date of publication, URL (remove http:// or https://). Pamphlet.

*Note about the Publisher: If the name of the publisher matches the name of the author, start the citation with the title and include this information in the publisher field instead. 

If in Print:

If the pamphlet is found in print, exclude the URL.

Here’s how the above example would be cited in MLA format:

Access . The Metropolitan Museum of Art, fall 2017, metmuseum.org/-/media/Files/Events/Programs/Progs%20for%20Visitors%20with%20Disabilities/AccessCalendar.pdf. Pamphlet.

*The Metropolitan Museum of Art is both the author and the publisher. To prevent duplication of this information twice in the citation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art is only included in the publisher container.  

In-text citations

The information included in a parenthetical citation should match the first item in the full reference on your Works Cited page. For a pamphlet, this would be either the author’s last name, the organization who created the pamphlet, or the title of the pamphlet. If the organization name or title is long, it can be shortened to the first noun clause for the parenthetical citation. You should also include a page number if there is one available.

Here’s how the above example would be cited in an in-text citation:

( Access 6)

Use the following structure to cite a pamphlet in APA:

To cite a pamphlet found online in APA, use the following structure:

Author’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Organization. (Year the pamphlet was published). Title of pamphlet [Brochure]. Retrieved from URL

To cite a pamphlet in print in APA, use the following structure:

Author’s Last name, First initial. Middle initial. or Name of Organization. (Year the pamphlet was published). Title of pamphlet [Brochure]. City of publisher, State abbreviation or Country: Publisher*.

*When citing a pamphlet in print in APA, if the name of the publisher matches the name of the author, place the word Author in the place where the publisher’s name would be.

Here’s how the above example would be cited as an APA citation :

The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2017). Access [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://metmuseum.org/-/media/Files/Events/Programs/Progs%20for%20Visitors%20with%20Disabilities/AccessCalendar.pdf

If citing the same pamphlet in print, the APA citation would look like this:

The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2017). Access [Brochure]. New York, NY: Author.

Use the following structure to cite a pamphlet in Chicago/Turabian:

Last name, First name of the Author or Name of the Organization who wrote the pamphlet. Title of Brochure . City of Publication: Publisher, Year published. URL.

If citing the pamphlet in print in Chicago/Turabian, exclude the URL from the citation and end the citation with a period.

Here’s how the above example would be cited in Chicago/Turabian:

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Access . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2017, https://metmuseum.org/-/media/Files/Events/Programs/Progs%20for%20Visitors%20with%20Disabilities/AccessCalendar.pdf.

One Last Option

If you like guided forms better, EasyBib.com has a citation form specifically for pamphlets that tells you exactly what information is needed for the citation. Simply fill in the form with the correct information and the citation will be generated for you. Click here to try it out.

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To cite a pamphlet with no author in APA and MLA styles, it is important that you know basic information such as the title of the pamphlet, publisher name, and date. With both styles, the author field is omitted, and the citation begins with the title of the pamphlet instead.

APA reference list entry

Title of the pamphlet [Description]. (Publication Year). Publisher.

Social and emotional climate [Pamphlet]. (2021). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

MLA works cited list entry

Title of the Pamphlet . Publisher Name, publication date. Pamphlet.

Social and Emotional Climate . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2021. Pamphlet.

To cite a pamphlet with multiple authors in APA and MLA styles, it is important that you know basic information such as the names of the authors, title of the pamphlet, publisher name, and date. The below examples show how to cite a pamphlet with three authors.

First Author Surname, F. M., Second Author Surname, F. M., & Third Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the pamphlet [Description]. Publisher.

Stone, J., Rawlings, P., & Mackenzie, R. A. (2010). Gratton street irregulars [Pamphlet]. Sphinx.

Note: In APA style, all author names are included in a reference list citation up to twenty authors.

First Author Surname, First Name, et al. Title of the Pamphlet . Publisher, publication date. Pamphlet.

Stone, Jon, et al. Gratton Street Irregulars . Sphinx, 2010. Pamphlet.

Note: In MLA style, “et al.” is used when there are three or more authors. For two authors, the citation should begin “First Author Last Name, First Name, and Second Author First Name Last Name.”

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Citing a Pamphlet

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If your coursework took you to a museum or on some other field trip, you may have come away with a pamphlet/brochure, filled with information that will come in handy for your paper or project. Guess what? You can cite directly from that pamphlet!

Citing a primary document like a pamphlet might seem tricky if you’re used to only citing books, journal articles, or websites. But have no fear — the process is actually quite similar to what it would be for citing a book!

Below, we’ve demonstrated how to cite a pamphlet in three commonly used citation styles: Harvard referencing style, MLA format, and APA format . To make the process even simpler, we’ve cited the same example in all three styles. Our example is the pamphlet “All Our Stories”, a tour material disseminated by the London Transport Museum. 

Track down the following detai ls before you cite the pamphlet: 

  • Pamphlet’s author (could be an individual, group, or organization)
  • Pamphlet title 
  • Publication date of the pamphlet
  • URL of the website on which you found the pamphlet (only needed if found on the web)
  • City where the pamphlet’s publisher is located

Structure to follow to cite a pamphlet in Harvard referencing style: Last name, First Initial. or Name of the Organization That Published the Pamphlet. (Year of Publication). Title of Brochure . [format]. Venue, Collection, Location.

Here’s how we’d cite our example in Harvard referencing style:  Bramble, C. (n.d.) All Our Stories. [pamphlet]. London Transport Museum, London.

Structure to follow to cite an online pamphlet in MLA format: Author’s Last Name, First Name or Organization That Created the Pamphlet. Pamphlet Title. Publisher, * Publication Date, URL. (do not include http:// or https:// in the citation). Pamphlet.

*IMPORTANT: If the author is unknown, or the organization that published and wrote the document are the same, the organization that published the document should go in the “publisher” slot and the citation entry should begin with the title of the document. 

If in print:

If you found the pamphlet in print, you will end the citation with the medium (i.e. pamphlet, brochure, etc.) and a period. Do not include the URL in this instance.

Here’s how the example above would appear in MLA formatting : 

Bramble, Carol. All Our Stories. London Transport Museum, www.ltmuseum.co.uk/assets/ltm_docs/learning/All_Our_Stories_tour_leaflets.pdf. Pamphlet.

Structure to follow to cite an online pamphlet in APA format: Author’s Last Name, First Initial.  Middle Initial. or Name of Organization. (Publication year of the pamphlet). Pamphlet title [Brochure]. Retrieved from URL of the webpage

Structure to follow to cite a pamphlet in APA style if found in print:

Author’s Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. or Name of Organization. (Publication year of the pamphlet). Pamphlet title [Brochure]. Publishing City, State Abbreviation or Country: Publisher.

Below, see how our example pamphlet would look when cited in APA style: 

Bramble, C. All Our Stories [Brochure]. Retrieved from www.ltmuseum.co.uk/assets/ltm_docs/learning/All_Our_Stories_tour_leaflets.pdf

Cite This For Me tools can also cite sources in Chicago style format and thousands of other styles. Whether you need to complete an annotated bibliography or generate an in-text citation , there are bibliographic resources for you!

According to the MLA handbook, use the following format to create a works-cited entry for a brochure or a pamphlet. You will need the title, publisher, and the year (if it is available).

Title . Publisher, Year (if available). Type (Brochure or Pamphlet)

A Guide To Ornithology . International Ornithologists’ Guild, 2003. Pamphlet.

The citation of a pamphlet in a Chicago-style footnote is formatted similar to that of a book. The footnote should include the name(s) of the author(s) or organization who wrote the pamphlet, the title of the pamphlet, any available publisher details, and the year of publication.

If the information available for a pamphlet does not match the typical fields of a “book” citation, make sure to include as much information as needed to help readers find your original source.

  • Author’s First Name Last Name OR Organization Name, Title of the Pamphlet (Publisher City: Publisher Name, year of publication).
  • William Smith, Easy Way of Learning (New York: Printing Press, 2018).

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Referencing a brochure or pamphlet

The following example shows how to reference a brochure or pamphlet. If the author is also the publisher of the work, omit the publisher from the source element. Note the format of the work in square brackets after the title.

Author, A. or Corporate Author. (Date).  Title of work in italic sentence case  [Format]. Publisher name if distinct from author. 

YouthLaw: Tino Rangatiratanga Taitamariki. (2003).   Free legal service for children and young people  [Brochure].

Reference list entry

YouthLaw: Tino Rangatiratanga Taitamariki. (2003).  Free legal service for children and young people  [Brochure].

Page/paragraph numbers are optional for paraphrased information.

Narrative According to YouthLaw (2003) ... (p. 3). Parenthetical ... (YouthLaw, 2003, p. 3).

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How to Cite a Brochure in APA

Last Updated: October 11, 2022

This article was co-authored by Cara Barker, MA . Cara Barker is an Assistant Professor and Research and Instruction Librarian at Hunter Library at Western Carolina University. She received her Masters in Library and Information Sciences from the University of Washington in 2014. She has over 16 years of experience working with libraries across the United States. This article has been viewed 9,445 times.

Whether you are working on publishing a scholarly article or writing a paper for class, getting your citations right can seem like one of the trickiest parts. Don't worry--if you are using APA, there is a simple system for citing brochures. For your reference list, follow the template for the APA style. Don't forget to include additional information if you are citing an online brochure. For in-text citations, you'll just need the author's name and the date of publication. After a few tries, you'll feel much more comfortable citing brochures.

Citation Help

cite sources brochure

Creating an Entry in Your Reference List

Step 1 Gather the necessary information.

  • Author or corporate author
  • Date of publication
  • City or location of publisher
  • Name of the publisher
  • Entire URL and date accessed, if an online brochure

Step 2 List the author's name or corporate name.

  • Start your citation with the name, e.g., Chicago Animal Aid. A period goes after the author's name.
  • If you cannot locate the author's name or the corporate author, you can use a shortened version of the title, e.g. Animal Aid. [3] X Research source

Step 3 Type the date in parentheses and the title in italics.

  • Chicago Animal Aid. (April, 2015). Helping the pets in shelters find homes .
  • If no date is given, write (n.d.). That is the abbreviation for “no date.”

Step 4 Use brackets to identify the publication as a Brochure.

  • Chicago Animal Aid. (April, 2015). Helping the pets in shelters find homes [Brochure].

Step 5 Write the location of the publisher and follow that with the name of the publisher.

  • Chicago Animal Aid. (April, 2015). Helping the pets in shelters find homes [Brochure]. Chicago, IL: Author.

Step 6 Add additional information if it is an online brochure.

  • Chicago Animal Aid. (April, 2015). Helping the pets in shelters find homes [Brochure]. Retrieved from www.chicagoanimalaid.org/brochures/

Using In-Text Citations

Step 1 Write the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a date to cite direct quotes.

  • "According to the Humane Society, 'the number of homeless cats has increased by 19%' (Chicago Animal Aid, 2015)."

Step 2 Type the author's name followed by a comma, followed by the date to cite a paraphrase.

  • You might cite a paraphrase like this: "There has been a large increase in homeless cats (Chicago Animal Aid, 2015)."

Step 3 Use a title and date in-text citation if you cannot identify the author.

  • ( Helping the pets in shelters find homes , 2015).

Step 4 Use an abbreviation if you cannot find a date.

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  • Always check with your professor or publisher to make sure you are using the correct citation style. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
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  • ↑ https://cambriancollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=610737&p=4239217
  • ↑ https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html
  • ↑ https://penandthepad.com/cite-online-brochure-apa-style-5936143.html
  • ↑ http://libraryconnect.libanswers.com/faq/111851

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Cite a Brochure

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

  • Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
  • Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
  • Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
  • Book: What have reviews said about it?
  • What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
  • Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
  • Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
  • Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
  • Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
  • Are there ads?
  • When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
  • Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
  • Does the source even have a date?
  • Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
  • If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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APA Citation Style 7th Edition

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Pamphlet or Brochure (7th edition)

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Reference List

Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. (2008).  Museum guide  [Pamphlet].

Tim Hortons. (2009).  US nutrition calendar  [Brochure]. http://www.timhortons.com/us/en/menu/nutrition-calculator.html?nuttype=US

  • TIP:  When the author and the publisher ar e the same, omit the publisher name to avoid r epetition.

In-Text Citations

Parenthetical citations:

  • Paraphrase:   (Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, 2008);  (Tim  Hortons , 2009)
  • Quotations:   (Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, 2008, p. 2);  (Tim  Hortons , 2 009, p. 3)

Narrative citations: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum (2008); Tim Hortons (2009)

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How to Cite a Brochure/Pamphlet in APA and MLA With Examples

9 December 2023

last updated

Pamphlets or brochures may be useful sources in academic research. Basically, the Modern Language Association (MLA) and American Psychological Association (APA) referencing styles provide guidelines for a citation of brochures. In turn, this guide explains citation requirements in both formats with examples. Also, the guide presents a detailed elaboration of the use of footnotes as tools in the citation process. Hence, writers need to learn how to cite a brochure or a pamphlet in APA and MLA formats.

how to cite a brochure in APA and MLA

How to Cite a Brochure/Pamphlet in APA

Standard citation.

In-text citation:

  • It follows the author-date-page parenthetical citation format.

Page numbers: (Jones, 2006, p. 1)

No page numbers: (Jones, 2006, para. 3)

Reference list :

  • By considering citation rules for an APA style, a brochure is differentiated from other sources using the notation in square brackets.

Jones, M. (2006). Women’s health: Facts of ovarian cancer [Brochure]. Washington, DC: American Group of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.

  • APA allows the use of footnotes for the presentation of copyright information.

In-text citation :

Hormonal therapy is one of the many risks of ovarian cancer. 1

  • Women have a 92% chance of developing ovarian cancer after childbirth (see Footnote 3).

Footnote structure :

1 From Women’s Health: Facts of Ovarian Cancer [Brochure], by M. Jones, 2006, Washington, DC: American Group of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, p. 1. Copyright 2006 by the American Group of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Adapter with permission.

How to Cite a Brochure/Pamphlet in MLA

  • It follows the author-page parenthetical citation format.

Page numbers: (Jones 1)

No page numbers: (Jones par. 3)

Works Cited list:

Jones, Mary. Women’s Health: Facts of Ovarian Cancer . American Group of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2006.

  • Bibliographical notes enable readers to make evaluative comments concerning a pamphlet, a flyer, or a brochure.
  • Footnotes are not a substitute for entries in the Works Cited list.

1 For a comprehensive list and detailed explanation of the risks of ovarian cancer, see Jones 1-3.

To Learn More, Read Relevant Articles

How to cite a movie or video in mla 8/9: basic rules with samples, how to cite a video game in apa: main aspects with examples.

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APA Brochure Citation – A Comprehensive Guide

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Properly citing sources is crucial in academic and professional writing. Not only does it help readers find the original sources of information, but it also prevents plagiarism and establishes the credibility of your work. The APA format is widely used in psychology, education, and social sciences. However, it can be tricky to cite brochures correctly since they are not traditional academic sources. This article focuses on the guidelines of brochure citations in APA style .

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  • 1 In a nutshell: APA brochure citation
  • 2 Definition: APA brochure citation
  • 3 Format for in-text citation and reference entry
  • 4 APA brochure citation example

In a nutshell: APA brochure citation

  • When citing a brochure in APA format, it is important to include the author’s name, publication year, title of the brochure, and the name of the publisher.
  • The year and the author should be included in in-text citations.
  • When creating a reference list, the typical format is as follows: Author. (Year). Title of brochure [Brochure]. Publisher.
  • The source type of the APA brochure citation is clarified by including the word “Brochure” in square brackets after the title.
  • If the brochure lacks an author or publisher, using the title and date can be an alternative.

A thorough overview of all our APA examples can be found here.

Definition: APA brochure citation

Brochures are informational pamphlets or booklets that often present data, guidelines, or promotional material in a condensed form. These can be helpful in academic writing . However, because they are not traditional scholarly publications like journal articles or academic books, they have a specific citation format within the APA style. An APA brochure citation refers to the bibliographic reference for a brochure using the APA style, typically included in the APA references section at the end of your academic paper.

Format for in-text citation and reference entry

In academic writing, in-text citations and reference entries are crucial for attributing credit to the authors of the works you have consulted, thereby upholding the principles of academic integrity. Thus, the format of an APA brochure citation will be illustrated in the following.

In-text citation

When you refer to the brochure in your text, an in-text citation should be included. The general format for an APA in-text citation is:

  • (Author’s Last Name, Year of Publication)

If the APA brochure citation has no author, use a shortened version of the title.

Reference entry

In the reference list, the citation should include full details about the brochure. The format is:

  • Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of brochure [Brochure]. Publisher.

If no author or publisher is available for the APA brochure citation, the title moves to the author position, and “n.p.” (no publisher) is used for the publisher spot.

APA brochure citation example

Example of in-text citations

With an author

  • (Johnson, 2020).

Without an author

  • (“Understanding Diabetes”, 2018).

Example of reference entries

With an author and publisher

  • Johnson, B. (2020). Understanding Diabetes [Brochure]. Health and Wellness Press.

Without an author or publisher

  • Understanding Diabetes . (2018). [Brochure]. n.p.

What if there's no date on the brochure?

If no date is available, use the abbreviation “n.d.” (no date) in place of the year both in your in-text citations and reference entries. This indicates to the reader that the date of the publication is not available.

What if the brochure has a corporate author?

If the brochure is written by an organization or a corporation, you should use the name of the corporation as the author, both in your in-text citations and reference entries of the APA brochure citation.

Should the title of the APA brochure citation be italicized?

No, according to APA style, the title of the brochure should be in sentence case and not italicized . Only the titles of longer works like books and journals should be italicized .

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APA 7th referencing style

  • About APA 7th
  • Printing this guide
  • In-text references
  • Direct quotations
  • Reference list
  • Author information
  • Additional referencing information
  • Using headings
  • Book chapter

Online brochure or pamphlet

  • ChatGPT and other generative AI tools
  • Conferences
  • Dictionary or encyclopaedia
  • Government legislation
  • Journal article
  • Lecture notes and slides
  • Legal sources
  • Newspaper or magazine article
  • Other web sources
  • Patents and standards
  • Personal communication
  • Press (media) release
  • Secondary source (indirect citation)
  • Social media
  • Software and mobile apps
  • Specialised health information
  • Television program
  • Works in non-English languages
  • Works in non-English scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese
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Chicago Citation Style (17th Edition): Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports

  • General Guidelines
  • One Author or Editor
  • Two or Three Authors or Editors
  • More Than Three Authors or Editors
  • Chapter or Article in a Multi-Author Book
  • Chapter or Article in a Multi-Volume Work
  • Organization as Author
  • Reference Book
  • Edition Other than the First
  • Basic Journal Article
  • Journal Article from an Online Periodical
  • Journal Article from Database
  • Magazine Article
  • Magazine Article from an Online Magazine
  • Newspaper Article
  • Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
  • Basic Web Page
  • Government Publication
  • Motion Picture (Video Recording)
  • Online Multimedia
  • Image from an Electronic Source
  • Published Photograph
  • Interviews & Personal Communications
  • Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports
  • Scriptural References
  • Secondary Sources
  • Government Publications
  • Ask for Help

Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports (p. 756)

These types of sources are basically treated like books.

General Format 

1. Author First Name/Initial Surname,  Title: Subtitle  (Place of Publication: Publisher,        Year), page #(if there is one).

Concise Note:  

2. Author Surname,  Title , page # (if there is one). 

Bibliography:

Author Surname, First Name or Initial.  Title: Subtitle . Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

1. Hazel V. Clark,  Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers  (Mesopotamia, OH: End of        the Commons General Store, 1957).   

2. Clark,  Mesopotamia.

Clark, Hazel V.  Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers . Mesopotamia, OH: End of the              Commons General Store, 1957.   

Formatting of papers in Chicago Style:

Purdue Online Writing Lab

Citations and bibliographies in Chicago Style:

University of Alberta

About Citing Other Sources

This guide is intended to cover only the Notes and Bibliography system for citing sources.

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and a specific example will be provided.

The following format will be used:

Full Note  - use the first time that you cite a source. Concise Note  - use after the first time you cite a source. Bibliography  - use when you are compiling the Bibliography that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) .  

Numbers in parentheses refer to specific sections and pages in the manual.

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MLA Style Guide: Pamphlets & Brochures

  • In-Text Citations
  • Audiovisual Material
  • Web Resources
  • Electronic Databases
  • Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
  • Pamphlets & Brochures
  • Personal Communications
  • Technical/Government Reports
  • List of Works Cited

References to brochures or pamphlets are formatted in the same way as those to entire books. If the author is a corporation or organization, begin the reference with the corporate author .

Often a brochure or a pamphlet will not contain all of the information you require for a reference.  If there is no date of publication , you may supply an approximate date in square brackets, e.g. [2018] or [circa 2018].

In many cases, the corporate author of the pamphlet is also the publisher . If so, you may use an abbreviation for the publisher's name in your reference.

Pamphlets & Brochures

Information required for a reference to a brochure or pamphlet includes:

  • Author or corporate author
  • Copyright date

Examples of References :

Association of Registered Graphic Designers of Ontario. A Graphic Designer's Guide to Pro Bono Work.  RGD Ontario, 2007.

Natioanl Film Board of Canada. Stop-Motion Animation Workshop. Animation Resources . NFB, [2017].

Society of Graphic Designers of Canada. Vancouver Island Chapter. Design Cares Travelling Exhibit: A Celebration of the Role Designers Are Taking To Make a Positive Impact on the World. GDC, [2016?].

Examples of In-Text Citations :

The Association of Registered Graphic Designers of Ontario indicates that it is fairly common for professional graphic designers to offer their services free-of-charge to charities and non-profit organizations as a way of giving back to the community (1).

A thaumatrope is an optical game invented by an English physician named John Ayrton (Nat'l. Film Board, Stop-Motion Animation Workshop 4).

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Harvard Referencing

  • Summarising/Paraphrasing
  • Citations/Direct Quotations
  • Books (print or online)
  • Electronic Journal Article
  • Website/Web Document
  • Journal/Magazine Article
  • Academic publications
  • Audiovisual material
  • News Article (print or online)
  • Figures/Tables
  • Public documents
  • Performance
  • Reference List Example
  • More Information

Brochure or Pamphlet

The reference for a brochure or pamphlet is basically the same as for a book, but with the addition of [brochure] in the Reference list as shown.

In-text Citation

Trove allows you to search across multiple Australian collections at once (National Library of Australia n.d.)

Reference List

National Library of Australia n.d., Trove [brochure], National Library of Australia, n.p..

In this example, the brochure does not have a date of publication, or a place of publication on it - n.d. indicates no date and n.p. indicates no place of publication.

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  • Citing sources

How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator & Quick Guide

Citing your sources is essential in  academic writing . Whenever you quote or paraphrase a source (such as a book, article, or webpage), you have to include a  citation crediting the original author.

Failing to properly cite your sources counts as plagiarism , since you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

The most commonly used citation styles are APA and MLA. The free Scribbr Citation Generator is the quickest way to cite sources in these styles. Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we’ll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation.

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Table of contents

When do you need to cite sources, which citation style should you use, in-text citations, reference lists and bibliographies.

Scribbr Citation Generator

Other useful citation tools

Citation examples and full guides, frequently asked questions about citing sources.

Citations are required in all types of academic texts. They are needed for several reasons:

  • To avoid plagiarism by indicating when you’re taking information from another source
  • To give proper credit to the author of that source
  • To allow the reader to consult your sources for themselves

A citation is needed whenever you integrate a source into your writing. This usually means quoting or paraphrasing:

  • To quote a source , copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks .
  • To paraphrase a source , put the text into your own words. It’s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don’t want to do this manually.

Citations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever type of source you use. As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don’t forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. That includes websites, YouTube videos , and lectures .

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Usually, your institution (or the journal you’re submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor.

In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently:

  • APA Style is widely used in the social sciences and beyond.
  • MLA style is common in the humanities.
  • Chicago notes and bibliography , common in the humanities
  • Chicago author-date , used in the (social) sciences
  • There are many other citation styles for different disciplines.

If in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow.

In most styles, your citations consist of:

  • Brief in-text citations at the relevant points in the text
  • A reference list or bibliography containing full information on all the sources you’ve cited

In-text citations most commonly take the form of parenthetical citations featuring the last name of the source’s author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations).

An alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in numerical citation styles , where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list.

There are also note citation styles , where you place your citations in either footnotes or endnotes . Since they’re not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes aren’t accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography.

A reference list (aka “Bibliography” or “Works Cited,” depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources you’ve cited in the text. It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a hanging indent applied to each entry.

The information included in reference entries is broadly similar, whatever citation style you’re using. For each source, you’ll typically include the:

  • Author name
  • Publication date
  • Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in)
  • Location (e.g., a URL or DOI , or sometimes a physical location)

The exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format it (e.g., capitalization, use of italics) also varies.

Most commonly, the entries in your reference list are alphabetized by author name. This allows the reader to easily find the relevant entry based on the author name in your in-text citation.

APA-reference-list

In numerical citation styles, the entries in your reference list are numbered, usually based on the order in which you cite them. The reader finds the right entry based on the number that appears in the text.

Vancouver reference list example

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Because each style has many small differences regarding things like italicization, capitalization , and punctuation , it can be difficult to get every detail right. Using a citation generator can save you a lot of time and effort.

Scribbr offers citation generators for both APA and MLA style. Both are quick, easy to use, and 100% free, with no ads and no registration required.

Just input a URL or DOI or add the source details manually, and the generator will automatically produce an in-text citation and reference entry in the correct format. You can save your reference list as you go and download it when you’re done, and even add annotations for an annotated bibliography .

Once you’ve prepared your citations, you might still be unsure if they’re correct and if you’ve used them appropriately in your text. This is where Scribbr’s other citation tools and services may come in handy:

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Citation Checker

Citation Editing

Plagiarism means passing off someone else’s words or ideas as your own. It’s a serious offense in academia. Universities use plagiarism checking software to scan your paper and identify any similarities to other texts.

When you’re dealing with a lot of sources, it’s easy to make mistakes that could constitute accidental plagiarism. For example, you might forget to add a citation after a quote, or paraphrase a source in a way that’s too close to the original text.

Using a plagiarism checker yourself before you submit your work can help you spot these mistakes before they get you in trouble. Based on the results, you can add any missing citations and rephrase your text where necessary.

Try out the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker for free, or check out our detailed comparison of the best plagiarism checkers available online.

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Scribbr’s Citation Checker is a unique AI-powered tool that automatically detects stylistic errors and inconsistencies in your in-text citations. It also suggests a correction for every mistake.

Currently available for APA Style, this is the fastest and easiest way to make sure you’ve formatted your citations correctly. You can try out the tool for free below.

If you need extra help with your reference list, we also offer a more in-depth Citation Editing Service.

Our experts cross-check your in-text citations and reference entries, make sure you’ve included the correct information for each source, and improve the formatting of your reference page.

If you want to handle your citations yourself, Scribbr’s free Knowledge Base provides clear, accurate guidance on every aspect of citation. You can see citation examples for a variety of common source types below:

And you can check out our comprehensive guides to the most popular citation styles:

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.

“Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .

Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.

Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.

The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . It’s the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero.

You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

MLA Style  is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

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Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

However, this guide will highlight a few concerns when citing digital sources in MLA style.

Best Practices for Managing Online Sources

Because online information can change or disappear, it is always a good idea to keep personal copies of important electronic information whenever possible. Downloading or even printing key documents ensures you have a stable backup. You can also use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to build an easy-to-access reference for all of your project's sources (though this will not help you if the information is changed or deleted).

It is also wise to keep a record of when you first consult with each online source. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so, but it is encouraged (especially when there is no copyright date listed on a website).

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.

Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.

Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Par. would be used for a single paragraph, while pars. would be used for a span of two or more paragraphs.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible:

  • Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
  • "Article name in quotation marks."
  • Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
  • Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
  • Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
  • Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
  • DOI (if available, precede it with "https://doi.org/"), otherwise a URL (without the https://) or permalink.
  • Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed). While not required, saving this information it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.

Use the following format:

Author. "Title." Title of container (self contained if book) , Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2 nd container’s title , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Citing an Entire Web Site

When citing an entire website, follow the same format as listed above, but include a compiler name if no single author is available.

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England . Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.

English Department . Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by an indication of the specific page or article being referenced. Usually, the title of the page or article appears in a header at the top of the page. Follow this with the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”  eHow , www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

“ Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview. ”   WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.

Citations for e-books closely resemble those for physical books. Simply indicate that the book in question is an e-book by putting the term "e-book" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. E-book, American Psychological Association, 2007.

If the e-book is formatted for a specific reader device or service, you can indicate this by treating this information the same way you would treat a physical book's edition number. Often, this will mean replacing "e-book" with "[App/Service] ed."

Machiavelli, Niccolo.  The Prince , translated by W. K. Marriott, Kindle ed., Library of Alexandria, 2018.

Note:  The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application. These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

If the work cited is available on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Adams, Clifton R. “People Relax Beside a Swimming Pool at a Country Estate Near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “ 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. ”   A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a DOI if available, otherwise provide a URL or permalink to help readers locate the source.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article . Provide the URL and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. “ Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. ”   Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “ Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. ”   Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library , https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.

Kunka, Andrew. “ Re: Modernist Literature. ”  Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Neyhart, David. “ Re: Online Tutoring. ” Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.

Author or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site , Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek , 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.

Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.

@tombrokaw. “ SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign. ”   Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

@PurdueWLab. “ Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week. ”   Twitter , 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.

A YouTube Video

Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

A Comment on a Website or Article

List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.

Not Omniscient Enough. Comment on “ Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument Over Pasta. ”  ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.

US warned allies about Russian space, nuclear capabilities, source says

U.S. military brass testify in the House on Afghanistan

'NOT A CAUSE FOR PANIC'

Additional reporting by Joey Roulette, Chris Bing and Trevor Hunnicutt in Washington Editing by Don Durfee, Nick Zieminski, Matthew Lewis and Leslie Adler

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. , opens new tab

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Thomson Reuters

Patricia Zengerle has reported from more than 20 countries, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and China. An award-winning Washington-based national security and foreign policy reporter who also has worked as an editor, Patricia has appeared on NPR, C-Span and other programs, spoken at the National Press Club and attended the Hoover Institution Media Roundtable. She is a recipient of the Edwin M. Hood Award for Diplomatic Correspondence.

U.S. President Joe Biden campaigns in New York

India gives initial nod to buy 15 Airbus C-295, 6 refuelling aircraft

The Indian government on Friday gave initial approval for the purchase of 15 maritime patrol aircraft from Airbus and six air-refuel aircraft, officials said.

NFL: Super Bowl LVIII-Kansas City Chiefs Celebration

Russia's pursuit of a space-based nuclear weapon raises national security concerns in Washington

WASHINGTON — Russia is developing a space-based nuclear weapon designed to target U.S. satellites, according to three sources familiar with the matter.

The weapon isn’t yet operational, the sources told NBC News, but Moscow's pursuit of an advanced weapon that could jeopardize America’s vital satellite network has raised concern among U.S. officials, and it prompted the chair of the House Intelligence Committee, Rep. Mike Turner, to issue an extraordinary statement earlier Wednesday calling on the White House to declassify information about an unnamed “serious national security threat.”

Turner, R-Ohio, didn’t provide additional details in his statement. The three sources said he was referring to the Russian effort to field a nuclear weapon in space that could take out satellites that serve as a crucial backbone for U.S. civilian communications, navigation, military operations and intelligence gathering.

ABC News first reported that the threat Turner cited in his cryptic statement was about a Russian nuclear anti-satellite weapon.

Turner’s statement also got out in front of what the White House said was a planned briefing for congressional leaders.

President Joe Biden has been tracking the national security threat and directed White House national security adviser Jake Sullivan to engage with congressional leaders, according to two U.S. officials.

White House officials conceded the matter is “serious,” but there are ways to “contain” the threat without triggering mass panic, these officials said.

The Kremlin responded Thursday, dismissing the U.S. warnings as a "trick" and "malicious fabrication."

Spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said: “It is obvious that the White House is trying, by hook or by crook, to encourage Congress to vote on a bill to allocate money,” referring to aid for Ukraine. Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov, who is Moscow’s point man on arms control, accused Washington of “malicious fabrication,” state news agency TASS reported.

Senior U.S. military officers have voiced concern about the threat posed by Russian and Chinese efforts to build anti-satellite weapons, NBC News has reported.

Turner said his committee had "made available to all Members of Congress information concerning a serious national security threat" on Wednesday.

On Wednesday afternoon, House members began trickling in and out of the highly secure room in the basement of the Capitol, known as the SCIF, where the most sensitive, classified information is shared with lawmakers.

Sullivan addressed Turner's statement at a briefing a short time later and suggested he was perplexed by it because a briefing was already planned for Thursday. A U.S. official confirmed that the briefing Thursday is related to the threat Turner highlighted.

Biden and the Senate are urging the Republican-controlled House to pass aid for Ukraine in its war against the country, as well as aid for Israel and Taiwan. House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., has said he wouldn’t bring the Senate-passed aid package to the floor for a vote, saying he wants conservative border security measures added.

Turner recently returned from a congressional delegation trip to Ukraine and said Friday that lawmakers “all have access to the intelligence as to the risk that is faced not only to the United States, our allies, but the world as a result of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine.”

He added, “There’s overwhelming support in the House of Representatives and in the Senate for support for Ukraine.”

Meanwhile, former President Donald Trump has faced strong pushback after he said at a campaign rally Saturday that he would encourage Russia to attack  NATO  countries if they didn’t contribute enough to defense as part of the alliance’s mutual protection agreement. He said he would urge Russia “to do whatever the hell they want” to those countries.

Trump repeated the story Wednesday night at a rally in South Carolina — though he notably did not mention encouraging Russian aggression this time.

"If they're not going to pay, we're not going to protect, OK? ... One of the heads of the countries stood up and said, 'Does that mean that if we don't pay the bills that you're not going to protect us?' I said, 'That's exactly what it means, exactly. I'm not going to protect you,'" Trump told the crowd.

A national security supplemental funding package , which includes aid for Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan, is stalled in Congress. Trump was instrumental in killing a larger foreign aid and border security deal in the Senate this month.

Several key lawmakers, including Johnson, said Wednesday that there was no reason to be alarmed by Turner's statement.

“I want to assure the American people there is no need for public alarm,” Johnson said at the Capitol. “We are going to work together to address this matter, as we do all sensitive matters that are classified, and beyond that, I’m not at liberty to disclose classified information and really can’t say much more, but we just want to assure everyone steady hands are at the wheel, we’re working on it, and there’s no need for alarm.”

Rep. Jim Himes, D-Conn., the ranking member of the Intelligence Committee, said: “People should not panic — that is unequivocal. People should not panic.”

Turner “is right to highlight this issue, but it’s so sensitive that he is right now not publicly discussing it,” Himes told reporters. “And I don’t want people thinking that Martians are landing or that your Wednesday is going to be ruined. But it is something that the Congress and the administration does need to address in the medium to long run.”

Sullivan said at Wednesday's briefing that he reached out this week to the Gang of Eight, the top leaders from the House and the Senate, "to offer myself up for a personal briefing."

"That's been on the books, so I am a bit surprised that Congressman Turner came out publicly today, in advance of a meeting on the books, for me to go sit with him alongside our intelligence and defense professionals tomorrow," Sullivan told reporters.

He continued: "That’s his choice to do that. All I can tell you is that I’m focused on going to see him, sit with him, as well as the other House members of the Gang of Eight tomorrow, and I’m not in a position to say anything further from this podium."

Sullivan declined to provide additional details about the briefing but made it clear that he was the one who initiated the meeting.

"I personally reached out to the Gang of Eight. It is highly unusual, in fact, for the national security adviser to do that, and I did that," he said.

Asked whether the public should be concerned about the threat, Sullivan said, "In a way, that question is impossible to answer with a straight 'yes' ... because Americans understand that there are a range of threats and challenges in the world that we’re dealing with every single day, and those threats and challenges range from terrorism to state actors, and we have to contend with them."

"I am confident that President Biden, in the decisions that he has taken, is going to ensure the security of the American people going forward, and I will stand here at this podium and assert that, look you in the eye with confidence, that we believe that we can and will and are protecting the national security of the United States and the American people," he said.

Rep Mike Garcia, R-Calif., said he urges all members to look at the intelligence. “I urge the president to take this matter seriously, as well. And it’s not a political issue. It’s something that needs the attention of members of Congress and the executive branch," he said.

Rep. Jason Crow, D-Colo., said it is one of several "very volatile things that we have to address. ... This is something that requires our attention. There’s no doubt. It’s not an immediate crisis but certainly something we have to be very serious about."

House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., said Wednesday, “I think more information will be made available as appropriate, hopefully, sooner rather than later.”

Senate leaders aren’t expected to attend the briefing Thursday because the Senate is on a two-week recess.

Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Mark Warner, D-Va., and the committee’s ranking member, Marco Rubio, R-Fla., were briefed weeks ago about the national security threat identified by Turner, said two sources with direct knowledge of the matter. The intelligence has been made available to all members of the Senate Intelligence Committee.

Warner and Rubio weren’t given a heads-up about the statement Turner released Wednesday, the two sources said.

And while the House made the intelligence available to all of its members late Tuesday night, the Senate didn’t do the same for all senators until Wednesday afternoon.

Dan De Luce is a reporter for the NBC News Investigative Unit. 

cite sources brochure

Julie Tsirkin is a correspondent covering Capitol Hill.

cite sources brochure

Scott Wong is a senior congressional reporter for NBC News.

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Rebecca Shabad is a politics reporter for NBC News based in Washington.

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Kyle Stewart is an associate producer covering Congress for NBC News.

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  • International

live news

Israel-Hamas war

live news

Trump civil fraud trial ruling

February 14, 2024 Israel-Hamas war

By Kathleen Magramo , Helen Regan , Sophie Tanno, Antoinette Radford, Alisha Ebrahimji and Maureen Chowdhury , CNN

Our live coverage of Israel's war against Hamas in Gaza   has moved here .

Leaders of Australia, Canada and New Zealand warn Israel against “catastrophic” assault on Rafah

From CNN’s Akanksha Sharma

Israel's plans to launch a ground offensive in the southern Gazan city of Rafah would be "catastrophic," the prime ministers of Australia, Canada and New Zealand warned in a  joint statement  Thursday.

 “We are gravely concerned by indications that Israel is planning a ground offensive into Rafah,” the statement said, adding that any military action in an area where nearly 1.5 million Palestinians are taking refuge “would be catastrophic.”

The world leaders called on Israel to heed "growing international consensus" and not “go down this path," as "there is simply nowhere else for civilians to go."

They cited the International Court of Justice, which ordered Israel to ensure the delivery of essential humanitarian aid and the protection of civilians in Gaza.

The group added that "any ceasefire cannot be one sided” and reiterated calls for the release of all Israeli hostages.

Netanyahu vows “powerful action” in Rafah while IDF hits Hezbollah targets in Lebanon. Catch up here

From CNN staff

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu attends media conference in Tel Aviv on October 12, 2023. 

Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Wednesday reiterated his intention to order concerted military operations in Rafah, vowing that his country will fight “until the absolutely victory.”

Netanyahu said “powerful action” will come in the southern Gazan city after the evacuation of civilians from "battle zones."

A growing number of world leaders and NGOs have called on Israel to avoid a ground operation in what is now Gaza's most populated city, with a Red Cross official saying "countless lives are hanging in the balance."

German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock condemned Israel's planned ground offensive, saying it would create a " humanitarian catastrophe.”

It comes as the Israeli military said Wednesday that it has struck Hezbollah targets in Lebanon, as the Israel Defense Forces chief of staff warned of an ongoing offensive against targets in the neighboring country. The strikes follow an earlier deadly rocket attack from Lebanon on a  northern Israeli city .

Here are the latest headlines:

  • Israeli jets strike Lebanon : One Israeli solider was killed and eight others wounded Wednesday when a base in northern Israel was targeted by rockets from Lebanon. In response, the IDF struck  “Hezbollah terror targets”  in the neighboring country. Hezbollah , an Iran-backed armed group that is a regional force in its own right, has not claimed the attack. But Lebanese state media and Hezbollah-owned media reported air raids on several towns in southern Lebanon, including Aadchit, Souaneh and Chehabiya, throughout Wednesday.
  • Appeals to stop ground operation: French president Emmanuel Macron and World Health Organization chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on Wednesday appealed to Israel not to move forward with a Rafah ground operation. Tedros warned, "I don’t think even hell could describe it...I plead to Israel not to do this." United Nations special adviser Alice Wairimu Nderitu said the risk of atrocities " is serious, real and high ."
  • Snipers at Nasser medical complex:  Doctors and medical staff say Israeli snipers  have shot dead a number of people as they fled the Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis in recent days. "The tanks and the snipers (are) surrounding the hospital from all directions,” a surgeon there said. The IDF confirmed it was operating in the area but did not respond to direct allegations. It has  ordered  hospital staff and patients inside the medical complex to evacuate, saying it had “opened a secure route” for civilians to leave.
  • US concerned over Gaza aid: A US-funded shipment of flour intended for Gaza has not moved the way it was expected to, raising concerns from the White House, national security adviser Jake Sullivan said Wednesday. The shipment was blocked by Israeli customs despite Israel’s war cabinet having approved shipments of flour to Gaza via the Ashdod port following a request from US officials.
  • Protection for Palestinians in US : President Joe Biden granted Palestinians in the United States temporary protection from deportation amid the ongoing conflict overseas, according to a new memo. The move comes as the White House faces immense pressure from the Arab-American community over the situation in Gaza.
  • Proposed ceasefire resolution: Arab countries at the United Nations are preparing to introduce a ceasefire resolution in the Security Council, which will also call for unimpeded humanitarian relief and the prevention of any transfer of residents of Gaza to a different location.
  • Cairo talks: Netanyahu said that Hamas must change its negotiating position before talks can continue in the Egyptian capital. Negotiations on a ceasefire as well as hostage and prisoner releases have been ongoing in Cairo and Israel has told mediators they will continue to engage in talks but have so far rejected a counterproposal made by Hamas that demanded a large release of Palestinian prisoners.

Israeli snipers shoot and kill civilians as they flee hospital in Gaza, according to eyewitness

From CNN's Sana Noor Haq and Jonny Hallam

Doctors and medical officials in Gaza say Israeli snipers have shot dead a number of people as they tried to leave the Nasser Medical Complex in southern Gaza over recent days.

A trauma surgeon at the hospital said he was eyewitness to the shootings and said at least two people were killed by snipers on Tuesday, with more shot and injured.

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have  ordered  hospital staff and patients inside the medical complex to evacuate and said it had “opened a secure route” for civilians to leave.

But at least eight people trying to escape along the route came under gunfire on Tuesday, said the surgeon, who asked not to be named for security reasons.

In a series of voice notes, the surgeon said medical teams at the hospital have been under intense bombardment for at least three days. His testimony was shared with CNN by his colleague.

Among those injured, the surgeon said, was a 16-year-old boy shot with four bullets at the hospital gate.

"The tanks and the snipers (are) surrounding the hospital from all directions,” the surgeon said in a voice message early Wednesday. “They threatened to bomb the hospital within half an hour."

The Nasser Medical Complex is the largest remaining functioning medical facility in Gaza.

Reached for comment late Wednesday, the IDF confirmed to CNN that Israeli troops are operating in the area of the Nasser Medical Complex and said they will get back to CNN if anything changes, but did not respond directly to the allegations.

Israel has repeatedly said that its military forces do not target civilians.

Doctors Without Borders condemns Israel's evacuation order for Gaza's Nasser Hospital

From CNN's Mitchell McCluskey

Doctors Without Borders has condemned the Israeli military's order to evacuate patients, staff and displaced people from Gaza's Nasser Hospital on Tuesday.

The organization's staff remained at the medical complex in Khan Younis on Wednesday to treat patients "amid near impossible conditions," the medical charity, also known as Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), said in a statement.

There has been heavy fighting near Nasser Hospital for weeks, trapping staff, patients and displaced people inside the medical complex with "very little access to essential supplies," MSF said.

“People have been forced into an impossible situation: stay at Nasser hospital against the Israeli military’s orders and become a potential target, or exit the compound into an apocalyptic landscape where bombings and evacuation orders are a part of daily life,” said Lisa Macheiner, a MSF project coordinator in Gaza. “Hospitals should be considered as safe places and shouldn’t even be evacuated in the first place."

With so much destruction in northern Gaza and the current offensive unfolding in the southern part of the besieged enclave, MSF said that many people have no safe place to flee.

“People ask us ‘Where is it safe? Where should we go?’, but there is no answer to that, and it really leads to a feeling of despair,” Macheiner said.

Inside the US Navy’s frontline fight against the Houthis in the Red Sea

From CNN's Natasha Bertrand on board the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower

Alarms blared on the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower aircraft carrier in the Red Sea at 4 a.m. on Tuesday morning, warning personnel to prepare for potential flight operations against a  Houthi drone  that was flying over nearby ships.

That drone was ultimately deemed not to be   a threat. But the incident demonstrated how the crew of the carrier are constantly on a heightened alert for incoming threats from the Iran-backed militants in Yemen, who have been routinely targeting commercial ships as well as US and coalition forces in the key waterway with missiles and drones.

On board two vessels spearheading the US response to Houthi attacks, the Eisenhower and the US destroyer the  USS Gravely  in the southern Red Sea, CNN gained unique access and spoke to sailors and pilots who said the Houthi threat remains both unpredictable and unprecedented.

The US Navy is working at a frenetic pace, deploying jets and firing missiles at a moment’s notice to try to destroy the Houthis’ weapons and infrastructure.

But after  dozens of strikes  over the last month against Houthi targets both over the Red Sea and inside Yemen, CNN was told that the US military still does not know exactly how much of the Houthis’ capabilities have been destroyed — or how long it will take to deter them for good.

“It’s a wicked problem set that we don’t have a lot of great fidelity on,” said Rear Admiral Marc Miguez, the commander of Carrier Strike Group Two, told CNN.

Read the full story.

Biden gives Palestinians in the US temporary protection from deportation

From CNN's Priscilla Alvarez and Samantha Waldenberg

US President Joe Biden granted Palestinians in the United States temporary protection from deportation amid the ongoing conflict overseas, according to a new memo.

The move comes as the White House faces immense pressure from the Arab-American community over the situation in Gaza.

Late last year, Democrats  urged Biden  to extend temporary protections to Palestinians in the US, arguing that those already in the country “should not be forced to return to the Palestinian territories, consistent with President Biden’s stated commitment to protecting Palestinian civilians.”

The president has the discretion to authorize what’s known as deferred enforced departure, which protects those covered from removal from the US for a period of time. Those who qualify are also eligible for work permits. 

“In light of the ongoing conflict and humanitarian needs on the ground, President Biden signed a memorandum directing the deferral of removal of certain Palestinians who are present in the United States, giving them a temporary safe haven,” National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan said in a statement Wednesday.  “Specifically, President Biden is granting deferred enforced departure for 18 months to Palestinians that are currently in the United States,” the statement continues.

Those convicted of felonies or who pose a public safety threat are not eligible for deferred enforced departure.

Israeli assault on Rafah would create humanitarian catastrophe, German foreign minister says

From CNN's Niamh Kennedy in London

German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock speaks during a press conference at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, about the situation in Israel on Wednesday, February 14.

German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock condemned Israel's plans to launch a ground offensive in Rafah, saying it would create a "humanitarian catastrophe." 

Speaking during a news conference after she met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Baerbock drew attention to the plight of displaced Palestinians sheltering in Rafah. 

"More than half of Gaza's population is currently seeking shelter in Rafah. 1.3 million people are waiting there in a very small space. They don't really have anywhere else to go right now," Baerbock said. "These people cannot simply vanish into thin air. If the Israeli army were to launch an offensive on Rafah under these conditions, it would be a humanitarian catastrophe in the making," she said.

This comes as Netanyahu promised a "powerful action" in Rafah after the civilian population is evacuated, according to a statement posted on X. 

During her talks, Baerbock said she pushed for "more border crossings be opened quickly" so more humanitarian aid and medical supplies can reach people in Gaza. 

The foreign minister also laid out Germany's support for a ceasefire, saying it would create "a window of opportunity to free the hostages and to get more humanitarian aid in." 

Arab group intends to introduce new Gaza ceasefire resolution at UN Security Council

From CNN’s Richard Roth

Arab countries at the United Nations are preparing to introduce a Security Council resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, they said Wednesday.

The resolution would also call for unimpeded humanitarian relief and would block any transfer of residents of Gaza to a different location — which Arab countries insist is forced collective punishment against international law.

The United States has publicly stated it opposed the draft resolution. 

Palestinian envoy Riyad Mansour said the group had good, frank talks with the US Ambassador. Mansour said it is “high time” for the UN to act with a ceasefire resolution. and said the "internal business of the US is their business."

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  1. 3 Ways to Cite a Brochure in APA

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  2. How to properly cite sources for an infographic

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  3. How to properly cite sources in a brochure that i hand out

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  4. The Ultimate Visual Guide to Citing Sources in MLA Format

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  5. How to Cite a Brochure/Pamphlet in APA and MLA With Examples

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  6. 3 Ways to Cite a Brochure in APA

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  3. Effective Paraphrasing: Citing the Source

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COMMENTS

  1. How to Cite a Brochure in APA Style

    How to Cite a Brochure in APA Style | Format & Examples Published on December 16, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 4, 2023. Brochures and pamphlets fall under "gray literature" in APA Style, meaning they're cited in a similar format to reports.

  2. Brochure references

    Cite this This page contains a reference example for brochures, pamphlets, handouts, or fliers, which follow the same format as report references.

  3. How to Cite a Pamphlet in APA, MLA or Chicago

    To cite a pamphlet properly, you must identify the following pieces of information: The author of the pamphlet. This can be an individual, group, or organization Title of the pamphlet URL of the website that the pamphlet was found on (if found online) Date the pamphlet was published Publisher of the pamphlet

  4. APA Style Guide: Brochures & pamphlets

    References to brochures or pamphlets are formatted in the same way as those to entire books. If the author is a corporation or organization, begin the reference with the corporate author. In square brackets after the title, identify the publication as a brochure.

  5. Citing a Pamphlet

    Title of Brochure. [format]. Venue, Collection, Location. Here's how we'd cite our example in Harvard referencing style: Bramble, C. (n.d.) All Our Stories. [pamphlet]. London Transport Museum, London. MLA Structure to follow to cite an online pamphlet in MLA format: Author's Last Name, First Name or Organization That Created the Pamphlet.

  6. Brochure or pamphlet

    Referencing a brochure or pamphlet. The following example shows how to reference a brochure or pamphlet. If the author is also the publisher of the work, omit the publisher from the source element. Note the format of the work in square brackets after the title. Author, A. or Corporate Author. (Date). Title of work in italic sentence case [Format].

  7. 3 Ways to Cite a Brochure in APA

    Method 1 Creating an Entry in Your Reference List 1 Gather the necessary information. If you don't have the brochure handy while you're writing, make sure that you've kept track of all of the important information you'll need for your citation. For a proper APA citation, you'll need: [1] Author or corporate author Date of publication Title

  8. Citing a Brochure in APA

    Cite a Brochure. Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite sources in APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and Harvard for free.

  9. Pamphlet or Brochure

    APA Citation Style 7th Edition Pamphlet or Brochure (7th edition) Template Reference List Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. (2008). Museum guide [Pamphlet]. Tim Hortons. (2009). US nutrition calendar [Brochure]. http://www.timhortons.com/us/en/menu/nutrition-calculator.html?nuttype=US

  10. How to Cite a Brochure/Pamphlet in APA and MLA With Examples

    2 min read Wr1ter team 9 December 2023 last updated Pamphlets or brochures may be useful sources in academic research. Basically, the Modern Language Association (MLA) and American Psychological Association (APA) referencing styles provide guidelines for a citation of brochures.

  11. APA Brochure Citation ~ A Comprehensive Guide

    The source type of the APA brochure citation is clarified by including the word "Brochure" in square brackets after the title. If the brochure lacks an author or publisher, using the title and date can be an alternative. A thorough overview of all our APA examples can be found here. Definition: APA brochure citation

  12. Library Guides: APA 7th referencing style: Brochure and pamphlets

    Elements of the reference: Author(s) - last name, initial(s) or company name - use & for multiple authors. (Year). Title of brochure or pamphlet [Brochure OR Pamphlet].Web address

  13. How to Cite a Brochure in APA Format: Rules & Examples

    Citing sources is an essential aspect of academic writing, including citing brochures. In this blog post, we will provide you with a guide on properly citing them in APA style, including how to format the citation and what information to include.

  14. Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports

    This guide is intended to cover only the Notes and Bibliography system for citing sources. For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and a specific example will be provided. The following format will be used: Full Note - use the first time that you cite a source. Concise Note - use after the first time you cite a source.

  15. MLA Style Guide: Pamphlets & Brochures

    References to brochures or pamphlets are formatted in the same way as those to entire books. If the author is a corporation or organization, begin the reference with the corporate author. Often a brochure or a pamphlet will not contain all of the information you require for a reference.

  16. How to Cite a Pamphlet Brochure

    To create a reference or citation for a pamphlet or brochure, you will need to know basic information including the name of the author, title, publication year, publisher, and place of publication. The templates and examples below will show you how to cite a pamphlet or brochure in MLA style, APA style, Chicago style, and Harvard referencing style.

  17. Brochure

    The reference for a brochure or pamphlet is basically the same as for a book, but with the addition of [brochure] in the Reference list as shown. In-text Citation. Trove allows you to search across multiple Australian collections at once (National Library of Australia n.d.) Reference List

  18. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

    APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) In-Text Citations: The Basics. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors. APA Headings and Seriation. APA Sample Paper. APA Classroom Poster. Changes in the 7th Edition. General APA FAQs. Purdue OWL.

  19. APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.)

    Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).

  20. How to Cite Sources

    Home Knowledge Base Citing sources How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator & Quick Guide Citing your sources is essential in academic writing. Whenever you quote or paraphrase a source (such as a book, article, or webpage), you have to include a citation crediting the original author.

  21. MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

    Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author's name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once.

  22. How To Make A Brochure

    The weight of a typical brochure varies, but commonly used paper weights range from 80 to 100 grams per square meter (gsm) for standard brochures. Heavier paper, such as 170 to 300 gsm, may be ...

  23. Journal Retracts Studies Cited in Federal Court Ruling Against Abortion

    An academic journal publisher this week retracted two studies that were cited by a federal judge in Texas last year when he ruled that the abortion pill mifepristone should be taken off the market ...

  24. US warned allies about Russian space, nuclear capabilities, source says

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