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Article • 12 min read

How to Paraphrase and Summarize Work

Summing up key ideas in your own words.

By the Mind Tools Content Team

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Imagine you're preparing a presentation for your CEO. You asked everyone in your team to contribute, and they all had plenty to say!

But now you have a dozen reports, all in different styles, and your CEO says that she can spare only 10 minutes to read the final version. What do you do?

The solution is to paraphrase and summarize the reports, so your boss gets only the key information that she needs, in a form that she can process quickly.

In this article, we explain how to paraphrase and how to summarize, and how to apply these techniques to text and the spoken word. We also explore the differences between the two skills, and point out the pitfalls to avoid.

What Is Paraphrasing?

When you paraphrase, you use your own words to express something that was written or said by another person.

Putting it into your own words can clarify the message, make it more relevant to your audience , or give it greater impact.

You might use paraphrased material to support your own argument or viewpoint. Or, if you're putting together a report , presentation or speech , you can use paraphrasing to maintain a consistent style, and to avoid lengthy quotations from the original text or conversation.

Paraphrased material should keep its original meaning and (approximate) length, but you can use it to pick out a single point from a longer discussion.

What Is Summarizing?

In contrast, a summary is a brief overview of an entire discussion or argument. You might summarize a whole research paper or conversation in a single paragraph, for example, or with a series of bullet points, using your own words and style.

People often summarize when the original material is long, or to emphasize key facts or points. Summaries leave out detail or examples that may distract the reader from the most important information, and they simplify complex arguments, grammar and vocabulary.

Used correctly, summarizing and paraphrasing can save time, increase understanding, and give authority and credibility to your work. Both tools are useful when the precise wording of the original communication is less important than its overall meaning.

How to Paraphrase Text

To paraphrase text, follow these four steps:

1. Read and Make Notes

Carefully read the text that you want to paraphrase. Highlight, underline or note down important terms and phrases that you need to remember.

2. Find Different Terms

Find equivalent words or phrases (synonyms) to use in place of the ones that you've picked out. A dictionary, thesaurus or online search can be useful here, but take care to preserve the meaning of the original text, particularly if you're dealing with technical or scientific terms.

3. Put the Text into Your Own Words

Rewrite the original text, line by line. Simplify the grammar and vocabulary, adjust the order of the words and sentences, and replace "passive" expressions with "active" ones (for example, you could change "The new supplier was contacted by Nusrat" to "Nusrat contacted the new supplier").

Remove complex clauses, and break longer sentences into shorter ones. All of this will make your new version easier to understand .

4. Check Your Work

Check your work by comparing it to the original. Your paraphrase should be clear and simple, and written in your own words. It may be shorter, but it should include all of the necessary detail.

Paraphrasing: an Example

Despite the undoubted fact that everyone's vision of what constitutes success is different, one should spend one's time establishing and finalizing one's personal vision of it. Otherwise, how can you possibly understand what your final destination might be, or whether or not your decisions are assisting you in moving in the direction of the goals which you've set yourself?

The two kinds of statement – mission and vision – can be invaluable to your approach, aiding you, as they do, in focusing on your primary goal, and quickly identifying possibilities that you might wish to exploit and explore.

We all have different ideas about success. What's important is that you spend time defining your version of success. That way, you'll understand what you should be working toward. You'll also know if your decisions are helping you to move toward your goals.

Used as part of your personal approach to goal-setting, mission and vision statements are useful for bringing sharp focus to your most important goal, and for helping you to quickly identify which opportunities you should pursue.

How to Paraphrase Speech

In a conversation – a meeting or coaching session, for example – paraphrasing is a good way to make sure that you have correctly understood what the other person has said.

This requires two additional skills: active listening and asking the right questions .

Useful questions include:

  • If I hear you correctly, you're saying that…?
  • So you mean that…? Is that right?
  • Did I understand you when you said that…?

You can use questions like these to repeat the speaker's words back to them. For instance, if the person says, "We just don't have the funds available for these projects," you could reply: "If I understand you correctly, you're saying that our organization can't afford to pay for my team's projects?"

This may seem repetitive, but it gives the speaker the opportunity to highlight any misunderstandings, or to clarify their position.

When you're paraphrasing conversations in this way, take care not to introduce new ideas or information, and not to make judgments on what the other person has said, or to "spin" their words toward what you want to hear. Instead, simply restate their position as you understand it.

Sometimes, you may need to paraphrase a speech or a presentation. Perhaps you want to report back to your team, or write about it in a company blog, for example.

In these cases it's a good idea to make summary notes as you listen, and to work them up into a paraphrase later. (See How to Summarize Text or Speech, below.)

How to Summarize Text or Speech

Follow steps 1-5 below to summarize text. To summarize spoken material – a speech, a meeting, or a presentation, for example – start at step three.

1. Get a General Idea of the Original

First, speed read the text that you're summarizing to get a general impression of its content. Pay particular attention to the title, introduction, conclusion, and the headings and subheadings.

2. Check Your Understanding

Build your comprehension of the text by reading it again more carefully. Check that your initial interpretation of the content was correct.

3. Make Notes

Take notes on what you're reading or listening to. Use bullet points, and introduce each bullet with a key word or idea. Write down only one point or idea for each bullet.

If you're summarizing spoken material, you may not have much time on each point before the speaker moves on. If you can, obtain a meeting agenda, a copy of the presentation, or a transcript of the speech in advance, so you know what's coming.

Make sure your notes are concise, well-ordered, and include only the points that really matter.

The Cornell Note-Taking System is an effective way to organize your notes as you write them, so that you can easily identify key points and actions later. Our article, Writing Meeting Notes , also contains plenty of useful advice.

4. Write Your Summary

Bullet points or numbered lists are often an acceptable format for summaries – for example, on presentation slides, in the minutes of a meeting, or in Key Points sections like the one at the end of this article.

However, don't just use the bulleted notes that you took in step 3. They'll likely need editing or "polishing" if you want other people to understand them.

Some summaries, such as research paper abstracts, press releases, and marketing copy, require continuous prose. If this is the case, write your summary as a paragraph, turning each bullet point into a full sentence.

Aim to use only your own notes, and refer to original documents or recordings only if you really need to. This helps to ensure that you use your own words.

If you're summarizing speech, do so as soon as possible after the event, while it's still fresh in your mind.

5. Check Your Work

Your summary should be a brief but informative outline of the original. Check that you've expressed all of the most important points in your own words, and that you've left out any unnecessary detail.

Summarizing: an Example

So how do you go about identifying your strengths and weaknesses, and analyzing the opportunities and threats that flow from them? SWOT Analysis is a useful technique that helps you to do this.

What makes SWOT especially powerful is that, with a little thought, it can help you to uncover opportunities that you would not otherwise have spotted. And by understanding your weaknesses, you can manage and eliminate threats that might otherwise hurt your ability to move forward in your role.

If you look at yourself using the SWOT framework, you can start to separate yourself from your peers, and further develop the specialized talents and abilities that you need in order to advance your career and to help you achieve your personal goals.

SWOT Analysis is a technique that helps you identify strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats. Understanding and managing these factors helps you to develop the abilities you need to achieve your goals and progress in your career.

Permission and Citations

If you intend to publish or circulate your document, it's important to seek permission from the copyright holder of the material that you've paraphrased or summarized. Failure to do so can leave you open to allegations of plagiarism, or even legal action.

It's good practice to cite your sources with a footnote, or with a reference in the text to a list of sources at the end of your document. There are several standard citation styles – choose one and apply it consistently, or follow your organization's house style guidelines.

As well as acknowledging the original author, citations tell you, the reader, that you're reading paraphrased or summarized material. This enables you to check the original source if you think that someone else's words may have been misused or misinterpreted.

Some writers might use others' ideas to prop up their own, but include only what suits them, for instance. Others may have misunderstood the original arguments, or "twisted" them by adding their own material.

If you're wary, or you find problems with the work, you may prefer to seek more reliable sources of information. (See our article, How to Spot Real and Fake News , for more on this.)

Paraphrasing means rephrasing text or speech in your own words, without changing its meaning. Summarizing means cutting it down to its bare essentials. You can use both techniques to clarify and simplify complex information or ideas.

To paraphrase text:

  • Read and make notes.
  • Find different terms.
  • Put the text into your own words.
  • Check your work.

You can also use paraphrasing in a meeting or conversation, by listening carefully to what's being said and repeating it back to the speaker to check that you have understood it correctly.

To summarize text or speech:

  • Get a general idea of the original.
  • Check your understanding.
  • Make notes.
  • Write your summary.

Seek permission for any copyrighted material that you use, and cite it appropriately.

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To help the flow of your writing, it is beneficial to not always quote but instead put the information in your own words. You can paraphrase or summarize the author’s words to better match your tone and desired length. Even if you write the ideas in your own words, it is important to cite them with in-text citations or footnotes (depending on your discipline’s citation style ). 

Definitions

  • Paraphrasing allows you to use your own words to restate an author's ideas.
  • Summarizing allows you to create a succinct, concise statement of an author’s main points without copying and pasting a lot of text from the original source.

What’s the difference: Paraphrasing v. Summarizing

Explore the rest of the page to see how the same material could be quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. Depending on the length, tone, and argument of your work, you might choose one over the other. 

  • Bad Paraphrase
  • Good Paraphrase
  • Reread: Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
  • Write on your own: Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
  • Connect: Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material.
  • Check: Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
  • Quote: Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
  • Cite: Record the source (including the page) on your note card or notes document so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Explore the tabs to see the difference between an acceptable and unacceptable paraphrase based on the original text in each example.

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

Original Text

“Business communication is increasingly taking place internationally – in all countries, among all peoples, and across all cultures. An awareness of other cultures – of their languages, customs, experiences and perceptions – as well as an awareness of the way in which other people conduct their business, are now essential ingredients of business communication” (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59). 

More and more business communication is taking place internationally—across all countries, peoples, and cultures.  Awareness of other cultures and the way in which people do business are essential parts of business communication (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59)

Compare the Original and Paraphrase

Too much of the original is quoted directly, with only a few words changed or omitted. The highlighted words are too similar to the original quote: 

More and more business communication is taking place internationally —across all countries, peoples, and cultures .  Awareness of other cultures and the way in which people do business are essential parts of business communication (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59)

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

Original Text 

“Business communication is increasingly taking place internationally – in all countries, among all peoples, and across all cultures. An awareness of other cultures – of their languages, customs, experiences and perceptions – as well as an awareness of the way in which other people conduct their business, are now essential ingredients of business communication” (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59).

The importance of understanding the traditions, language, perceptions, and the manner in which people of other cultures conduct their business should not be underestimated, and it is a crucial component of business communication (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p. 59).

The original’s ideas are summarized and expressed in the writer’s own words with minimal overlap with the original text's language:

The importance of understanding the traditions, language, perceptions, and the manner in which people of other cultures conduct their business should not be underestimated, and it is a crucial component of business communication (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p. 59).

  • Bad Summary
  • Good Summary
  • Find the main idea: Ask yourself, “What is the main idea that the author is communicating?”
  • Avoid copying: Set the original aside, and write one or two sentences with the main point of the original on a note card or in a notes document.
  • Connect: Jot down a few words below your summary to remind you later how you envision using this material.

Business communication is worldwide, and it is essential to build awareness of other cultures and the way in which other people conduct their business. (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59). 

Compare the Original and Summary

Too much of the original is quoted directly, with only a few words changed or omitted. The highlighted words are too similar to the original text:

Business communication is worldwide, and it is essential to build awareness of other cultures and the way in which other people conduct their business . (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59). 

In a world that is increasingly connected, effective business communication requires us to learn about other cultures, languages, and business norms (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59). 

The original’s ideas are summarized and expressed in the writer’s own words with minimal overlap:

In a world that is increasingly connected, effective business communication requires us to learn about other cultures , languages , and business norms (Chase, O’Rourke & Wallace, 2003, p.59). 

No matter what the source or style, you need to cite it both in-text and at the end of the paper with a full citation! Write down or record all the needed pieces of information when researching to ensure you avoid plagiarism. 

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Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Putting it in your own words, summarizing and paraphrasing, step one: skim the source, step two: take point-form notes, step three: close or put away the source, step four: turn your point-form notes into sentences.

  • Step Five: Test What You Have Written to Ensure You Have Avoided Plagiarism

Step Six: Make Any Necessary Corrections

When writing a research paper, you, the writer, must incorporate into the paper the information and ideas you have learned in the course of your research that come from primary and secondary sources. Occasionally, it is appropriate to quote, but, usually, it is better to either paraphrase or summarize what you have learned. This task may seem simple; how often have we heard a teacher or instructor tell us to put what we have read “into our own words”? Yet, while easy to say, it is not so easy to do. 

It is important to be able to summarize and paraphrase correctly in order to effectively integrate your research into your essay without relying on direct quotation or committing plagiarism.

Summarizing – means rewriting something in your own words but shortening it by stating only the main idea and the supporting points you need for your purposes. A summary can be just one sentence or it can be much longer, depending on whether you are presenting a broad overview or a more thorough outline.

Paraphrasing – means rewriting something in your own words, giving the same level of detail as the source and at roughly the same length as the original. You may choose to paraphrase details or particular evidence and/or examples.

The choice between summarizing and paraphrasing depends on how much detail from the source you need for your paper. When you need the source’s main argument and/or supporting points, summarize. Or, you may summarize a section or part of a source, by identifying the section’s main point or idea. When you want all the details from a particular passage or section of a source, paraphrase. (Don’t try to paraphrase an entire source.)

Whether you decide to summarize or paraphrase a source, the process is similar. You just can’t cut and paste a chunk of text   into your essay draft and then change a few words here and there. You will remain too close to the source’s organization, sentence structure and phrasing. Instead follow these six steps.

Skim a source to determine what you need from it: its argument, a specific supporting point, and/or particular evidence. Identify exactly what information you want to go into your paper. This decision will help you decide how detailed your notes about this source should be.

For a paraphrase, the notes will be more detailed and extensive. For a summary, the notes will focus on the main points of a reading. Either way, taking notes is an acquired skill and takes practice.

The first stage in the note-taking process is illustrated below. The note-taker has decided to paraphrase the passage as it has lots of detailed information relevant to the paper being written. The note-taker then reads the passage, bolding the important information and ideas he or she wishes to capture for the paper, and then pauses to jot down notes.

In America today, millions of people leave their homes in a protracted and often futile search for healthy food for their families. Many walk out their front doors and see nothing but fast-food outlets and convenience stores selling high-fat, high-sugar processed foods; others see no food vendors of any kind . Without affordable fresh food options, especially fruit and vegetables, adults and children face fundamental challenges to making the healthy food choices that are essential for nutritious, balanced diets. And without grocery stores and other viable fruit and vegetable  merchants, neighborhoods lack a critical ingredient of vibrant, livable communities: quality food retailers that create jobs, stimulate foot traffic, and bolster local commerce .

(From: Bell.J. & Standish, M. (2009). Building healthy communities through equitable food access. Community Development Investment Review, 5 (3), 75-87.)

  • For millions in the US: looking for healthy food to buy difficult. Why?
  • Many neighbourhoods have no grocery stores: only fast-food and convenience stores

Convenience Stores:

  • Sell high-fat, high-sugar candy, junk and processed food (anything healthy is more expensive?)

No grocery stores = fund. challenges to healthy eating

Neighbourhoods lack grocery stores, any kind of fruit and vegetable vendors that create jobs

  • stimulate foot traffic (how? Usually surrounded by parking lots?)
  • bolster local commerce

Overall effect:

  • Hard to eat in healthy manner (lack of health? obesity?)
  • Breakdown of vibrancy and livability of communities

The note-taker first identifies the main point of the passage. The notes are in point-form: the reason for not writing out full sentences is to break the connection with the original’s sentence structure. The note-taker also occasionally inserts questions for further analysis or follow-up.  Doing all of these things filters the information and ideas of the source through the note-taker’s own understanding.

If, instead of paraphrasing, you make the decision to summarize the passage, the notes would include only the major points of the passage.

This is a fairly self-explanatory step, but the point is that when you try to write about the information you have learned from this source, you do so without the source in front of you.

How to do this? Keep in mind that both paraphrasing and summarizing are about showing that you have internalized what you have read to the point where you can say it yourself. So, read over your notes two or three times, put those out of sight too, and, perhaps pretending you are explaining what you have just read to a fellow student or your instructor, write either your paraphrase/summary. Remember that, for a summary all you have to do is convey the main point and key supporting points of the passage, not the details.  

You need to make clear where the information and arguments come from, so it can be a good idea to start off with the author’s or authors’ name(s).  Writing “Bell and Standish argue that...” or “Bell and Standish’s main point is that...” is often a good way to get the words to start to flow. Remember you can rearrange the information, group it differently, or change the sequence slightly to suit your purposes; all of these actions will help you to write the paraphrase or summary in “your own words.”

Step Five: Test What You Have Written To Ensure You Have Avoided Plagiarism

If you followed the first four steps rigorously, you should pass this test. The way to test your writing is to go through your passage and the original passage and underline, highlight or put in bold the words that appear in both passages. There is no way to write a paraphrase or a summary that does not have some of the same words as the original, but doing this test will show you any places where you have lifted whole phrases or sentences and put them in your text.

Words appearing in both passages are in bold:

Bell and Standish (2009) make the point that, for millions of Americans, buying healthy, fresh food such as fruits and vegetables , takes a major effort because many neighbourhoods do not have grocery stores close by but only fast-food outlets and convenience stores . Convenience stores do not sell much healthy food but, instead, sell junk food , candy, and processed food hi gh in fat and sugar . Some neighbourhoods do not have food vendors of any kind .  Bell and Standish argue that these kinds of neighbourhoods are not just places in which it is difficult to buy and eat healthy food , they are also less vigorous and energetic, and less comfortable to live in because grocery stores and other healthy food vendors may encourage walking, create jobs , and support the local economy in other ways as well.

The test shows that while the two passages share many common words, there are very few exact copies of phrases in the paraphrase. Phrases such as “grocery store,” “healthy food,” “convenience store,” or “food vendors” are not unique turns of phrase that belong to one writer; they are common terms, so changing these words is not necessary. For example, “convenience store” is the best and most commonly used phrase for that particular kind of retail outlet; changing it would be artificial and less clear. (The same rule applies to technical and scientific terminology. These terms don’t belong to anyone, and there is no reason to try to find synonyms for them.)

Precisely how long can a phrase that is identical to one in the original source be before it becomes a problem? A phrase of three words is usually too long; it should be changed or included as a direct quotation. Based on this criteria, in the paraphrase, there are a couple of problematic phrases that should be changed:  “fast-food outlets and convenience stores,” and “food vendors of any kind.”

Words common to the original source and to the paraphrase are in bold:

Bell and Standish (2009) argue that for millions of Americans, healthy eating is a difficult task because many neighbourhoods do not have grocery stores close by, only fast-food restaurants or convenience stores . These neighbourhoods lack the jobs and economic support that grocery stores bring, thus making them less “vibrant” and “livable” (75).

The words in bold show that the summary passes the test. It’s usually a little easier to write a summary in your own words than to write a paraphrase in your own words because condensing and shortening will automatically ensure some change in organization, sentence structure and wording. In this case, the decision was made to quote the two final adjectives, “vibrant” and “livable”, as none of the synonyms were as descriptive in as few words.  

You may find a few exact phrases from your test; it is important to change them. In the paraphrase, “fast-food outlets and convenience stores” can be changed to “convenience stores or fast-food restaurants.” Similarly, “food vendors of any kind” can be changed to “any type of food vendor.”

Another technique to keep in mind is to occasionally quote a short phrase in the midst of your summary or paraphrase. For example, in the final sentence of the original passage, the authors used two adjectives, “vibrant” and “livable.” These appear in the paraphrase as “vigorous and energetic” and “comfortable for its residents to live in.” However, the authors are here using a distinctive turn of phrase to describe ideal communities as opposed to using common terms such as “convenience store” or “healthy food”. So, in this instance, another good choice would be to quote the authors:

...Bell and Standish argue that these kinds of neighbourhoods are not just places in which it is difficult to buy and eat healthy food, they are also less “vibrant” and less “livable” (75) because grocery stores and other healthy food vendors may encourage walking, create jobs, and support the local economy in other ways as well.

As you can see, learning how to paraphrase and to summarize your sources takes practice and patience. Following the six steps suggested here should ensure that you are successful in conveying information and ideas learned from your sources “in your own words”.

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67 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Integrating evidence is a vital step to take when composing effective essays, presentations, and productions. How smoothly you integrate evidence impacts your credibility as a researcher and writer. There are three primary ways to integrate evidence: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. For all of these, particularly quoting, there is a “formula” to follow: 1) introduce, 2) insert, and 3) explain. The introduce step entails preparing the reader for the new information that’s to come. You can do this by mentioning the source, author, or using signal phrases, such as “according to” or “statistics show that” before bringing in a quotation, paraphrase or summary. The insert step happens when you enter in a quotation, paraphrasing of a fact, or summarize a point made by another source. Lastly, the explain step is oftentimes the most important step to be taken. When explaining your evidence, you’ll demonstrate why the evidence or the source of the evidence is important and how it connects to your overall argument, specific claims, or other important information. By doing so, you’re providing in-depth insight and analysis that keeps your readers engaged and invested in what you have to say.

Quoting is when one uses the exact wording of the source material. Direct quotations should be used sparingly, and should be used to strengthen your own arguments and ideas.

When should one use a quotation? Ideally, you want a balance of quotations, paraphrased or summarized content in your writing. Some reasons to use a quotation instead of paraphrasing or summarizing might include:

  • When not using the author’s exact wording would change the original meaning
  • To lend authority to the point you are trying to make
  • When the language of the quote is significant

Quotations should always be introduced and incorporated into your argument, rather than dropped into your paper without context. Consider this first example of how not to incorporate a quotation:

There are many positive effects for advertising prescription drugs on television. “African-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options” (Wechsler).

This is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer’s claim, but the researcher hasn’t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quotation comes from nor explain why it is important for supporting her point. Rather, she has simply “dropped in” the quotation, leaving the interpretation of its significance up to the reader. Now consider this revised example of how this quotation might be better introduced into the essay:

In her Pharmaceutical Executive article available through the Wilson Select Internet database, Jill Wechsler writes about one of the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. “African-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options.”

In this revision, it’s much clearer what point the writer is trying to make with this evidence and where this evidence comes from.

Paraphrasing

While there are numerous skills you will develop as writers and communicators throughout your composition experience, one that builds the foundation to effective source usage and understanding is paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is a restatement of the information or point of the original source in your own words. You’ve probably heard of paraphrasing before and may have even attempted to paraphrase (or had trouble paraphrasing because it seemed as though no one could say it better than the author already did). However, you may not always have enough space or time to integrate a specific quotation, especially if it’s a lengthy one and covers multiple concepts or conveys complex details.

Further, we want to make sure, as effective writers, that we’re not distracting readers from our own perspectives or sources of information by including lengthy quotations from other sources. To put it another way, we don’t want to make our readers work for the point and information because they could lose interest or get lost and miss the important points we’re presenting to them by using the source(s). So, paraphrasing helps us avoid these mishaps and helps our organization and “flow” better.

Two Paraphrasing Tips:

If you’re trying to paraphrase but unsure as to where to begin, try:

a) explaining the author’s point to your peer who’s not familiar with that text or maybe even the concept being addressed there, or

b) writing down the specific thing(s) you want to emphasize from the other author’s point.

Summarizing

Summarizing is a skill similar to paraphrasing. However, it serves a different purpose, especially when writing. Summarizing usually comes into play when there are multiple steps or details to be conveyed. One of the ways summarizing differs from paraphrasing is in the language associated with them. Typically, you summarize a process, an event, or a story but you paraphrase a theory, concept, or claim. In the next paragraphs, author Stephen D. Krause offers us some helpful guidance on how to summarize and why it’s important.

Summaries of different lengths are useful in research writing because you often need to provide your readers with an explanation of the text you are discussing. This is especially true when you are going to quote or paraphrase from a source.

Of course, the first step in writing a good summary is to do a thorough reading of the text you are going to summarize in the first place. Beyond that important start, there are a few basic guidelines you should follow when you write summary material:

  • Stay “neutral” in your summarizing .  Summaries provide “just the facts” and are not the place where you offer your opinions about the text you are summarizing. Save your opinions and evaluation of the evidence you are summarizing for other parts of your writing.
  • Don’t quote from what you are summarizing .  Summaries will be more useful to you and your colleagues if you write them in your own words.
  • Don’t “cut and paste” from database abstracts .  Many of the periodical indexes that are available as part of your library’s computer system include abstracts of articles. Do not “cut” this abstract material and then “paste” it into your own annotated bibliography. For one thing, this is plagiarism. Second, “cutting and pasting” from the abstract defeats one of the purposes of writing summaries and creating an annotated bibliography in the first place, which is to help you understand and explain your research.

It’s important to learn how to create quotations, to paraphrase, and to summarize properly because we don’t want to plagiarize. But beyond our goal of not plagiarizing, we want to give proper attribution to those who’ve worked hard on their research and studies to share this information with the rest of the world. Learning to quote, paraphrase, and summarize properly will help you avoid plagiarism, especially accidental plagiarism, add more dynamism to your writing, and build your credibility and skills as an ethical writer and researcher.

Attributions

“How to Summarize—An Overview,” authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven D. Krause,  CC BY-NC-SA, https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/6482 .

“How to Quote and Paraphrase- An Overview,” authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven D. Krause, CC BY-NC-SA, https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/6483 .

Reading and Writing in College Copyright © 2021 by Jackie Hoermann-Elliott and TWU FYC Team is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Paraphrasing vs. Summarizing (Differences, Examples, How To)

paraphrasing vs summarizing

It can be confusing to know when to paraphrase and when to summarize. Many people use the terms interchangeably even though the two have different meanings and uses.

Today, let’s understand the basic differences between paraphrasing vs. summarizing and when to use which . We’ll also look at types and examples of paraphrasing and summarizing, as well as how to do both effectively.

Let’s look at paraphrasing first.

What is paraphrasing?

It refers to rewriting someone else’s ideas in your own words. 

It’s important to rewrite the whole idea in your words rather than just replacing a few words with their synonyms. That way, you present an idea in a way that your audience will understand easily and also avoid plagiarism. 

It’s also important to cite your sources when paraphrasing so that the original author of the work gets due credit.

When should you paraphrase?

The main purpose of paraphrasing is often to clarify an existing passage. You should use paraphrasing when you want to show that you understand the concept, like while writing an essay about a specific topic. 

You may also use it when you’re quoting someone but can’t remember their exact words. 

Finally, paraphrasing is a very effective way to rewrite outdated content in a way that’s relevant to your current audience.

How to paraphrase effectively

Follow these steps to paraphrase any piece of text effectively:

  • Read the full text and ensure that you understand it completely. It helps to look up words you don’t fully understand in an online or offline dictionary.
  • Once you understand the text, rewrite it in your own words. Remember to rewrite it instead of just substituting words with their synonyms.
  • Edit the text to ensure it’s easy to understand for your audience.
  • Mix in your own insights while rewriting the text to make it more relevant.
  • Run the text through a plagiarism checker to ensure that it does not have any of the original content.

Example of paraphrasing

Here’s an example of paraphrasing:

  • Original:  The national park is full of trees, water bodies, and various species of flora and fauna.
  • Paraphrased:  Many animal species thrive in the verdant national park that is served by lakes and rivers flowing through it.

What is summarizing?

Summarizing is also based on someone else’s text but rather than presenting their ideas in your words, you only sum up their main ideas in a smaller piece of text.

It’s important to not use their exact words or phrases when summarizing to avoid plagiarism. It’s best to make your own notes while reading through the text and writing a summary based on your notes.

You must only summarize the most important ideas from a piece of text as summaries are essentially very short compared to the original work. And just like paraphrasing, you should cite the original text as a reference.

When should you summarize?

The main purpose of summarizing is to reduce a passage or other text to fewer words while ensuring that everything important is covered.

Summaries are useful when you want to cut to the chase and lay down the most important points from a piece of text or convey the entire message in fewer words. You should summarize when you have to write a short essay about a larger piece of text, such as writing a book review.

You can also summarize when you want to provide background information about something without taking up too much space.

How to summarize effectively

Follow these steps to summarize any prose effectively:

  • Read the text to fully understand it. It helps to read it a few times instead of just going through it once.
  • Pay attention to the larger theme of the text rather than trying to rewrite it sentence for sentence.
  • Understand how all the main ideas are linked and piece them together to form an overview.
  • Remove all the information that’s not crucial to the main ideas or theme. Remember, summaries must only include the most essential points and information.
  • Edit your overview to ensure that the information is organized logically and follows the correct chronology where applicable.
  • Review and edit the summary again to make it clearer, ensure that it’s accurate, and make it even more concise where you can.
  • Ensure that you cite the original text.

Example of summarization

You can summarize any text into a shorter version. For example, this entire article can be summarized in just a few sentences as follows:

  • Summary:  The article discusses paraphrasing vs. summarizing by explaining the two concepts. It specifies when you should use paraphrasing and when you should summarize a piece of text and describes the process of each. It ends with examples of both paraphrasing and summarizing to provide a better understanding to the reader.

Paraphrasing vs summarizing

Paraphrasing vs. summarizing has been a long-standing point of confusion for writers of all levels, whether you’re writing a college essay or reviewing a research paper or book. The above tips and examples can help you identify when to use paraphrasing or summarizing and how to go about them effectively.

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About the author

Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain.

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This resource provides guidelines for paraphrasing and summarizing the sources you have researched.

In many situations, you will not have to provide the level of detail that the original writer did. At such times, you should summarize, or remove minor details. Here’s an example:

Example: Overall, the first two quarters of 2008 have been profitable to the company. Nineteen of twenty departments report cutting costs at least twenty percent, and sales from fifteen departments have risen five percent, or about $5 million. Despite these positive developments, most department heads believe that they will not be able to maintain these levels for the remainder of the year.

Revision: The company has driven profits from January to June of 2008, but the rest of the year is not expected to be as good.

Unlike paraphrasing, the basic order of the original text is maintained. However, some words have been changed to close synonyms. When summarizing, avoid cutting too much important information.

For more information on paraphrasing, visit the OWL’s resource, Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing .

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Paraphrasing Vs. Summarizing: The Difference And Best Examples

Explore the critical distinctions between the paraphrasing and summarizing techniques and how to apply it into writing utilizing examples of each.

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Ivana Vidakovic

Sep 16, 2022

Paraphrasing Vs. Summarizing: The Difference And Best Examples

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Trending articles.

Are you frequently confused about the distinction between paraphrasing and summarizing and their purpose?

Paraphrasing and summarizing text are significant assets in writing that can help you create engaging and efficient content.

And each of these techniques has a different yet vital purpose in the writing process. Unfortunately, people often find it hard to distinguish their differences.

Not to mention that plagiarized and summarized content is allowed and acceptable only if it is not plagiarized in any way.

Thus, today we'll go through the critical distinctions between the paraphrasing and summarizing techniques and when and how to apply each writing strategy utilizing examples of each.

Let's begin!

Paraphrasing vs Summarizing — Definitions

Paraphrasing.

Paraphrasing means reading the text and putting it in your own words without changing the meaning of the original text. 

This action doesn't allow copy-pasting original text in any way — copy-pasted text is considered plagiarism unless you use it as a citation. 

What is the length of the paraphrased text?

The paraphrased version of the text is almost the same length or a little shorter than the original.

When to use paraphrasing?

You can use the paraphrasing writing technique when:

  • You want to use someone else's writing for your reference .
  • You want to avoid quotations . 
  • When the idea is more important than writing style .
  • When you need to improve the readability of your content .

Here is an example of what original vs paraphrased text looks like:

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

In simple words, paraphrasing is putting someone else's writing in your own words and thought s. 

Summarizing

When you want to get the main idea of a piece of writing, you can use the summarizing technique.

Summarizing is brief information of the original text in your own words that only includes the essential parts. 

What is the length of the summarized text?

The summary of the text is a lot shorter than the original . This is because it leaves out the meaning of the text and includes only the main idea or the most critical information.

When to use summarizing?

Here are some tips on when to use the summarizing technique:

  • When you need to pick out only the writer's main ideas .
  • When you need an overview of the whole piece .
  • When you need to simplify the text .
  • When only the most important parts of the text need to be discussed.

Here is an example of what original text vs summarized text looks like:

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

Summarizing involves extracting the original text's main ideas and compressing them into a clear overview.

Now that we know what definitions of each technique are let's discuss paraphrasing vs summarizing differences.

Paraphrasing vs Summarizing — Differences

Here are the 3 primary differences between paraphrasing and summarizing writing techniques:

  • Paraphrasing is rewriting a text in your own words while summarizing is writing the most important parts of a piece in your own words .
  • Paraphrasing has the same or a little shorter text length than the original one, while summarizing is much more concise than the original .
  • You can use paraphrasing to make the original content easier to understand , while summarizing is used to mention only the most important points without any explanation .

Here is what the comparison between paraphrased and summarized text looks like:

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

When To Paraphrase and When To Summarize?

When paraphrasing, you put someone else's ideas into your own words.

Let's observe the following statement and possible 3 paraphrasing outcomes. 

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

In the example, paraphrasing includes all the details of the original text, the idea, and the impression you want to trigger with your audience, but in your own style .

On the other hand, when you are summarizing, you want to get a shorter version of the original text .

Let’s take a look at the same example.

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

Together quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are the leading writing techniques when mentioning sources in your content . 

When deciding which to use, you should first think about what kind of content you want to write. 

For example, literature reviews and science reports are mostly just summaries. But conversely, all three techniques you can use in argumentative essays.

Even though paraphrasing and summarizing are important, you shouldn't rely on them too much, either. The most important thing is your opinion on the subject .

Let's move on and check the paraphrasing vs summarizing examples. 

Paraphrasing vs Summarizing Examples 

How to paraphrase.

When you paraphrase, keep these 3 things in mind:

  • You must provide a reference .
  • Use your language style when paraphrasing. 
  • Changing just a few words here and there is not paraphrasing . 

The lack of paraphrasing words is just a lack of synonyms, nothing more. It has nothing to do with creativity.

Think about how the ideas fit with what you already know. Then, try some of the following tips to paraphrase with ease:

  • Take notes of the original text — Pull the most critical details from the storyline you need to paraphrase. 

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

  • Make full sentences from ideas — Create words around those key points in your own style.

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

  • Provide a reference — If you have statistical or research data, mention the author or the literature you used for your statement.

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

  • Analyze — The paraphrasing outcome will be more authentic and genuine by providing feedback, expressing your thoughts, or adding your own ideas. 

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

  • Not every word needs to be changed — Keep the most important words the same for clarity's sake (e.g., autism, culture, children). But don't use whole phrases unless they are common in your field (e.g., psychogenic disorder).

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

Pro Tip: Nowadays, it is not so uncommon for writers to utilize paraphrasing tools such as TextCortex. 

Part of the reason is that paraphrasing tools help overcome writer’s block and boost creativity.

For instance, to paraphrase sentences or entire paragraphs with TextCortex, you must select the text you want to rewrite, click on the logo , and click on the ‘ Paraphrase ’ feature.

You can paraphrase the original output multiple times until you get the desired output. Additionally, TextCortex will provide you with several different paraphrasing variants for each generation.

How To Summarize?

The summary goes a lot further than a point-by-point paraphrasing. 

And to help you understand better, we will be using the following part of the article “ Fairytales much older than previously thought, say researchers ”:

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

When you want to summarize the text, you need to:

  • Understand the context — Get the overall idea of the text you want to transform into a shorter version of the text. In the given example, the text talks about fairytales that have been around since the Bronze Age and when and where this information comes from.
  • Pull out primary takeaways — Gather all relevant key points of the text and add a piece of brief information about them.

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

  • Create a storytelling brief — It is not enough just to list the key elements. Instead, use storytelling technique s to transform the main takeaways into a compelling but short version of the original text.

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

  •   A summary has to be shorter than the original text — The summary includes only essential points of the text, not the details.

youtube paraphrasing and summarizing

Most people get confused when comparing paraphrasing and summarizing because those two writing techniques don’t exclude each other.

In simple words, a summary of the text can be paraphrased, and vice versa. 

Final Thoughts

As you can notice, paraphrasing and summarizing techniques are not as hard as they seem. And you probably use both in your regular conversations every day.

However, it becomes more official when it comes to writing articles, essays, and more. 

This is due to plagiarism rules — content labeled as plagiarism can be heavily penalized and damage your writing career before it even starts to blossom.

And if you are planning to become a writer or are a newbie that is not so confident in these writing techniques, we suggest you start utilizing the TextCortex rewriting extension .

Our Chrome extension can help you:

  • Manage your writing faster .
  • Produce more content in less time .
  • Rewrite sentences and paragraphs in bulk.
  • Transform bullets to emails .
  • Expand your text for more information.
  • Write blog posts from a single sentence .
  • Assist you on more than 30 platforms .

In addition, with the Chrome rewriting extension, you will gain access to the TextCortex web application that can help you to write:

  • Blog articles, 
  • Product descriptions, 
  • Social media posts
  • Youtube captions,
  • And more in 72+ languages.

Are you ready to start paraphrasing with ease?

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Our AI copilot learned how to write from more than 3 billion sentences and has the ability to create unique content. However, fact-checking is something which still requires a human approval.

TextCortex supports more than 25 languages including English, Dutch, German, Ukranian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian.

Yes, TextCortex is completely free to use with all of its features. When you sign up, you receive 100 free creations. Then you will receive 20 recurring creations every day on the free plan.

Yes, we have a Text Generation API, please talk to us directly to implement it. You can reach out to us at [email protected]

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Paraphrasing vs. Summarizing: Knowing the Difference

Writers who write informative or academic papers will need to understand the difference between paraphrasing vs. summarizing. Learn more in this article.

Paraphrasing and summarizing are similar writing techniques where an author takes an original passage and puts it into their own words without using the author’s exact words. Yet the goal of these two techniques is different. With one, you rephrase the content in your own words, but you pull out the main ideas and shorten the work with the other.

With both paraphrasing and summarizing, you can use someone else’s ideas in your writing to give it meaning and back up the claims you make. However, you do need to know how to use the tools to properly portray the ideas you wish to convey without falling guilty of plagiarism.

As you work on creating research papers and projects, you’re going to want to know the difference between paraphrasing vs. summarizing. This guide will help you understand how these are different, so you can use the right tool when you need it.

Paraphrasing vs. Summarizing: The Key Is in the Goal

The dangers of plagiarism, when to paraphrase, when to summarize, similarities between paraphrasing and summarizing, paraphrasing and summarizing often go hand in hand, creating a works cited or bibliography page, paraphrasing vs. summarizing: both make your writing stronger, paraphrasing vs. summarizing: key points.

What is the primary difference between summarizing and paraphrasing in your writing? The key is in the goal of your writing.

Both paraphrasing and summarizing are ways to avoid plagiarism in your writing by ensuring you are not using the original author’s exact words, but they are done for different reasons. With paraphrasing, you are rewording the original author’s work, but by summarizing, you boil down the main points into a more concise version of the original post.

In academic writing, plagiarism is a serious offense . To avoid this offense, you must include a proper citation whenever you have a quote, paraphrase, and summary statement. If the original work is not your idea or something considered common knowledge, it requires a citation.

If you are found guilty of plagiarism, you will have serious repercussions. This often means failing the assignment or even the class in academic settings. You may face expulsion, too.

If you are preparing something for publication, you risk having your work completely discredited. Your reputation as a writer is ruined. While few people go to jail for plagiarism, you could face lawsuits or fines for breaking the law.

You might also be wondering do you need quotation marks when paraphrasing?

The Definition of Paraphrasing

When you paraphrase something, you take the original material and rewrite it, changing the sentence structure or verb tense to say the same thing differently. The new sentence or paragraph will have enough differences that you cannot point out that it came from the source material.

This process is different from a direct quote. With a direct quote, you use the same wording, word for word, and put it in quotation marks. With a paraphrase, you have no wording that is the same, but instead, you use synonyms and new sentence structure to make it your own. However, the meaning of the original text stays consistent.

Paraphrased works in academic writing still require a citation using the APA or MLA format , depending on the assignment. The original idea still comes from the original author, and you can’t take that and claim it as your own without proper citation.

The best time to paraphrase is when you want to show that you can read someone else’s ideas but then put them in your own words. It shows that you understand the concepts and ideas you are writing about. You still want to credit the original author, but you don’t want to make a paper or article from quotes.

Paraphrasing shows that you understand the concepts of your sources. If you can paraphrase well, you have a clear grasp of the topic.

These paraphrasing exercises might be helpful.

The Definition of Summarizing

Paraphrasing vs. Summarizing

Summarizing is done when the original writer’s work is lengthy, and you need the main points, but not a direct quotation or full sentences that copy the meaning. For example, if you are using an entire chapter of a book as a resource for one point in a paragraph, you aren’t going to be able to include all of the ideas from the book. Instead, you will simplify those ideas into something shorter, keeping the main points intact and concisely expressing them.

Summaries, like paraphrases, do not require quotation marks. You won’t use quotation marks even if the main headings or points are repeated in your work. However, you will cite the original author and the original article or book using proper formatting.

A summary works well when you have a large chunk of text you want to pull the main ideas from in your piece. It allows you to get to the main idea of the author’s piece, only pulling out what is necessary for you to make your point. It provides background information to the reader, as well.

Summaries also work well if you need just the main points of the writer’s work instead of all of the added material. This strategy works particularly well when you need to argue a point and want to use an entire work to do so but do not have enough space to quote the source material. You might also be interested in our analogy vs. metaphor guide.

Though they are different, paraphrases and summaries have some similarities. Both allow writers to use other writers’ ideas in their pieces. They both make concepts easier to understand or help them flow in the writer’s own words and writing style. Both keep the passage’s main ideas in place even while changing the wording or shortening the piece.

In academic writing, you will often paraphrase and summarize source materials in the same work. Sometimes, the author’s ideas are already concise, so all you need to do is restate them in your writing. This is paraphrasing.

Sometimes, the author’s ideas are too lengthy for you to include in your work as they are. In these cases, simplification is necessary to flow with your work. Thus, you will summarize.

Paraphrases and summaries are also preferred over direct quotes. They allow you to show your writing skills and ability to pull ideas from someone else’s works without relying entirely on the other writer’s work.

After you finish your writing, you will need to include a list of all of the works you used to create it. This bibliography or works cited page will have formatting based on the publication manual used in the assignment. It will include all of the books, articles, and journals you used to write the essay or paper, whether you quoted, summarized, or paraphrased.

Most writing will borrow from another person’s ideas and even words, as long as the author properly cites and credits the original author. Paraphrasing and summaries are tools writers use to use the ideas of others without copying them directly effectively.

Anyone can copy and paste work from other writers to put together an informative paper or paragraph. Quotes have their place, as they can give the writing a sense of authority and provide strong evidence that the claims you make are valid. However, it takes a skilled writer to summarize or paraphrase the works of other writers.

Both summaries and paraphrases make writing stronger and show that you clearly understand the materials you used in your research. Most academic papers are a mixture of paraphrases, summaries, and quotes. All three require citations, but you will find that paraphrasing and summarizing allow you to put your flair into the writing.

Paraphrasing and summarizing both offer a way to use someone else’s idea as your own in your writing. Paraphrasing transforms the writing into your own words but keeps the same basic length and idea in writing. Summarizing condenses the writing into its main points.

Both paraphrasing and summarizing require proper citation because the idea comes from another writing. You can use your research skills to write engaging essays and papers with these tools. 

If you are interested in learning more, check out our paraphrasing vs. plagiarism guide!

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Nicole Harms has been writing professionally since 2006. She specializes in education content and real estate writing but enjoys a wide gamut of topics. Her goal is to connect with the reader in an engaging, but informative way. Her work has been featured on USA Today, and she ghostwrites for many high-profile companies. As a former teacher, she is passionate about both research and grammar, giving her clients the quality they demand in today's online marketing world.

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More From Forbes

What are ai text generators 8 best tools to improve writing, what is ai-generated content, how do ai text generators work, types of ai generators, when to use ai text generators, top ai text generator tools, how is ai changing written content.

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Robot typing on keyboard. AI text generators

Writer’s block might be a thing of the past thanks to a wide variety of AI text generators that can research works, help find the right phrasing and even provide emotional support for those struggling with the process. A creative sidekick, the use of these tools are becoming ubiquitous in aiding daily communications. They are being used to craft compelling cover letters for job applications and select the best words to reply to your team messages in Slack. They can write paragraphs of prose for an array of assignments. And can even tweak novels and screenplays searching for a plot.

AI-generated content is the output of AI text generators which are large language models that use machine learning algorithms to analyze massive sets of data. The first publicly-available AI text generator was ChatGPT, which went viral when it launched November 30, 2022, for its ability to perform complex tasks while conversing like a human.

The type of content produced can range from creating songs in the style of Taylor Swift to writing jokes for comedy routines, like: “How many AIs does it take to change a lightbulb? None, they're too busy learning how to code themselves out of existence.” These tools can even write a romcom starring you in a given scenario, which can be quite entertaining.

Most AI text generators offer a question-answer format. To use them, simply enter a command in the prompt field and it will reply with a response. Prompts can be a question like, “What is the best way to tell someone you love them?” Or a request like, “Rank the top grossing movies of all time.”

It’s important to note that generative AI models tend to make up things it doesn’t know the answer to, rather than being non-responsive, so always ask to cite sources and be sure to check them.

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There are several different types of AI generators. These include text generators, music generators , and art and image generators . But as the technology advances, many of the tools are becoming multi-modal, gaining the ability to produce anything from a 1500-word article on solar farms to a 15-minute video on the topic for YouTube.

To help tell real from fake, content detector tools are available to help identify works that have been AI-generated and many publications have a policy to disclose when AI has been used in the creation of its works.

AI text generators are being deployed across enterprise, with best use cases perhaps being customer service and software programming. At work, people are using AI assistants in emails to draft proposals. At home, people are using them to create meal plans and fitness routines. For fun, people are using them to create exciting travel itineraries .

Today there are an untold number of AI Text Generator tools to choose from. Many charge subscription fees with free options. The following eight were selected for their ease of use and quality of responses in the free version, along with links to help you get started immediately.

ChatGPT from OpenAI is perhaps the best known AI text generator having become a cultural icon upon launch. Available free at chat.openai.com , its features include answering questions by text and voice in several languages, based on training data through January 2022. The paid version is $20/month, uses real-time data and is popular with coders.

Gemini is Google’s AI tool, formerly known as Bard. It’s available for free at gemini.google.com . It can answer questions and create text and image content in more than 40 languages . For $19.99 a month, its premium product offers more advanced features like complex coding and includes a Google One subscription with 2TB of storage.

Copilot is Microsoft’s AI tool, formerly known as Bing Chat, It’s available for free at copilot.microsoft.com . Similar to Gemini, it can create text and image content in many languages including English, Spanish, French, Italian, German, Japanese, Portuguese and Dutch. Its pro version is $20/month and offers more advanced features including faster speeds.

Claude is an AI chatbot from Anthropic that Amazon and Google are investing billions of dollars in . This chatbot’s super power is its ability to summarize exceptionally long texts which enables it to forecast trends, compare and contrast documents and more, according to the company . Free at claude.ai with pro version at $20/month.

Pi is an AI chatbot from Inflection AI, a startup cofounded by LinkedIn founder Reid Hoffman , who served on the boards of Microsoft and OpenAI. You can have text or voice conversations with it in the mobile app. It’s also introducing video chat. Free at pi.ai with pro version available for $9.99/month.

PicsArt, best known for its image and video design tools, offers a free AI writer at tools.picsart.com/text/ai-writer . It features prompts that can expand, shorten and paraphrase text, generate story ideas, keywords and hashtags. It can draft articles and brainstorm headlines, and it can even write scripts, ad copy and slogans.

Canva’s design platform offers a Magic Write tool at canva.com/magic-write . Powered by OpenAI, it provides copy for a range of needs from profile bios to presentations with charts. It also has an image and video generator to create related visual content. Its pro version costs $119.99/year with additional AI tools.

Grammarly offers a variety of free AI text generators at grammarly.com/ai-writing-tools . Built on OpenAI tools, this AI writer offers assistance through a series of prompts for writing a resume, cover letter, email, blog posts, social media captions, business plans, reports and letters of resignation. Paid plans start at $12/month.

The proliferation of AI text generators is changing the way content is being created. Jobs most at risk are in media and marketing, finance and banking, and legal services where many processes are being automated.

But whether AI can completely replace human writers depends on how good its reasoning gets. AI still has a hard time conveying empathy, humor, cultural references, dialects, slang and emotional intelligence. And it only knows right from wrong based on the rules it is given, and therefore is subject to bias.

There are many pros and cons of using AI writing tools. They’re a great time saver in getting the process started, whether it’s generating an outline of what you want to write or providing research to help you dig deeper. But it cannot be relied upon for accuracy or originality as it’s only as good as the data it’s trained on.

Bottom line

The field is rapidly advancing with companies like OpenAI working on evolving AI generators into AI agents to complete tasks. It’s unclear where all of this will lead, but soon AI text generators will become as standard as grammar and spell checks in email, word, numbers and presentation software.

Martine Paris

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Negotiate Like a Pro

  • Scott Walker

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Tips from a crisis veteran

During his former career as a kidnapping and extortion negotiator, the author handled sensitive cases all over the world. Through his experiences, observations, and conversations with other experts in the field, he developed a deep understanding of what works and what doesn’t in high-stakes negotiations. Now he advises executives and corporations about what he calls the level-five mindset, which involves deep listening to better understand and interpret a counterpart’s self-perception and perspective. He offers eight tools to both ensure and demonstrate that mindset: minimal encouragers, open questions, reflecting back, emotional labeling, paraphrasing, “I” statements, effective pauses, and summarizing. Using them, he writes, will “boost your capacity for empathy, your ability to find common ground, and your chances of gaining your counterpart’s cooperation.”

Pirates have kidnapped six crew members off a ship operating in the Gulf of Guinea, near the west coast of Africa. The corporate owner of the vessel and employer of the victims has called me in from England to help negotiate their release. My first step is to calm everyone down. We can’t navigate this situation from a place of agitation and high stress. My second is to choose someone from the corporate crisis team whom I trust to interact with the bad guys—a person who can communicate in the right language and dialect, who seems emotionally stable and resilient, and who, most important, will be able to listen to and connect with the people holding his colleagues. I quickly decide on John.

  • SW Scott Walker is an executive and team coach based in London. He was formerly a kidnapping and extortion negotiator.

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‘Star witness’ mostly silent in hearing to disqualify Fani Willis

ATLANTA — A man billed as the “star witness” in the case to disqualify Fulton County District Attorney Fani T. Willis (D) took the stand Friday and acknowledged he exchanged text messages about Willis with the defense attorney who first raised allegations that Willis was engaged in an improper personal relationship with the outside attorney she appointed to lead the case against Donald Trump .

But Terrence Bradley, a former law partner of special prosecutor Nathan Wade, repeatedly declined to answer questions under oath about what he knew about the romantic relationship between Willis and Wade. Bradley, who previously represented Wade in his ongoing divorce, cited concerns he might violate attorney-client privilege and could be disbarred.

However, in a dramatic moment, an attorney for Bradley later asked Fulton County Superior Court Judge Scott McAfee if his client could be released from that privilege after a prosecutor claimed during cross-examination that Bradley and Wade ended their legal partnership after Bradley was accused of sexually assaulting an employee and a client. Prosecutors implied this raised questions about Bradley’s credibility as a witness and whether he had ill will toward Wade.

Bradley, who emphatically denied he had sexually assaulted anyone, admitted the employee’s claims had led him to sever his partnership with Wade. He testified that he still considered Wade to be “a friend.”

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The revelation, which came near the end of a two-day evidentiary hearing on misconduct claims against Willis, led McAfee to abruptly end Bradley’s testimony. McAfee said he would meet with Bradley and his attorney in a private hearing to consider whether Wade’s attorney-client privilege claim with Bradley had been pierced and whether Bradley could be forced to answer questions about Willis and Wade.

McAfee will ultimately have to decide if the prosecutors’ relationship created a conflict of interest or the appearance of one — and if Willis’s office should be removed from the case or if any of the charges should be dropped against Trump or his allies, who are accused of criminally conspiring to try to overturn the 2020 presidential election in Georgia . That decision probably won’t come soon: McAfee said Friday he will schedule another hearing for late next week or the following for closing arguments. The scandal has threatened to imperil the criminal case against the former president, and Willis’s allies worry it has hurt her credibility.

Bradley’s silence on what he knew about Willis and Wade’s relationship , including when it began, came as Ashleigh Merchant, an attorney for co-defendant Mike Roman, presented text messages and an email showing that she had been communicating with Bradley since September when she began investigating allegations of an improper romantic relationship between Wade and Willis.

The exchanges presented in open court suggested that Bradley had been a key source for Merchant, who has claimed that Willis was already in a romantic relationship with Wade when she appointed him to lead the election case.

Bradley initially testified he did not recall conversations with Merchant, claiming that he had communicated with her through a “third party.” But he eventually acknowledged that he spoke to Merchant by phone and later exchanged text messages as she sought to confirm rumors that Willis and Wade were a couple.

In one message introduced as evidence by Merchant, she had messaged Bradley asking if he knew of anyone who would give her “an affidavit … about the affair.”

Examining his own phone, Bradley confirmed that he responded, “No one would freely burn that bridge.”

Bradley also confirmed that he texted with Merchant about trips Willis and Wade took together and how Wade had used his corporate card to pay for them. Bradley confirmed Merchant had sent him a copy of the Jan. 8 motion she filed that first detailed allegations of an improper relationship between Willis and Wade.

“Looks good,” Bradley texted Merchant in response to her filing — a message he confirmed under oath.

In a motion last week, Merchant claimed Bradley would “refute” claims by Willis and Wade that their romantic relationship did not begin until after Nov. 1, 2021 — the date he was appointed to lead the Trump investigation. But Bradley repeatedly testified that he had “no personal knowledge” of when their relationship began — a claim that visibly frustrated Merchant and other defense attorneys who strongly implied that Bradley had relayed different information in his earlier communications with Merchant.

Special prosecutor Anna Cross, who is leading efforts to help Willis retain control of the case, accused Merchant and Bradley of trading “gossip” and “hearsay,” as lawyers from both sides battled for hours over what Bradley could and could not testify about. The back-and-forth came after Bradley, who briefly testified Thursday morning, failed to appear Friday morning for scheduled testimony. His attorney claimed that Bradley had a medical appointment.

But McAfee, a typically opaque presence on the bench, was visibly annoyed, telling the attorney that Bradley had not previously informed the court about a medical visit and warned that he was in potential violation of his subpoena.

One day earlier, Willis testified and angrily sparred with Merchant and other defense attorneys whom she accused of spreading “lies” about her and her relationship with Wade. Willis had been scheduled to return to the witness stand Friday morning for prosecution questioning, but as the hearing got underway, Cross announced she had no questions for Willis and the district attorney’s appearance was concluded.

Instead, prosecutors called other witnesses to bolster Willis’s claims on the stand, including her testimony that Wade was not her first choice to lead the investigation. Former Georgia governor Roy Barnes (D) testified about an October 2021 meeting where he turned down Willis when she asked him to take on the case. He said he had concerns about income and potential threats that came with taking on the high-profile case against a former president.

“I have mouths to feed at a law office and that I could not, I would not do that,” Barnes testified. “I’d lived with bodyguards for four years, and I didn’t like it. I wasn’t going to live with bodyguards for the rest of my life.”

Prosecutors also called Willis’s father, John Clifford Floyd III, a former criminal defense attorney who at one point lived with his daughter in her Atlanta-area home. Floyd testified that Willis moved out at his urging when threats against her began to escalate, while he remained, taking care of the property — a brand-new home that his daughter had built only to be forced to leave it.

“Somebody needed to protect the house,” Floyd said, recalling how he once cleaned “the b-word and the n-word” that had been spray painted on the house, not telling his daughter about it. The threats soon became too much and now the house is “uninhabitable,” he testified.

Floyd said under oath that he had not met Wade until last year and didn’t learn of his daughter’s relationship with him until seven weeks ago — when the rest of the world did. While the two are extremely close, Floyd said he and his daughter don’t talk to each other about their romantic lives. “I haven’t confided in her about mine before — when I had one,” he said.

At Thursday’s hearing, defense attorneys seized on comments Willis and Wade made about her repaying him for trips in cash, exchanges for which they did not have documentation. Trump has accused Willis in social media posts of not having actually made those repayments and, therefore, financially benefiting from appointing Wade to the case.

But Floyd tried to explain to the court Friday that he taught Willis to always have large amounts of cash on hand in her home. He said he owned multiple safes of his own and had proudly purchased his daughter “her first cash box,” where he encouraged her to always keep at least six months’ worth of money.

He said the advice was driven by his own experience, where people had sometimes refused to take credit cards or travelers checks from him because “of the color of my skin.”

“Excuse me, your honor, I’m not trying to be racist. But it’s a Black thing, okay?” Floyd said. “I was trained, and most Black folks, they hide cash or they keep cash.”

Gardner reported from Washington. Marianne LeVine and Maegan Vazquez in Washington, Yvonne Wingett Sanchez in Phoenix, Sarah Ellison in New York and Patrick Marley in Madison, Wis., contributed to this report.

More on the Trump Georgia case

The latest: Fulton County District Attorney Fani T. Willis (D) has been investigating whether Trump and his associates broke the law when they sought to overturn Trump’s 2020 election loss in Georgia . Willis testified in a hearing challenging defense attorneys who she said spread “lies” about a personal relationship she recently admitted to with Nathan Wade , the prosecutor she appointed. Here’s how it could derail the Trump Georgia case .

Status of the case: Four of Trump’s co-defendants have pleaded guilty in the Georgia election case. Trump previously entered a plea of not guilty . The case does not currently have a scheduled trial date.

The charges: Trump was charged with 13 counts, including violating the state’s racketeering act . Read the full text of the Georgia indictment . Here’s a breakdown of the charges against Trump and a list of everyone else who was charged in the Georgia case . Trump now faces 91 total counts in four criminal cases .

Historic mug shot: Trump surrendered at the Fulton County Jail on charges that he illegally conspired to overturn his 2020 election loss . Authorities released his booking record — including his height and weight — and mug shot .

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Trump DA Fani Willis fights back on the stand in Georgia election interference case: 'I'm not on trial.'

  • Fulton County DA Fani Willis defended herself on the stand during a Thursday hearing. 
  • The hearing delved into whether Willis misrepresented her relationship with the lead lawyer in Trump's Georgia case. 
  • The details of Willis' relationship with the prosecutor have become a significant point of contention in the case.

Insider Today

ATLANTA, Georgia — Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis fought back against allegations about her personal life during a Thursday court hearing on whether she misrepresented her relationship with Nathan Wade, the prosecutor hired as lead lawyer in the Georgia election interference case against former President Donald Trump.

"You're confused. You think I'm on trial," Willis quipped to a defense attorney. "These people are on trial for trying to steal an election in 2020. I'm not on trial, no matter how hard you try to put me on trial."

An attorney for Willis made one last attempt to keep her off the stand this week, but after defense attorney Craig Gillen argued the case "cries out for her testimony."

Willis entered the courtroom and said she was willing to take the stand.

In a hot pink dress, and visibly displeased, Willis took the stand eager to tell her story, uninterrupted and had choice words for the defense attorney questioning her.

"'Ms. Merchant's interests are contrary to democracy," Willis said early on in her testimony, referring to defense attorney Ashleigh Merchant's questions about Willis' relationship with both Wade and her former friend Robin Bryant Yeartie.

Yeartie testified in the case Thursday, saying Willis and Wade began a relationship in 2019 , contradicting his prior claims.

"She betrayed my friendship," Willis said of Yeartie on the stand.

The details of Willis' relationship with Wade, whether or not it was an affair, and who paid for their exotic vacations have taken center stage in Trump's election interference case.

Lawyers for Trump, Mike Roman — the codefendant whose lawyer, Merchant, rocked the interference case by accusing Willis and Wade of having an improper relationship — and other codefendants in the case have argued that the trips Wade put on his credit card count as financial benefits and should disqualify Willis from the case.

Wade, however, says Willis paid him back in cash, or would balance out the finances by picking up checks for their outings.

Wade testified Thursday that he and his ex had a marriage that was broken in 2015 when she had an affair, and they had agreed to divorce after their kids moved out. He said he and Willis met at a conference in 2019, but didn't become intimate until the spring of 2022, after she already hired him to lead the Trump prosecution.

When Willis took the stand, she testified that the first time she and Wade vacationed together was around April 2022 when she took him to Tennessee for his birthday.

She shared details about additional trips the two took together, including a New Year's cruise to Miami, for which she said she paid, and a cruise with Wade and his mother in October 2022, for which Willis said Wade initially paid before she paid him back.

Willis also said she keeps a lot of cash in her house and used that money to pay Wade back for their trips.

"I'm sure the source of the money is always the blood, sweat, and tears of me," Willis said, before snapping at Merchant and accusing her of mischaracterizing her testimony about the payments.

Willis was verbose on the stand, cracking jokes and snapping at the defense attorney as she appeared eager to take back control of the case.

Dozens of reporters were squeezed into the back three rows of the downtown Atlanta courtroom, awaiting bombshell testimony from Wade and Willis.

Emotions on the stand were palpable, with lawyers and reporters in the audience tensing up or laughing out loud depending on the testimony.

The judge ordered a brief break after Willis began shouting while quipping to Merchant: "Don't be cute with me."

After court resumed, the judge told Willis to answer the questions calmly, lest he be forced to strike her testimony from the record.

Testimony will continue Friday.

This story was updated.

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Watch: Ivanka Trump, Bill Barr, and Capitol police testify for the first January 6 committee hearing

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    Paraphrasing and summarizing both offer a way to use someone else's idea as your own in your writing. Paraphrasing transforms the writing into your own words but keeps the same basic length and idea in writing. Summarizing condenses the writing into its main points. Both paraphrasing and summarizing require proper citation because the idea ...

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