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write a case study for indian national congress in 200 words

Aims and Objectives of the Indian National Congress – UPSC Modern History Notes

The Indian National Congress (INC) centered its primary objective on fostering national unity in India. Explore the goals and ideology of the INC in this comprehensive article, all in one place.

Established in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, commonly known as A.O. Hume, the Indian National Congress (INC) stands as one of the two prominent political parties in India, boasting a profound and extensive history. As one of the world’s oldest national political parties, the INC played a pivotal role in India’s quest for independence. This blog post delves into a closer examination of the ideology and objectives of the Indian National Congress party.

Table of Contents

Main Objectives of INC

Established in 1885 by a cadre of educated Indians residing in London, the Indian National Congress (INC) outlined its principal goals as follows:

  • The INC was founded to foster national unity and liberate India from British colonial rule.
  • Dedicated to social inclusion, the INC actively worked to uplift the lower classes and promote education.
  • Emphasizing social inclusion, the INC focused on uplifting underprivileged sections of society.
  • The INC actively fought for the rights of women and minority communities.
  • Aiming to protect and promote India’s cultural heritage, the INC recognized the importance of cultural preservation.
  • In its initial phase, the INC provided a platform for educated Indians to voice grievances against British colonial rule.
  • As the INC gained strength, it became increasingly involved in the national independence movement.
  • The INC played a pivotal and instrumental role in the Indian freedom struggle, contributing significantly to achieving independence.
  • Post-independence, the INC emerged as the dominant political party in Indian politics.
  • Holding power for the majority of the post-independence period, the INC has been a key player in shaping the trajectory of modern India.
  • With a consistent national appeal, the INC’s ideology has evolved to address changing societal needs and contexts.

The Indian National Congress (INC) is an ambitious party dedicated to reshaping perspectives. With a broad national appeal, its ideology has evolved. Having wielded influence for the majority of the post-independence era, the INC has played a vital role in shaping modern India. Presently, the party remains steadfast in its original objectives of fostering national unity and promoting social inclusion, actively working towards uplifting underprivileged segments of society.

Q: What are the aims of the Indian National Congress (INC)?

A: The primary aim of the Indian National Congress is to promote and uphold the principles of democracy, secularism, and social justice. It seeks to foster a united and inclusive India that respects the diversity of its people.

Q: What objectives does the Indian National Congress pursue to achieve its aims?

A: The Indian National Congress strives to achieve its aims through various objectives, including the promotion of economic development, eradication of poverty, and empowerment of marginalized communities. It also aims to safeguard the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensuring a just and equitable society.

Q: How does the Indian National Congress contribute to the development of the country?

A: The INC focuses on economic policies that encourage sustainable development, job creation, and poverty alleviation. It aims to create an environment that fosters innovation, education, and technological advancements, contributing to the overall progress of the nation.

Q: In what ways does the Indian National Congress advocate for social justice?

A: The Indian National Congress is committed to addressing social inequalities by advocating for policies that uplift marginalized and disadvantaged sections of society. This includes measures to improve education, healthcare, and access to opportunities for all, irrespective of caste, creed, or gender.

Q: How does the Indian National Congress uphold the principles of secularism?

A: The INC firmly believes in the secular fabric of the country and works towards ensuring equal rights and treatment for all religious communities. It opposes discrimination based on religion and advocates for a society where individuals can freely practice their faith while coexisting harmoniously with others.

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Essay on Indian National Congress

Students are often asked to write an essay on Indian National Congress in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Indian National Congress

Introduction.

The Indian National Congress (INC) is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885, it played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence from British rule.

Formation and Early Years

The INC was formed by A.O. Hume, a retired British officer. Its early years were marked by moderate demands for administrative reforms.

Role in Freedom Struggle

Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the INC became the main force against British rule, leading mass movements like the Quit India Movement.

Post-Independence Era

After independence, the INC led India’s transformation into a democratic nation. It has produced several Prime Ministers, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.

250 Words Essay on Indian National Congress

Origin and evolution of the indian national congress.

Established in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, played a pivotal role in its formation. Initially, the INC was a platform for educated Indians to express their political views. However, it gradually transformed into a mass movement, challenging British rule in India.

Role in India’s Struggle for Independence

Under the leadership of stalwarts like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the INC spearheaded India’s struggle for independence. Gandhi’s non-violent civil disobedience movement and Nehru’s modernist vision were instrumental in shaping the INC’s ethos and strategy.

Post-independence, the INC emerged as the dominant political force, with Nehru as India’s first Prime Minister. It played a crucial role in shaping India’s constitution and its secular, socialist democratic republic. The INC, however, faced severe criticisms and political challenges in the following decades, leading to its decline.

Contemporary Relevance

Today, the INC is one of the two major national parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Despite its historical significance, the INC faces numerous challenges, including leadership crises and ideological shifts. Its ability to reinvent itself and remain relevant in India’s dynamic political landscape will determine its future trajectory.

In conclusion, the INC’s journey encapsulates the evolution of modern Indian political thought and practice. Its history is intertwined with India’s struggle for independence and post-independence nation-building efforts. Its future will be a significant determinant of India’s democratic trajectory.

500 Words Essay on Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest and most significant political parties in India. Founded on December 28, 1885, it played a crucial role in the country’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Post-independence, the INC emerged as the nation’s dominant political party, shaping India’s socio-political landscape.

The INC was established by Allan Octavian Hume, a British civil servant, alongside Indian luminaries like Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, and Omesh Chunder Bonnerjee. The party’s inception aimed to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj. The INC’s early moderate phase was characterized by constitutional agitation for political rights and reforms, which gradually transformed into assertive demands for self-rule.

The INC and India’s Struggle for Independence

The INC’s role in India’s freedom struggle was monumental. The party became a vehicle for the assertion of Indian nationalism, under the leadership of stalwarts like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and others. The INC’s non-violent resistance against British rule, including the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, galvanized the masses towards the goal of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete self-rule.

Post-independence, the INC, under Nehru’s leadership, embarked on a mission to shape a new democratic India. The party initiated significant socio-economic reforms, aiming for a mixed economy, secularism, and social justice. The INC’s dominance continued under Indira Gandhi, with a shift towards a more socialist and populist policy. However, this period also saw the centralization of power, leading to splits within the party.

In contemporary times, the INC, often termed the ‘Congress,’ has seen fluctuations in its political fortunes. While it has been in power multiple times, it has also faced severe electoral setbacks. The party’s current challenges include revamping its organizational structure, redefining its ideological stance, and reconnecting with the changing aspirations of the Indian populace.

The Indian National Congress has been a critical player in shaping India’s destiny. From leading the freedom struggle to governing the nation in its formative years, the INC’s contributions are significant. Despite its challenges, the party’s resilience and adaptability have ensured its continued relevance in India’s vibrant democracy. As the INC navigates the complexities of the 21st century, its future will undoubtedly influence the trajectory of the world’s largest democracy.

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Essay on Indian National Congress

write a case study for indian national congress in 200 words

The Indian National Congress founded in 1885 was the institutionalized form of emergent Indian nationalism.

It was the first organized expression of Indian nationalism on an all-India scale.

The birth of the Indian National Congress was not a sudden event or a historical accident but the result of a gradual effort of a number of educated Indians of Bengal and other regions who were very much dissatisfied and disgusted by the exploitative nature of the alien British rule.

File:The Indian National Congress moves toward independence.jpg ...

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In India, we notice a process of the beginning of political awakening since 1860, which took a major leap forward in 1870-1880 and finally led to the founding of the Indian National Congress in December 1885. R.C. Majumdar aptly observes, “The national conference held in Calcutta in 1883 forestalled it in all essential aspects.

The forerunners of the Indian National Congress were many and among them the most important ones were:

(a) The British Indian Association founded in Bengal in 1843,

(b) British India Association founded in Bengal in 1851,

(c) India League founded in 1875,

(d) Indian Association in 1876,

(e) Bombay Association founded in early fifties of the 19th century,

(f) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha set up in 1886, and

(g) National Conference in 1883.

Besides these major regional organizations in India, some radicals in England founded the British India Society in 1837 to promote and create interest in the conditions of India. In the year 1843, the Bengal British India Society was founded by George Thompson with the goal of advancement of the public welfare by peaceful means while being completely loyal to the British crown.

The British India Association actively campaigned for throwing open offices to all Indians, trial by jury, and establishment of provincial and central legislative councils with elected representatives. The Indian Association spearheaded by Surendranath Banerjee acted as a catalyst in creating awareness by undertaking mobilization activity against the injustices done to Indians in general and to Surendranath Banerjee in particular. Thus started an agitational strategy when age limit was reduced for Indians to appear for ICS and when a judge wanted an idol to be brought to the court.

Surendranath Banerjee initiated all-India tour to propagate the idea of national self-respect and he may justifiably be called the first national leader of India. We can agree with Bipan Chandra that the foundation of the Congress was the natural outcome of the political awareness and work done by various bodies in the years between 1850 and 1885. In the process of the foundation of the Indian National Congress by 72 people in 1885 at Bombay, undoubtedly, A.O. Hume, a retired civil servant of India played a very crucial role along with other early nationalist leaders like Naoroji, Ranade, Banerjee and others.

But a powerful and long-lasting myth, the myth of ‘Safety Valve’ has been in circulation, which states that the Indian National Congress was started by A.O. Hume and others under the official direction, guidance and advice of a no less a person than Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, to provide a safe, Mild, peaceful and constitutional outlet or ‘safety valve’ for the rising discontent among the masses, which was inevitably leading to a popular and violent revolution.

Bipan Chandra after a detailed discussion about this myth and reality observes that the ‘safety valve’ theory is a myth but as ‘time factor’ was not ripe or suitable for the Indians to start an organization, the earliest nation­alists Dadabhai Naoroji, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Pherozeshah Mehta, G. Subrahmanya Iyer and Surendranath Banerjee cooperated with Hume because they did not like to arouse official hostility at such an early stage of their work. Gokhale aptly points out “No Indian could have started the Indian National Congress”.

If an Indian had come forward to start such a movement embracing all-India, the officials in India would not have allowed the movement to come into existence. If the founder of the Congress had not been a great Englishman and distinguished ex-official, such was the distrust of political agitation in those days that the authorities would have at once found some way or the other to suppress the movement.

Bipan Chandra concludes this discussion on myth and reality as follows:

“If Hume and other English liberals hoped to use the Congress as a safety-valve, the Congress leaders hoped to use Hume as a lightening conductor. And as later developments show, it was the congress leaders whose hopes were fulfilled”. Percival Spear states, “At the start the Congress was a modest body, having only seventy delegates at its first session. But from the first it formed a focus for the new classes’ political opinions. By 1900, it had spread all over India and was regarded by the forward looking members of the new class as the natural mouthpiece of their aspira­tions. Its support came mainly from the new professionals with a sprinkling of businessmen in Bombay and of landlords in Bengal”.

The first step in the direction of founding of Indian National Congress was initiated by Hume in March 1883 by appealing to the graduates of the Calcutta University to come together to form an association for the moral and political regeneration of the Indians. In his appeal he stressed “self-sacrifice and unselfishness as the only unfailing guides to freedom and happiness”. In response to his appeal, Indian National Union was formed in 1884 under his leadership. Subsequently, it turned into Indian National Congress.

The objectives of the Indian National Congress were proclaimed by its first president W. Chandra Banerjee as follows:

(1) The promotion of personal intimacy and friendship among workers from various comers of India.

(2) The eradication of all prejudices from the minds of every Indian towards the others and to foster sentiments of national unity among all the inhabitants of India.

In the beginning, the Indian National Congress stood for piecemeal reforms by submitting petitions, resolutions and deputation to satisfy the demands of the Indians expressing their faith in the political liberalism of the British Raj.

The Indian National Congress through resolution demanded for:

(i) The appointment of a commission to inquire into the working of the Indian government,

(ii) The abolition of the India council of the Secretary of state for India,

(iii) Creation of legislative councils of the north-west provinces and Awadh and the Punjab,

(iv) Enhancement of the number of elected members in the central and provincial legislative councils with the right of interpolation and discussion of the budget and the creation of a standing committee in the house of commons to look into the demands of the people,

(v) Reduction of military expenditure and equitable division of expen­diture between India and England,

(vi) Introduction of simultaneous Public Service Examinations in England and India and raising age of the candidates who wish to appear for ICS. Till 1905, the Indian National Congress, demanded only for piecemeal reforms through petitions and prayers.

On the basis of the goal, strategy and technique adopted by the Indian National Congress, the national movement of India was divided as moderate phase (1885-1905), extremist phase (1905 to 1918) and the revolutionary phase and finally the Gandhian phase (1919 to 1947).

Related Articles:

  • Birth of Indian National Congress
  • Political Associations for the Revolt before the Indian National Congress
  • Achievement of Indian National Congress during the period from 1885-1905
  • The Ideologies and Programmes of the Indian National Congress during 1885-1920

write a case study for indian national congress in 200 words

Indian National Congress History, Foundation, Objective and Feature

Womesh Chandra Bonnerje was the President of the first session of Indian National Congress. Read all about Indian National Congress History, Foundation, Objective and Feature for UPSC Exam.

Indian National Congress

Table of Contents

Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 by A.O. Hume. The Indian Nation Union was its previous name. It was not by chance that the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It was the result of a political awakening process that started in the 1860s and 1870s and came to a head in the late 1870s and early 1880s. Read all about Indian National Congress for UPSC Examination.

This process reached a turning point in 1885. Modern political thinkers who viewed themselves as defenders of the interests of the nation rather than particular interest groups saw the results of their labour. They created an all-India nationalist organization that would act as a platform, coordinator, focal point, and a representation of the new national politics.

Indian National Congress History

The Indian National Congress was founded by 72 delegates on December 28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Mumbai (then Bombay). It was created by former Indian Civil Services Officer Allan Octavian Hume. The Congress was established with the goal of fostering a climate that would allow for polite dialogue between Indians and British.

Only educated Indians were invited to the Congress. Through the Congress, the British could gain support for their rule in India. This was made feasible because educated Indians were more receptive to modernization concepts and could therefore influence other Indians. General Secretary of the Congress was Allan Octavian Hume, and President of the Congress was Womesh Chunder Banerjee.

Indian National Congress Foundation

In the late 1870s and early 1880s, the foundation for the creation of an all-India organisation had been created. A.O. Hume, a retired English civil official, gave this concept its definitive form by enlisting the help of prominent intellectuals of the day.

For the first session, Hume received approval from Lord Dufferin, the viceroy of India at the time. Due to a cholera outbreak in Poona, where it was originally scheduled to take place, it was shifted to Bombay. In 1883, Hume expressed his wish to create an organisation for educated Indians to demand greater participation in government and to offer a forum for discussion in an open letter to Calcutta University graduates.

The first woman to graduate from Calcutta University, Kadambini Ganguly, spoke before the Congress in 1890, demonstrating the liberation movement’s dedication to ensuring that Indian women receive their proper standing in public life.

Indian National Congress Feature

The INC was the country of India’s first national political movement, and its main goal was to boost Indian participation in governmental affairs. Later, it upgraded its objective to complete independence. Following independence, it evolved into a powerful political force in the country. In its early years, the INC was a moderate group that restricted its tactics to constitutional ones and discourse.

Its demands were limited to increasing the percentage of Indians participating in the armed services and government. Independence was never discussed. After some time, the party’s demands and strategy grew more extreme.

The party had clearly split by 1905, with the more recent segment, the extremists, who were known for their radical tactics, and the long-standing moderates. Along with the Indian National Congress, provincial conferences, associations, newspapers, and literature also participated in nationalist action.

Indian National Congress Objective

The Indian National Congress was the country’s first large-scale political movement, and its main goal was to boost Indian participation in governmental affairs. The goal is to foster friendly contacts between nationalist political activists from various parts of the nation. INC Developing and enhancing a sense of national unity that transcends caste, religion, and province was the goal.

The goal was to compile and submit a list of general demands to the government. Another goal was to organise and inform the public opinion of the country. Creating and promoting an anti-colonial nationalist concept and upholding a sense of national unity among all citizens, regardless of their religion, caste, or province, were additional goals.

Indian National Congress Role of A. O Hume

Following the Theosophical Convention in Madras in December 1884, a small group of seventeen persons is believed to have discussed the concept for an all-India congress. It is also said that Hume’s Indian union, which he created after leaving the Civil Service, contributed to the Congress’s convocation.

We can infer that there was a need for such an organization, and A.O. Hume took the initiative, regardless of where the idea originated or who the idea’s original creator was. Hume was the son of British radical activist Joseph Hume. He adopted his father’s political beliefs and originally had an interest in European revolutionary groups.

He began working for the East India Company in 1849 and was stationed in the Northwestern Provinces. He got interested in initiatives like promoting education, eradicating social ills, and advancing agriculture. Even Hume launched a newspaper in 1861 to inform Etawah residents about political and social issues.

The other British commanders did not appreciate Hume’s pro-Indian position and efforts to advance Indian welfare. Hume was made Secretary to the Government of India in 1870. For his opinions, Viceroy Northbrook threatened to fire Hume.

Additionally, he did not get along with Lord Lytton, and as a result, he was demoted in 1879 and eventually left the service in 1882. Hume established himself in Shimla and developed a passion for Indian politics. He felt more sympathy for the Bombay and Poona factions than for the leaders of Calcutta, such Surendranath Banerjee and Narendra Nath Sen. Hume also got to know Viceroy Lord Ripon and developed an interest in his plan for local self-government.

Indian National Congress Foundation Theories

1. safety valve theory (lala lajpat rai).

It has been hypothesized that A.O.Hume, a retired English civil officer who created the INC rather than an Indian, did so in order to address the growing unrest against British authority. Viceroy Dufferin is said to have given Hume the idea for an annual gathering of intelligent Indians for political discourse.

This may be somewhat true, but there is no solid proof that Dufferin suggested the INC’s formation or that the INC was meant to serve as a “safety value.”

2. Conspiracy Theory (R P Dutt)

The idea of a “safety valve” gave rise to the conspiracy theory of the Marxist historian. According to R.P. Dutt, the bourgeois leaders conspired to put down an uprising of the Indian people, and this is how the Indian National Congress came to be.

3. Lightning Conductor Theory (G.K Gokhale)

Indians who were politically aware wanted to create a national organisation to voice their political and economic aspirations, and the Indian National Congress served as their representation. The authorities would have been violently opposed to such a body if the Indians had created it on their own; it would not have been permitted to exist.

Even though they did so in the name of a “safety valve,” the early Congress leaders utilised Hume as a “lightning conductor,” or a catalyst, to unite patriotic forces.

Indian National Congress UPSC

The fight for India’s independence from foreign domination was officially began in 1885 with the founding of the National Congress, which was modest but well-organized. The national movement would intensify, and until freedom was attained, neither the nation nor its citizens could rest. This article contains comprehensive information on UPSC Exam Preparations.

Indian National Congress FAQs

Q) Who founded Indian National Congress and why?

Ans. Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil service officer, spearheaded the idea for the Indian National Congress, which held its first meeting in Bombay from December 28 to December 31, 1885. In an open letter to University of Calcutta graduates in 1883, Hume had described his concept for a group representing Indian interests.

Q) Who is the CEO of Indian National Congress?

Ans. At Present CEO of Indian National Congress is  Mallikarjun Kharge since 26 October 2022

Q) Which state is Indian National Congress?

Ans. The Indian National Congress (INC), which enjoys majority support, is in power in Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan as of 9 December 2022.

Q) When and who established the Indian National Congress?

Ans. The Indian National Congress was started in 1885 by retired civil officer A.O. Hume. Its original name was the Indian Nation Union, but Dadabhai Naoroji suggested changing it.

Q) Who was the President of the first session of INC?

Ans. The INC’s inaugural session was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerje. 72 delegates from all the Indian provinces attended the first session. There were 2 Muslims, 2 Jain, and 54 adherents of the Hindu, Jain, and Parsi faiths.

Sharing is caring!

Who founded Indian National Congress and why?

Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil service officer, spearheaded the idea for the Indian National Congress, which held its first meeting in Bombay from December 28 to December 31, 1885. In an open letter to University of Calcutta graduates in 1883, Hume had described his concept for a group representing Indian interests.

Who is the CEO of Indian National Congress?

At Present CEO of Indian National Congress is Mallikarjun Kharge since 26 October 2022

Which state is Indian National Congress?

The Indian National Congress (INC), which enjoys majority support, is in power in Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan as of 9 December 2022.

When and who established the Indian National Congress?

The Indian National Congress was started in 1885 by retired civil officer A.O. Hume. Its original name was the Indian Nation Union, but Dadabhai Naoroji suggested changing it.

Who was the President of the first session of INC?

The INC's inaugural session was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerje. 72 delegates from all the Indian provinces attended the first session. There were 2 Muslims, 2 Jain, and 54 adherents of the Hindu, Jain, and Parsi faiths.

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The Birth of Indian National Congress: A Safety Valve for Colonial India

Profile image of Riddhi Joshi

2023, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

The Indian National Congress (INC) has been around longer than any other Indian political party, having been founded in 1885. In the fight for Indian independence from British colonial control, the establishment of the Indian National Congress was a critical factor. The Congress's formation was not, however, without debate. The "safety valve theory" was at the centre of one such debate; this theory proposed that the British established the Congress in order to alleviate the strain of rising Indian nationalism. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between the emergence of the Indian National Congress and the concept of a safety valve. The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of India's oldest and most influential political parties, having been instrumental in the country's fight for freedom from British colonial authority. This organisation, known as the Congress, had its origins in the late 19th century, when a group of Indian intellectuals and professionals sought to organise in order to better express their discontent with the British colonial government. In 1885, Indian nationalists banded together to form the Congress in the hopes of bringing about sweeping political and social change in the country. The 'Safety Valve' theory, however, argued that the Congress was formed to unleash the mounting anger among the Indian masses and forestall revolutionary outbreaks. This paper will examine the formation of Indian national congress and the role of safety valve theory.

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The centrality of non-violence in the Indian freedom struggle has been overwhelmingly accounted for, in the annals of history. “Narratives of the anti-colonial movement have been pre-dominantly framed within the context of the triumph of the influence of M.K. Gandhi’s Indian National Congress (hereinafter INC), in the dialogue with individuals who favoured violence as the primary means of political response to colonialism.” However, the impact of the Indian revolutionaries in the evolution of the nationalist agitation is anything but insignificant. The goal of complete freedom from imperial rule was accepted by Mahatma Gandhi only in the early 1930s, as a fait accompli, under increasingly intense pressure from large sections of Congress cadres; a goal that was uncompromisingly articulated by revolutionary factions thirty years earlier. The formation and co-ordination of these factions across the length and breadth of the sub-continent as well as beyond its borders, further predates the widespread mass mobilisation envisaged by the INC. However, it is also a fact that revolutionary activities slowed down in the late 1930s and did not feature as prominently in the final stages of the Indian national movement. This decline has been commonly equated with the failure of the revolutionaries’ means for achieving national liberation. It is in this context that the author seeks to revaluate the contribution of the revolutionaries in the struggle for independence, with a critical rather than commemorative approach. The author shall begin by discussing the manifesto of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (hereinafter HSRA) and highlight the primary attributes of revolutionary ideology at its peak. He will then progress to tracing the differences in the ideological bases of the two major strands of the Indian revolutionary movement: the early Bengal revolutionaries’ vis-à-vis the North Indian faction. He will then proceed to analyse the impact of revolutionary discourse and activities on the mainstream national movement and its role in mobilising mass support for independence. This analysis will form the basis of the author’s explanation for the abrupt decline in revolutionary activities in the late 1930s and 1940s. Additionally, the author shall substantiate the assertion that the decline of revolutionary operations did not imply the simultaneous decline of revolutionary ideology; it was rather adapted and incorporated into the mainstream national movement as a necessary consequence of the INC’s growing need to integrate diverse groups and interests in the freedom struggle.

Bodhi International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Science

Suantak D George

Indian Nationalist Movement is known to be the greatest freedom movement against the colonial power in world History. However, the younger generations tend to forget their immense contributions to free India which they have today. India was never free since the Aryan invasion and was under the British colonial rule for around 200 years until her independence in 1947. Prior to the colonization, the Indians were divided based on their castes, creed, regions, religions, etc. Until the arrival of the British in the soil of India, national consciousness did not emerge among the Indians. They were fighting against each other to expand their territory and for their own personal interest. However, with the arrival of the B.E.I.C. and colonizing the Indian Territory, the B.E.I.C. became the tools for the Indian nationalism. Due to the social, political and economic condition under the rule of British, the people struggle against the British to regain their national identity. In one way, the rule of British was a curse for the Indians. However, on the other hand, it became a way for uniting the Indians for creating India as a Nation. Yet, some of the nationalists were forgotten in today India, while others are being highlighted as the national heroes. So, the current study has been formed to highlight those unsung heroes and their immense contributions for free India.

Philip Graham Woods

This thesis has three main foci. The first is an examination of the broader intentions behind the Government of India Act (1919) and the context of these reforms in the longer-term transfer of power in India. The second is the role played by the Indian Moderates within the nationalist movement leading to their defection from the Indian National Congress in 1918. Thirdly, it examines the relationship between the British rulers and the new Indian Liberal Party, both during the making of constitutional reforms and during the period of the first legislative councils elected under the reforms, 1921-23. The working of the reforms is examined from the perspective of both central and provincial legislative politics. At the centre the main issues of controversy between the British and the Indian Liberals were: economic and constitutional matters, law and order issues connected with the Gandhian non-co-operation movement, the political reaction in British policy that took place during 1921-22...

Modern Asian Studies

Arvind Aryan

The death of Nehru did less to change the Indian political system than the talk about his charismatic leadership might have led us to expect. But one simplification is not to be replaced by another; the assessment of his influence is a matter of real difficulty. Most delicate of all the tasks perhaps is that of distinguishing between his influence on the actual behaviour of political actors and institutions and his influence on the views taken by observers of such behaviour. How much, that is, of what appears novel in the post-Nehru period is merely the coming to light of features which were already present but obscured or unnoticed by virtue of the attention focused on the great man himself? In no area of the Indian political system is this question more important than in the Congress Party.

swaraj basu

This Unit introduces you to the process of ‘political awakening’ in India in the second half of nineteenth century leading to the establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885. The great revolt of 1857 is considered as the culmination of popular discontentment against British rule and also marked the beginning of a long drawn struggle against British imperialism. In the presidencies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras, where the British first established its foothold, the new intelligentsia who were the beneficiaries of western education became critical of the exploitative character of the colonial rule. Initiatives to form provincial political associations first came from this elite section of society. Although in different parts of India the tribal people and the peasantry raised their voices against imperialism, there was no unity of purpose. The process of political mobilisation took a definite shape in the second half of nineteenth century. In this Unit we are going to discuss the...

Political Studies

James Manor

How did liberal, representative politics take root in India during the first phase after independence? An adequate explanation must consider certain aspects of Hindu culture and Indian social structure, the distinctive character of British rule and the formidable Indian response to it. It must also assess the role of formal political institutions, which the British had created and the Indians adapted, and relations between Indian nationalists and key indigenous elites both before and after independence. Most important was the landowning elite that dominated the socioeconomic order in rural areas, where most Indians lived. Central to this story was the organization or ‘machine’ of the Indian National Congress, which integrated the two main sources of order in India – the institutions of state and the agrarian socioeconomic order – as well as the various regions and levels within the political system.

Christophe Jaffrelot

Prof. Irfan Ahmad

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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Biography, Facts, Life, and Contributions to Modern India

Last updated on October 13, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Sardar Patel’s contribution in integrating 565 princely states into a newly independent India is unforgettable.

In this post on Sardar Patel – who is popularly known as the Iron Man of India – we cover his life, vision, views, anecdotes, and important contributions to modern India.

Also read: Leader of Opposition

Table of Contents

Vallabhbhai Patel’s early life

Vallabhbhai Patel was born in Nadiad, Gujarat, on October 31, 1875 (His birth anniversary is now observed as National Unity Day or Rashtriya Ekta Diwas).

He hailed from a farmer’s family. In his early years, Patel was considered by many as an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job. However, Patel proved them wrong. He passed law examination, often studying himself, with borrowed books.

Patel practised law at Godhra, Borsad, and Anand in Gujarat, after passing the bar examination. He earned the reputation of being a fierce and skilled lawyer.

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Patel’s early willingness to sacrifice for others

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Patel had a dream to study law in England. Using his hard-earned savings, he managed to get a pass and a ticket to go to England.

However, the ticket was addressed to ‘V.J. Patel’. His elder brother Vithalbhai also had the same initials as Vallabhai. Sardar Patel came to know that his elder brother too cherished a dream to go to England for studies.

In keeping with concerns for his family’s honour (disreputable for an older brother to follow his younger brother), Vallabhbhai Patel allowed Vithalbhai Patel to go, in his place.

Patel’s Journey to England

In 1911, at the age of 36, two years after the death of his wife, Vallabhbhai Patel journeyed to England and enrolled at the Middle Temple Inn in London. Patel finished at the top of his class despite having had no previous college background. He completed the 36-month course in 30 months.

Returning to India, Patel settled in Ahmedabad and became one of the city’s most successful barristers.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s role in the Indian Freedom Movement

In the initial stages of the freedom movement, Patel was neither keen on active politics nor the principles of Mahatma Gandhi . However, the meeting with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in Godhra (1917) fundamentally changed Patel’s life.

Patel joined the Congress and became the secretary of the Gujarat Sabha that became a Congress stronghold later.

On Gandhi’s call, Patel quit his hard-earned job and joined the movement to fight for exemption of taxes in Kheda at the time of plague and famine (1918).

Patel joined Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) and travelled around West India to recruit 3,00,000 members. He also collected more than Rs 1.5 million for the party fund.

There was a British law banning the hoisting of the Indian Flag. When Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned, it was Patel who led the Satyagraha movement in Nagpur in 1923 against British law.

It was the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928 which earned Vallabhbhai Patel the title of ‘Sardar’ and made him popular throughout the country. So great was the impact that Pandit Motilal Nehru suggested Vallabhbhai’s name to Gandhiji for the presidency of the Congress.

In 1930, the British arrested Sardar Patel during the Salt Satyagraha and put him on trial without witnesses.

On the outbreak of World War II (1939), Patel supported Nehru’s decision to withdraw Congress from central and provincial legislatures.

Patel was at his persuasive best when he spoke at the Gwalia Tank ground (now called August Kranti Maidan) in Mumbai to launch the nationwide civil disobedience movement in 1942 at the behest of Mahatma Gandhi.

During Quit India Movement (1942), the British arrested Patel. He was imprisoned with the entire Congress Working Committee from 1942 to 1945 at the fort in Ahmednagar.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as Congress President

Sardar Patel

After the signing of the Gandhi–Irwin Pact, Patel was elected president of Congress for its 1931 session (Karachi).

Congress committed itself to the defence of fundamental rights and civil liberties. Patel advocated for the establishment of a secular nation. Minimum wages for workers and the abolition of untouchability were among his other priorities.

Patel used his position as Congress president to organise the return of confiscated land to farmers in Gujarat.

Sardar Patel – The Social Reformer

Patel worked extensively against alcohol consumption, untouchability, caste discrimination and for women emancipation in Gujarat and outside.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – As Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister

After Independence, he became India’s first Deputy Prime Minister. On the first anniversary of Independence, Patel was appointed as the Home Minister of India. He was also in charge of the States Department and the Information and Broadcasting Ministry

As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief efforts for refugees fleeing from Punjab and Delhi and worked to restore peace.

In what was to become Sardar Patel’s most lasting legacy, he took charge of the States Department and was responsible for the accession of 565 princely states into the Union of India. Paying tribute to him, Nehru called Sardar ‘the builder and consolidator of new India.’

However, the invaluable services of Sardar Patel were available to independent India for just 3 years. The brave son of India died on 15 December 1950 (aged 75), after suffering a massive heart attack.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s role in the Integration of the princely states

Sardar Patel despite his failing health and age never lost sight of the larger purpose of creating United India. As India’s first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, Sardar Patel played a key role in the integration of about 565 princely states into the Indian Union.

Few princely states like Travancore, Hyderabad, Junagadh, Bhopal and Kashmir were averse to joining the state of India.

Sardar Patel worked tirelessly to build a consensus with the princely states but did not hesitate in employing methods of  Sama, Dama, Dand and Bhed  where ever necessary.

He had used force to annex princely states of Junagadh ruled by Nawab and Hyderabad ruled by Nizam, both of whom had wished not to merge their respective states with the Union of India.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel stitched the princely states along with British Indian territory and prevented the balkanization of India.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and All-India Services like IAS

Sardar Patel was of the opinion that we  will not have a united India if we do not have a good all-India Service .

Patel was clearly conscious of the fact that independent India needed ‘a steel frame to run its civil, military, and administrative bureaucracy. His faith in institutional mechanisms like having an organized command-based army and a systemized bureaucracy proved to be a blessing.’

His exhortation to the probationers to maintain utmost impartiality and incorruptibility of administration is as relevant today as it was then.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as the first Prime Minister of India?

In the AICC Session of 15th January 1942 held at Wardha, Gandhiji formally designated Jawaharlal Nehru as his political successor. In Gandhiji’s own words “… not Rajaji, not Sardar Vallabhabhai, but Jawaharlal will be my successor…When I am gone, he will speak my language”.

Thus, it can be seen that it was none other than Gandhiji who wanted Nehru to lead India, apart from the masses. Patel always listened and obeyed Gandhi – who himself had no political ambitions in free India.

However, for the post of Congress Presidentship in 1946, Pradesh Congress Committees (PCCs) had a different choice – Patel. Even though Nehru had a great mass appeal, and a broader vision about the world, 12 out of 15 PCCs favoured Patel as Congress President. Patel’s qualities – as a great executive, organizer and leader – were widely appreciated.

When Nehru came to know about the PCCs choice, he remained silent. Mahatma Gandhi felt that “Jawaharlal will not take second place”, and he asked Patel to withdraw his nomination for Congress President. Patel, as always, obeyed Gandhi. Nehru took over as Congress President for a short period of time in 1946, before handing over the responsibility to J.B.Kriplani.

Nehru Gandhi Patel

For Nehru, the Prime Ministership of Free India was just an extension of his role in the interim cabinet.

It was Jawaharlal Nehru who headed the interim government of India from 2nd September 1946 to 15th August 1947. Nehru was the Vice-President of the Viceroy’s Executive Council with powers of the Prime Minister. Vallabhbhai Patel held the second-most powerful position in the Council, heading the Department of Home Affairs and Department of Information and Broadcasting.

On August 1, 1947, two weeks before India became independent, Nehru wrote to Patel a letter asking him to join the cabinet. Nehru, however, indicated that he already consider Patel as the strongest pillar of the Cabinet . Patel replied guaranteeing unquestioned loyalty and devotion. He had also mentioned that their combination is unbreakable and therein lies their strength.

Nehru and Patel

Nehru and Patel was a rare combination. They complemented each other. The two great leaders of the Indian National Congress had mutual admiration and respect. There were differences in approach – but the end goal for both was to find what is best for India.

The differences of opinion were mostly regarding the Congress hierarchy, working style, or ideologies. Within Congress – Nehru was widely considered Left-wing (socialism) while Patel’s ideologies were aligned with the Right-wing (capitalism).

There were differences in the choice of Congress presidential candidates in 1950 between Nehru and Patel. Nehru supported J.B. Kriplani. Patel’s choice was Purushottam Das Tandon. In the end, Kriplani was defeated by Patel’s candidate Purushottam Das Tandon.

However, it should be noted that the differences were never big enough to result in a major split in Congress or the Government.

Gandhi and Patel

Patel was always loyal to Gandhi. However, he differed with Gandhiji on certain issues.

Following Gandhiji’s assassination, he said: “I claim to be nothing more than an obedient soldier of him like the millions who obeyed his call. There was a time when everyone used to call me his blind follower. But, both he and I knew that I followed him because our convictions tallied”.

Patel and Somnath Temple

On  November 13, 1947,  Sardar Patel, the then Deputy Prime Minister of India, vowed to rebuild Somnath Temple. Somnath had been destroyed and built several times in the past. He felt that the story of its resurrection from ruins this time would be symbolic of the story of the resurgence of India.

Sardar Patel’s Economic Ideas

Self-reliance was among the chief tenets of Patel’s economic philosophy. He wanted to see India industrialise quickly. The imperative was to reduce dependence on external resources.

Patel guided the  cooperative movements in Gujarat and helped in  setting up of the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union which  proved to be a game-changer for dairy farming throughout the country.

Sardar was unimpressed with the slogans raised for socialism and spoke often of the need for India to create wealth before debating over what to do with it, how to share it.

The role he envisaged for the government was that of a welfare state but realised that other countries had taken up the task at more advanced stages of development.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel rejected nationalisation completely and was against controls. To him, the profit motive was a great stimulant to exertion, not a stigma.

Patel was against people remaining idle. In 1950 he said, “ Millions of idle hands that have no work cannot find employment on machines”.  He urged labourers to participate in creating wealth before claiming a just share.

Sardar championed investment-led growth . He said, “Spend less, save more, and invest as much as possible should be the motto of every citizen.

Was Patel against the partition of British India – into India and Pakistan?

Sardar in his early years opposed the partition of British India. However, he accepted the division of India by December 1946. Many including VP Menon and Abul Kalam Azad felt that Patel was more receptive to the idea of Partition than Nehru.

Abul Kalam Azad was a staunch critic of Partition right till the very end, however, that was not the case with Patel and Nehru. Azad in his memoir  India wins Freedom  says that he was ‘surprised and pained when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in reply to why Partition was needed said that ‘whether we liked it or not, there were two nations in India’.

Sardar Patel as a defender of Hindu interests

According to Raj Mohan Gandhi, one of Patel’s most highly regarded biographers, Patel was the Hindu face of Indian nationalism. Nehru was the secular and global face of Indian nationalism. However, both worked under the same umbrella of the Indian National Congress.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was an open defender of Hindu interests. This however made Patel less popular among minorities.

However, Patel was never communal. As Home Minister, he did his best to protect Muslim lives in Delhi during riots. Patel had a Hindu heart (because of his upbringing) but he ruled with an impartial and secular hand.

Sardar Patel and RSS

Sardar Patel initially had a soft corner towards Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and their efforts in the Hindu interest. However, after the assassination of Gandhi, Sardar Patel banned RSS.

“ All their speeches were fill of communal poison “, he wrote after banning the Sangh in 1948. “As a final result of the poison, the country had to suffer the sacrifice of the invaluable life of Gandhiji.”

The ban on the RSS was eventually lifted on July 11, 1949, after Golwalkar agreed to make certain promises as conditions for the ban being revoked. In its communique announcing the lifting of the ban, the government of India said that the organisation and its leader had promised to be loyal to the constitution and the flag.

Statue of Unity, a tribute to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel?

Narendra Modi and Sardar Patel

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was an Indian National Congress leader – until his death. Many historians like Ramchandra Guha, thinks it is ironic that Patel is being claimed by the BJP when he “was himself a lifelong Congressman”.

Congress leader Shashi Tharoor alleged that BJP was trying to ‘hijack’ the legacy of freedom fighters and national heroes like Patel as they have no leaders of their own in history to celebrate.

Many opposition leaders see vested interests in the right-wing party’s effort to appropriate Patel and depict the Nehru family in a bad light.

Built at a cost of  Rs.  2,989 crore, the statue depicts Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s first Home Minister, wearing a traditional dhoti and shawl, towering over the Narmada River.

At 182-metre, the statue is touted as the world’s tallest – it is 177 feet higher than China’s Spring Temple Buddha, currently the world’s tallest statue.

Iron was collected from all over the country for the statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, also known as the Iron Man of India.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s Quotes

Statue of unity - Sardar Patel

“Work is worship but laughter is life. Anyone who takes life too seriously must prepare himself for a miserable existence. Anyone who greets joys and sorrows with equal facility can really get the best of life.”

“My culture is agriculture. ”

“ We worked hard to achieve our freedom; we shall have to strive harder to justify it ”.

Patel was a selfless leader, who placed the country’s interests above everything else and shaped India’s destiny with single-minded devotion.

The invaluable contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in building a modern and unified India needs to be remembered by every Indian as the country marches ahead as one of the largest economies in the world.

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About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

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write a case study for indian national congress in 200 words

Indian Freedom Struggle

The Indian freedom struggle began with the 1st war of Indian independence. Later on, Indian National Congress was established in 1885 when 72 delegates from all over the country met in Bombay. Indian National Congress played a very important role in the Indian freedom struggle. This article will provide interesting snippets about the Indian freedom struggle.

Indian Freedom Struggle – Moderate Approach

In the first 20 years, the Indian National Congress (INC) was moderate in its approach. They began by demanding a greater voice for Indians in the administration and government. It called for conducting civil services examinations in India. INC demanded that the Legislative councils be introduced in provinces where they did not exist and more power be given to the Legislative councils to make them more representative.

  • INC demanded freedom of speech and expression.
  • They wanted to repeal the arms laws and separate the judiciary from the executive.
  • The INC also demanded the British reduce the economic woes of the Indians by seeking more funds for irrigation, reducing the military expenditure, reducing land revenue, etc.
  • The INC passed many resolutions on the sufferings of forest dwellers, treatment of Indian labourers abroad and on the subject of the salt tax.
  • The moderate leaders of the INC tried to increase the awareness of the general public about the unjust British rule by giving speeches, writing articles, publishing newspapers, and sending their representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise the opinion of the public.

Indian Freedom Struggle – Rise of Radicals

  • By the 1890s, Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab, Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Maharashtra were unhappy with the political style of Congress.
  • They tried to explore more radical objectives and methods.
  • They were unhappy with the “politics of prayers”.
  • The radicals emphasised constructive work and self-reliance.
  • Tilak raised the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it!”
  • Radicals wanted people to fight for their swaraj by relying on their own strength and not based on good intentions of the British government.

Mahatma Gandhi

The Indian freedom struggle is always incomplete without understanding the contributions of Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi played a very pivotal role. He led the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Salt Satyagraha, and Quit India Movement.

  • He was born in Porbandar, located in Gujarat.
  • Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is the full name of Mahatma Gandhi. He was born on 2nd October 1869.
  • Mahatma Gandhi died on 30th January 1948.
  • Mahatma Gandhi is known as the Father of the Nation.

Salt Satyagraha – Dandi March

  • Gandhi led a large group of people from Sabarmati Ashram on 12th March 1930 to Dandi, a coastal village in Gujarat, to break the salt law by producing salt from seawater.
  • The British Government in India had imposed a salt tax, hence Mahatma Gandhi started the Salt Satyagraha. It was a Civil Disobedience Movement.
  • The Salt Satyagraha march lasted for 24 days from 12 March 1930 to 5 April 1930.
  • When Mahatma Gandhi started the Salt Satyagraha, he was accompanied by 80 satyagrahis, all of whom were inmates of his ashram.
  • As they kept moving from village to village, the length of the procession kept increasing.
  • Mahatma Gandhi reached Dandi on 6th April, manufactured salt from the seawater and violated the Salt law made by the British.

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  • Modern History

Indian Independence and the Partition explained

Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/indian-flag-tricolor-india-flag-3607410/

On August 15th, 1947, India finally gained its independence from British rule after decades of struggle.

This event is one of the most important in Indian history, and it had a huge impact on the region as a whole. However, it was not a smooth transition. 

On August 14th, just one day before India's independence, the Muslim state of Pakistan also gained its independence from British rule.

This was in comparison to India, which was predominantly Hindu.

This was accomplished through the partition of India into two separate countries. The consequences of this partition were devastating.

Over the course of just a few months, millions of people were killed and displaced in what is considered to be one of the worst humanitarian disasters in history. 

The background of Indian independence and partition dates back to the 18th century when the British first began to colonise India. 

For centuries, India had been ruled by a number of different dynasties and empires.

The British East India Company was established in 1600 and slowly began to take control of more and more territory.

The East India Company eventually dominated regions of the Indian subcontinent beginning in 1757, when it began ruling Bengal, a time period known as Company Rule or Company Raj.

In 1858, after the Sepoy Rebellion , the British Crown took over direct rule of India from the East India Company.

From that point on, India was effectively a colony of Britain.

Rise of Sectarianism

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a growing movement for Indian independence from British rule.

This was led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi who believed in nonviolent resistance. However, not all Indians wanted independence.

There were also those who wanted to maintain the British Raj because they believed it was a stabilising force in the region.

In the late 19th century, there was also a growing movement among Indian Muslims for a separate Muslim state.

This was in response to fears that Hindus would dominate an independent India.

In 1885, the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress was founded to fight for Indian independence from British rule.

At first, the Muslim minority in India was not supportive of the Congress's goals. However, this changed when Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a lawyer and politician, joined the Congress in 1906. 

The British divided electoral districts among different religious groups in 1909, which resulted in sectarianism hardening of boundaries.

The colonial regime emphasised these distinctions by, for example, having separate toilet and water facilities for Muslims and Hindus at railway terminals.

Jinnah advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and helped to found the All-India Muslim League in 1912.

The Muslim League's goal was to protect the rights of Muslims within India. 

The World Wars

During World War I, India was formally a part of the British Empire. This meant that Indian soldiers were fighting for Britain in Europe and the Middle East.

At the same time, Muslims in India felt a sense of loyalty to the Ottoman Empire which was also fighting against Britain.

This led to tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India.

In exchange for the service of over a million Indian soldiers in the British Army during WWI, Indians expected political concessions as far as, and including, independence.

However, after the conflict, Britain made no such offers.

At the time, Mahatma Gandhi was referred to as "The Father of the Nation," and he became the most prominent figure in Congress.

Although he pushed for a unified Hindu and Muslim India with equal rights for all people, other members of Congress were less eager to cooperate with Muslims against the British.

As a result, the Muslim League began formulating separatist plans.

During World War II, India once more contributed to the conflict as part of the British Empire.

However, this time there was much greater support for independence among Indians.

In response to this, Britain promised independence to India after the war, if they fought on their side.

At the end of the Second World War, the Labour Party was voted into office in Britain, and they pushed for Indian independence.

Labour sought almost immediate independence for India, as well as a slower schedule for decolonisation of other British imperial possessions.

Separate Muslim State

With Indian independence finally a possibility, Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, began a public battle in support of a separate Muslim state as well, while Jawaharlal Nehru of the Congress suggested a unified India.

The country was on the verge of a sectarian civil war as independence approached. Despite Gandhi's calls for Indians to come together in peaceful resistance to British rule, the Muslim League scheduled "Direct Action Day" for August 16, 1946.

This was meant to be a day of peaceful protest, calling for a separate Muslim state.

However, the day saw violence from Muslim crowds against Hindus. By the end of the day, approximately 3,500 Hindus and Sikhs had been killed in Calcutta.

The next day, there were reports of Hindu reprisal attacks, with some 400 Muslims killed.

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 was an act passed by the British Parliament that granted independence to India.

The act came into effect on August 15th, 1947, making August 15th the official date of Indian independence.

The Radcliffe Line

The Radcliffe Line was the boundary line between India and Pakistan that was drawn up by British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe.

The line was intended to be a fair and impartial division of the country, but it ended up being highly controversial.

The Award was a report published by the British government in August 1947 that proposed the partition of India into two separate states: India and Pakistan.

The Award was highly controversial as millions of Hindus and Muslims were forced to leave their homes and cross the border into either India or Pakistan.

The problem was severe in the fertile and prosperous Punjab, where Hindus and Muslims lived nearly side by side.

Both sides refused to give up this valuable real estate, and religious animosity was strong.

The Partition of India

The partition of India was the division of the country into two separate states: India and Pakistan.

The partition took place on August 14th, 1947 and led to mass violence and displacement as millions of Hindus and Muslims were forced to leave their homes and cross the border into either India or Pakistan.

Around 10 million people escaped north or south, depending on their religion. An estimated 500,000 people were killed in fighting. 

The partition also led to the division of families, with some members going to India while others went to Pakistan.

The partition was a difficult and traumatic experience for many people.

On January 30, 1948, Mohandas Gandhi was murdered by a Hindu extremist opposed to his goal of building a secular state.

The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was motivated by his belief that Gandhi was appeasing Muslims at the expense of Hindus.

Burma and Ceylon gained independence from Britain in 1948, and Bangladesh separated from Pakistan in 1971.

Since August 1947, India and Pakistan have been engaged in three major conflicts and one minor conflict regarding border issues.

Also, the demarcation of the borders in Jammu and Kashmir remains a major issue.

Today, the partition is still a highly sensitive issue. The events of 1947 continue to have a profound impact on the lives of people in India and Pakistan.

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Indian Politics Essay

500 words essay on indian politics.

Politics, simply speaking, refers to the activities surrounding a country’s governance. In the context of a large democratic country like India, politics becomes really complicated. This Indian politics essay will throw light on the politics of India.

indian politics essay

                                                                                                                     Indian Politics Essay

Background of Indian Politics

Politics in India, like any other democratic country, involves the ruling party and the opposition. In India, the formation of political parties has taken place on the basis of ideology. Moreover, the Indian political parties belong to the left and the right political spectrum.

Leftist politics rely on the values of secularism , liberalism, and rebelliousness. In contrast, rightist politics favour the values of being pro-government, orderly, conservative, and traditional.

There are no definitions of left-right politics anywhere in the Indian constitution. Furthermore, these terms were given by commentators, authors, and journalists. Also, it has been witnessed in India that some politicians can change their political party and ideology.

Indeed for a stable democracy , it is necessary that both political ideologies, the right and left, operate side by side. As such, some times, the country may be under rightist influence while leftist ideals may dominate at another time. The two major political parties in India, BJP and Congress, clearly demonstrate the two different political spectrums of right and left respectively.

Problem with Indian Politics

For a democracy to work properly there must be a proper demarcation between the political ideologies. However, in India, the demarcation between these ideologies tends to get blurry, thereby resulting in the superimposition of one ideology over the other. This is certainly not an indication of a mature democracy.

The political system of India suffers due to the clash of different political ideologies. Furthermore, such clashes can turn out to be quite ugly. Most noteworthy, such clashes are detrimental to the development of the country as a whole.

Various other problems affect Indian politics like hatred, injustice, corruption, greed, and bigotry. Due to all these problems, Indian politics is called a dirty game. Such problems can also force many intellectual and eminent individuals to stay away from Indian politics.

Sometimes the Indian politicians may choose a political party, not because of the ideological stance, but rather due to the winning probability in the elections. This is a really sad reality of Indian politics. Moreover, it shows that such politicians care more about their own personal interests rather than the interests of the common people.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of Indian Politics Essay

Indian politics is a colourful drama and, according to some, its the great circus of the country. Despite such negative connotations, no one can doubt the enormously important role that politics has played in India. Most noteworthy, it is a crucial aspect of Indian democracy.

FAQs For Indian Politics Essay

Question 1: How many political parties are there in India?

Answer 1: According to the latest publication from the Election Commission of India, the total number of registered political parties in India is 2698. Furthermore, out of the registered political parties, 8 are national parties, 52 are state parties, and 2638 remain unrecognised. Also, registered parties that contest elections must have a symbol of their own that is approved by the EC.

Question 2: What are the two most powerful political parties in India?

Answer 2: The two most powerful political parties in India are the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress or Congress or INC. Furthermore, BJP is the leading right-wing party while Congress is the leading centrist/leftist party in India.

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Home » Modern Indian History » Freedom to Partition (1939 – 1947) » I.N.A. Trials

Introduction

  • The Indian National Army trials (also known as the INA trials and the Red Fort trials) was the British Indian trial by court-martial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army (INA) between November 1945 and May 1946, on various charges of treason, torture, murder and abetment to murder, during the Second World War.
  • The accused had, like a large number of other troops and officers of the British Indian Army, joined the Indian National Army and later fought in Burma alongside the Japanese military under the Azad Hind.

write a case study for indian national congress in 200 words

Early trials

  • These did not receive any publicity or political sympathies till much later.
  • The charges in these earlier trials were of “Committing a civil offence contrary to the Section 41 of the Indian Army Act, 1911 or the Section 41 of the Burma Army Act ” with the offence specified as “Waging War against the King” contrary to the Section 121 of the Indian Penal Code.

Public trials

  • However, the number of INA troops captured by Commonwealth forces by the end of the Burma Campaign made it necessary to take a selective policy to charge those accused of the worst allegations.
  • The first of these was the joint trial of Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Sahgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon.
  • The decision was made to hold a public trial, as opposed to the earlier trials, and given the political importance and significance of the trials, the decision was made to hold these at the Red Fort.

INA Defence committee

  • The Indian National Congress made the release of the three defendants an important political issue , during the agitation for independence of 1945-46.
  • The INA Defence Committee was a committee established by the Indian National Congress in 1945 to defend those officers of the Indian National Army, who were to be charged during the INA trials.
  • Additional responsibilities of the committee also came to be the co-ordination of information on INA troops held captive, as well as arranging for relief for troops after the war.
  • The committee declared the formation of the Congress’ defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, Sharat Chandra bose, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju.

The outcome of the Trial

  • It led to sympathy for the INA across the country, and before long, demonstrations began springing up in different parts in solidarity with the captured troops.
  • The Congress also took notice of the widespread support for the INA soldiers and realised that this could be a way to reignite the enthusiasm and hunger in the country for independence.
  • The INA defence Committee put up an impeccable defence , arguing that the actions of the INA troops were legal and within the terms of the Indian National Army Act , and thus exempt from the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Army Act.
  • As compelling as the arguments of the defence were, the three INA members were found guilty of waging a war. They were, however, not given the death sentence but dismissed from service and handed transportation for life, which too was remitted.
  • The three INA members were then released and welcomed as heroes, with the Congress showing full support in the celebration.

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Indian Politics Essay

India is the largest democracy in the world, with over 133.92 Crores people of different cultures and religions. Cultural aspects of north India are completely different from that of down south. Similarly, central India has its own distinct cultural and linguistic heritage, which is completely different from north east or far west, for that matter. Considering the huge cultural and religious diversity of India it is quite natural that every region has its own political representative.

This in turn makes Indian politics complicated than the western democracies with a single religion and culture in majority. A politician in India can only be successful when he/she manages to garner the support of different religions, cultures as well as caste. Politics in India isn’t easy and provides a quite challenging environment to even the most adept politicians.

Long and Short Essay on Indian Politics in English

Here we have given short and long essay on Indian Politics of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exam.

You can use any Indian Politics essay for your exams/assignments, essay writing, debate competitions or other similar occasions.

After going through the essays you will get an insight of Indian politics and its structure.

You will also appreciate the diversity of India and the role that the politics plays in making the voices of people heard.

Short Essay on Indian Politics – Essay 1 (200 words)

India is a democratic country. The political leaders and parties in India come into power by voting system. Indian citizens above the age of 18 years acquire the right to vote and elect their leaders. However, although it is a government by the people, to the people and for the people, the common man still suffers a great deal. This is because there is a lot of corruption within the political system of our country.

Most of our political leaders are known to be corrupt. Their corrupt practices often come to limelight however they are seldom punished for the same. Such a mindset and behaviour of our politicians is affecting the country adversely. This is hampering the growth and development of the country to a vast extent. The common man of the country is suffering the most due to the corrupt Indian politics. On the other hand, the ministers are misusing their power and position to further their interests.

A huge amount of tax is being levied on the general public. Instead of using this money to develop the country, corrupt politicians are filling their bank accounts with it. This is the reason why we have not developed as much as we should have since independence.

The Indian political system must be changed for good to bring about a positive change in the society.

Essay on Indian Politics and Politicians – Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

India enjoys a democratic set up that gives the general public the right to vote and elect government. While this type of political system is strong and sound with clearly defined laws, in India it has been a prey to corrupt politicians ever since its inception.

The Need for Educated Ministers

In India, almost anyone can contest elections and come to power. The person contesting the elections must be a citizen of India and should be minimum 25 years of age. Apart from this, there are few other very simple clauses to contest elections in our country.

It is strange that there is no minimum education criterion to run the government in our country. It is ironic that the nation has witnessed many uneducated and non deserving candidates rising to higher powerful levels in politics purely on the basis of money and muscle strength. We cannot expect our country to grow in the right direction when the power is in the hands of such politicians.

There is a dire need to elect educated politicians for the development of our country. We can exercise NOTA if none of the politicians contesting the elections is well-qualified and worthy of the position.

Corruption at the Chore of Indian Politics

Most of the politicians are corrupt. They misuse their power to further their interests rather than serving the country. Every now and then there is news about ministers and their family members being involved in illegal practices and scams. Since they are in power they do not fear anyone and get away with the crime.

It is the common man who is suffering due to these corrupt politicians and their corrupt practices.

India, as a nation can prosper only if our political system is improved. We need educated, sincere and hard working politicians who work for the betterment of our country and not for their personal good.

Essay on Indian Political System – Essay 3 (400 words)

India is a federal parliamentary democratic republic. It is known to be world’s largest democracy. This Indian political system came into being in August 1947 as the country got freedom from the British rule. The constitution of India was written soon after and came into force on 26 th January 1950. It has seen several amendments since then. These changes have been brought about for the good of the society after a lot of consideration.

The Political Set up of India

The President of India is the head of the state in our country while the Prime Minister is the head of the government. We have an upper house referred to as the Rajya Sabha and a lower house called the Lok Sabha. The members of these houses are known as the Members of Parliament (MP). Here is a brief about these parliamentary houses:

  • There are a total of 545 members in the Lok Sabha.
  • 543 Lok Sabha members are elected by the general public of the country through election. 2 Lok Sabha members are elected directly by the President of the country from the Anglo Indian Community.
  • Among other requirements, one must be 25 years of age in order to be eligible for Lok Sabha membership.

Rajya Sabha

  • There are a total of 245 members in the Rajya Sabha.
  • 233 members of the Rajya Sabha are elected from States and Union Territories. 12 members are nominated by the President.
  • A candidate must be at least 30 years old in order to become a Rajya Sabha member.

The Members of Parliament is an essential part of the Indian political system and have the power to take many political decisions collectively.

Political Parties and Formation of Government

India has numerous political parties that contest the elections. The party that gets majority of votes comes into power. The government of India is formed for a total of five years.

For years, the Indian National Congress and the Bhartiya Janata Party were the main political parties in the country that gave a tough competition to each other during elections. However, the recently formed Aam Aadmi Party headed by Arvind Kejriwal is now giving them a tough race.

The Indian political system largely suffers from corruption. Though the constitution of our country has clearly defined laws, the ministers are exempted from it for most part. They work as per their will and the general public suffers because of their corrupt means. The political system of the country needs serious reforms to ensure proper growth and development of the country.

Essay on Politics and Corruption – Essay 4 (500 words)

The terms, politics and corruption can be used synonymously when it comes to the Indian political system. It would be no exaggeration to say that the Indian political system is corrupted to the core.

Politics and Corruption

India is a land full of corrupt politicians who think about nothing but juggling more and more money by corrupt means. They work for their own benefit rather than the benefit of their country. The cases of the Indian politicians being involved in various kinds of scams have come forward many a times and these are a proof how they are bluffing the general public of the country to further their selfish motives.

Our leaders make numerous promises to the general public before coming to the power but forget about the same as they gain power. This happens in every election. The poor public gets fooled by the corrupt ministers each time. They vote for the politicians based on the promises they make in the hope of a better future. However, they are disheartened each time. Their problems remain unheard and they continue to live miserably.

Time to Bring About Change

The people of India need to wake up and realize that the political system will continue to stay as corrupt as it is till the time they allow it to be. They must realize that they are being befooled by the corrupt ministers time and again. The corrupt practices of the ministers are having negative repercussions on the entire society. The rise in the prices of petrol, diesel, food items and other commodities is all a result of the corruption in the system. Unequal wealth distribution and slow economic growth of the country is also because of the corrupt practices of our leaders.

It is unfortunate that willingly or unwillingly, the general public is becoming a party to the corrupt practices. One of the clear examples of this is bribery. While we allege the ministers and government officials of bribery we forget that we also promote the same by giving bribery at various places just to get our work done quickly and smoothly.

It is time for us to stand united to drive corruption out of our country. The only way to bring about a positive change in the political system is to raise voice unanimously. We need to realize that our strength lies in our unity and we must use it to improve the system.

Let the History Repeat itself

Just as the Indians stood united against the British, we must come together once again with the same dedication and feeling of patriotism to fight against corruption and the corrupt politicians. We must all think above our petty issues and work for a bigger cause. It is time to bring about reforms and stop the corrupt practices of the people in power. If our ancestors could struggle and sacrifice so much for our better future then why can’t we do the same?

The politicians of India are eating the country like parasites. Instead of complaining and yet being a part of this corrupt system, we must now act upon breaking it. We, Indians must unite to bring about reforms by ending corruption.

Long Essay on Women in Indian Politics – Essay 5 (600 words)

Indian society has always been male dominated. Women were restricted to the household chores for centuries. However, they are now being educated and exploring different fields. Women of our country are making a mark in different domains and Indian politics is one of them. The parliament of India has a good number of women members and the number is increasing with each election.

Women Politicians in India

Some Indian women who have made a mark in the field of Indian politics include:

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi was the first female Prime Minister of India. She had a keen interest in Indian politics and helped her father Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Indian Prime Minister, with his political agendas. She became the Congress President in 1959 and went on to become the third Prime Minister of the country in 1966. She dominated the political scene during her tenure and was known for taking many hard decisions.

Her persona was so strong that she was named the ‘Woman of the Millennium’ in an online poll done by BBC.

Mamata Banerjee

Mamta Banerjee, the Chief Minister of West Bengal has proved to be stronger and wiser than many male politicians. She believed in herself and thus gathered the courage to separate from the Indian National Congress and form a party of her own in 1998. She is the founder of the All India Trinamool Congress (AITMC or TMC). She held many positions of prominence in the Indian politics before becoming the West Bengal Chief Minister. She is popular among the people of West Bengal who regard her as their Didi (elder sister).

She made a place in the list of 100 Most Influential People in the World in Time Magazine’s 2012 edition.

Jayalalithaa

Jayalalithaa was known for her dynamic personality. She was extremely popular among the people of Tamil Nadu. Her popularity can very well be ascertained by the fact that she was elected as the Chief Minister of the state for five terms. People of Tamil Nadu regarded her as a mother figure. She was fondly called Amma. She is also remembered by the name Puratchi Thalaivi meaning revolutionary leader.

It was found that she had accumulated massive assets by indulging in corrupt practices owing to which she was sentenced to imprisonment for four years. Many people came out to show their discontentment against this verdict. They did so by setting themselves on fire or hanging themselves.

Pratibha Patil

Pratibha Patil served as the 12 th President of India. She came to power in the year 2007 and successfully completed her term in 2012.

She has served numerous roles in the Indian politics and has years of experience in the field. She began her political career at the age of 27 when she got elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon constituency. She went on to become the member of the Rajya Sabha and also served as a Member of Parliament for the Lok Sabha.

Sushma Swaraj

Sushma Swaraj is a well educated lady who served as a lawyer in the Supreme Court of India before joining the Indian politics. She is a popular leader of the Bhartiya Janta Party. She has served as the president of the party. She has been elected as the Member of Parliament seven times and thrice as the Member of the Legislative Assembly.

She has been serving as the Minister of External Affairs of India since May 2014. She had also served many other roles in the Indian politics.

India is lucky to have been blessed with such strong and dynamic women who have held positions of prominence in the Indian politics. They have set an example for the other woman to be confident, follow their dreams and work hard.

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