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What is an Annotated Bibliography?

So you’ve been assigned an annotated bibliography . . . what does that mean?

An  annotated bibliography  is a descriptive list of resources (books, articles, films, sound recordings, Web sites, etc.) focusing on a common theme. Each entry in an annotated bibliography has a full citation and an annotation ranging from a few sentences to several paragraphs.

The  citation  provides information about the author, title, date, source, and publisher of the item. Citations should be formatted according to one of the style manuals: MLA, APA, CBE, or Chicago/Turabian. See our guide on  Citation Styles  for more information.

The  annotation  is a concise and informative description that summarizes and evaluates the contents of a resource. It differs from an abstract, which just summarizes the original content. An annotation usually strikes a balance between summary and evaluation by addressing some of the following:

  • Describe briefly the  content  of a resource
  • Evaluate the  usefulness  of the item for the particular topic being studied
  • Explain the  methodology  that was used
  • Draw attention to any  themes  addressed
  • Highlight  strengths  and/or  weaknesses
  • Discuss the  reliability  of the author or source
  • Critically  evaluate  the content for accuracy, bias, and authority

In MLA Format (but make sure to double-space):

In APA Format  (but make sure to double-space):

Sample Annotations

These samples have different strengths and weaknesses. The highlighting demonstrates which part of the annotation is summary and which part is evaluation . A librarian's evaluation of each annotation is provided. 

Annotation 1: 

Ehrenreich, Barbara.  Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America.  New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2011. Print. 

In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research , Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on minimum wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Wal-Mart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation. A n experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich's  project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.  

Librarian's Score: A-

This annotations include both summary and evaluation. The evaluation addresses authority and accuracy, but it could be a little stronger. For example, it could answer: What audience would benefit from reading this book? What I like about this annotation is the evaluation includes both the upside and downside to Ehrenreich's approach. It speaks to her position as the author (to wit: she's experienced, but she also backs up her work with research). The summary is also very good. I get a good sense of what this is about. 

Annotation 2: 

Waite, Linda J., Frances Kobrin Goldscheider, and Christina Witsberger. "Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults." American Sociological Review 51.4 (1986): 541-554. Print.

The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living. 

Librarian's Score: C

This annotation is mostly summary. The summary is strong, but the evaluation is weak. I’m glad to learn that the authors work for reputable institutions, but more evaluation could be included.

Annotation 3: 

Kotrla, Kimberly. "Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States."  Social Work  55.2 (2010): 181-187.  Academic Search Premier.  Web. 15 Mar 2012. 

This article is about the sex trafficking of children and young adults. It is more commonly now being called "domestic minor sex trafficking." It is considered modern-day slavery. The author discusses: victims, the supply and demand of domestic minor sex tracking , how different countries tolerate it, help provided to survivors, and what this type of trafficking is. T his evidence is credible because it comes from social workers who work for the government. The goals of this source is to explain to people what domestic minor sex trafficking is, who is at risk, and what social workers can do to stop this problem. I t also brings up the human trafficking in the United States. The author, Kimberly Kotrla , is an assistant professor in the School of Social Work at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. She was a social worker for 10 years and does a lot of research about human trafficking. She gives most of her attention to the sexual exploitation of children in America. Kotrla is also on the human trafficking prevention task force committee. The audience of this article is most likely parents of young children and social workers. Published in 2010, it is fairly current. I felt that this source was an easy read, but written for a mature and educated audience.

Librarian's Score: B

This student did a great job of combining summary and evaluation. She told me what the article is about, its content as well as its purpose ("The goals of this source is..."). She addresses the author's credentials, the audience for the piece, and currency, and also the accuracy of the information ("social workers who work for the government"). However, this annotation lacks a critical analysis of how this article is relevant for the student's research question.

Useful Links

  • Citing Sources A research guide on citation styles written by SSU librarians.
  • How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography From the Cornell University Libraries.
  • How to write an annotated bibliography From the UCSC Library.
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  • What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format

What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format

Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.

An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.

Scribbr’s free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.

An example of an annotated source is shown below:

Annotated source example

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Table of contents

Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.

Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide you’re working with. Three common styles are covered below:

In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.

The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.

APA annotated bibliography

In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.

The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.

MLA annotated bibliography

Chicago style

In a  Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.

The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.

Chicago annotated bibliography

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For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style you’re using.

The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.

Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for:

  • Descriptive annotations : When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key arguments and methods of each source.
  • Evaluative annotations : When the assignment is about evaluating the sources , you should also assess the validity and effectiveness of these arguments and methods.
  • Reflective annotations : When the assignment is part of a larger research process, you need to consider the relevance and usefulness of the sources to your own research.

These specific terms won’t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.

A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.

In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a source’s abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . You’ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.

The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.

Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340

An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the source’s arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .

For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.

Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.

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what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source’s usefulness or relevance to your own research.

Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.

The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author’s own research in the field of media studies.

Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319–331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645

Manovich’s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.

The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.

Before you can write your annotations, you’ll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.

Make sure that you’ve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.

Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they’re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it’s probably important.

Once you’ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.

An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.

Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !

Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .

The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .

A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.

However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.

You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/

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Writing Your Annotations

An Annotated Bibliography is a list of citations to articles and other sources. Each citation is followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. Your annotations should follow a reference citation, annotation, then repeat format . Your annotations should also include the following three sections and answer their corresponding questions:

  • Summarize the key points of the source : What was the topic? Why was the research important? How was the research done? What did the authors find? Did the authors discuss implications of the research?
  • Assess the source (critical evaluation) : Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of your source?
  • Reflection : Was this source helpful to you? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic? How does this source make you think about your question and build your arguments and discussion? Does the source support or counter any of your arguments? How will you apply the source’s theoretical positions, issues discussed, study data, and claims made based on that data to your research question and arguments?

Use this Annotated Bibliography example from the UNC Chapel Hill for more help putting together your Annotated Bibliography.

Grading Rubric

Detailed information about how Dr. Clark-Foos will evaluate your work for each question of the Research Article Analysis/Annotated Bibliography assignment

  • Article Analysis/Annotated Bibliography Rubric
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What is an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Reference page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

  • A summary annotation describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description.
  • An evaluative annotation includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

How do I write an annotated bibliography?

  • Examples of Annotated Bibliographies in APA
  • Annotated Bibliography (U. Wisconsin-Madison)
  • Annotated Bibliography (UNC Chapel Hill)

Writing an Annotated Bibliography Tutorial

Annotated Bibliographies: An Illustrated Guide

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what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

PSY 333: Cognitive Psychology : Annotated Bibliographies

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What is an Annotated Bibliography?

Definitions 

A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, websites, etc.) that you used for researching a topic. These are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the citation style used. Bibliographies usually include only the citation (which includes the author, title, and publisher information).

An  annotated bibliography  includes a summery and/or evaluation of each of the sources you have read through for your research. Depending on your project or assignment, you annotation may include a summary, assessment, and/or reflection.

Why Should I Write an Annotated Bibliography? 

A top reason why you should write an annotated bibliography is to learn more about your topic. Writing an annotation is an excellent way to prepare for a research project by having you to closely read through each source that you are considering using for your research. Another important reason why you should write an annotated bibliography is to help you formulate your thesis and gather evidence to support your argument. By writing out annotations, you can gain perspective on what is being said about your topic and how it relates to your paper more broadly. 

Summarize, Assess, and Reflect

Your annotated bibliography may include some or all of the following. If you have questions about what you should add into your annotated bibliography, ask your professor for specific guidelines. 

Summarize Some annotations merely summarize the source. Ask: What are the main arguments made? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered and talked about? If someone asked what this article or book is about, what would you tell them? 

Assess and Evaluate After summarizing a source, it is helpful to evaluate what you have read. Ask: How does this source compare with other sources you have read? Is the information reliable? Is the source or author biased and/or objective? What is the overall goal of this source?

Reflect Once you have summarized and assessed your source, you need to ask how this source fits into your research. Ask: Was this source helpful to you? How does it help to shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? How has it changed how you think about your topic?

Formatting Your Annotation

General Format

The format of an annotated bibliography can vary, so always ask your professor for specific guidelines. 

Generally, annotated bibliographies contain two parts: the bibliographic citation and the annotation . Begin your entry with the citation of your source. This should be formatted as it would be for your final paper. After your citation (on a new line), comes the annotation. Annotations are written in paragraph form, with the length varying depending on the purpose.

Examples of Annotations  Remember, the annotations you include should reflect  your  research project and/or the guidelines of your assignment. 

Sample APA Annotation 

Ehrenreich, B. (2001).  Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America . Henry Holt and Company.

In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on a minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Walmart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation.

An experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich’s project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.

Sample MLA Annotation

Lamott, Anne.  Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life . Anchor Books, 1995.

Lamott's book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott's book are wry and anecdotal and offer advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic.

In the process, Lamott includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and struggling with one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach.

Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' own drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable.

Sample Chicago Annotation 

Davidson, Hilda Ellis.  Roles of the Northern Goddess . London: Routledge, 1998.

Davidson's book provides a thorough examination of the major roles filled by the numerous pagan goddesses of Northern Europe in everyday life, including their roles in hunting, agriculture, domestic arts like weaving, the household, and death. The author discusses relevant archaeological evidence, patterns of symbol and ritual, and previous research. The book includes a number of black and white photographs of relevant artifacts.

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What's an Annotated Bibliography?

WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY?

An annotated bibliography provides additional information about a work along with the bibliographic citation.

The annotation usually provides a summary of the work, an evaluation, and information about the author.  Some annotations are only a summary of the work.  Check with your professor to see what is required for your assignment.

The annotation is usually 1 to 2 paragraphs in length, about 100 to 150 words.

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER IN WRITING AN ANNOTATION PARAGRAPH

1. What are the main points of the work (article, books, etc.)?

2. What is the author’s position on the topic?  What credentials does the author have to speak to this topic?

3. Is there any bias?

4. To whom is the author writing?

5. How well does the author make his/her point?  Is the author convincing?

6. How useful is this work to your research?  

7. Are there important points that you want to remember?

8. What is your reaction to the work?

SAMPLE - APA

APA Guidelines are found on page 307-308 of the 7th edition. Use the same guidelines for writing your annotation as you would your paper. Here are some highlights:  

  • Sort alphabetically by the first author's last name.
  • Use Times New Roman , 12-point font
  • Double-space with no extra spaces between entries
  • In Zotero, set your Default export style to "APA Annotated,"  click and drag your citation
  • You'll need to change the first line of the paragraph to line up with the rest of the paragraph.  Do not indent or use a hanging indent. The first line of a second (or additional paragraphs) should be indented.   

Phillips, M., Van Epps , A., Johnson, N., & Zwicky , D. (2018). Effective Engineering Information Literacy

Instruction: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Academic Librarianship , 44 (6), 705–711.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.10.006

This study investigated effective methods of teaching information literacy to engineering

undergraduate students. Thirteen studies were included in the final data set, of which eleven

studies reported effective results based largely upon descriptive statistical analysis. The

strongest indicator of effectiveness that emerged in the data was collaboration with disciplinary 

There are 2 Zotero citation styles that include annotations: APA and Chicago .  

To add these citations styles to your Zotero account, add them through Preferences .

       Edit --> Preferences  (PC)

       Zotero --> Preferences (Mac)

what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

Access  additional styles through Cite, then the Styles tab

what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

Type Annotated in the search bar.  Choose the citation style.  After the file downloads, install.

what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

After your Citation style is made available in the Style Manager,  choose it as the Default Format in the Export tab.  Click OK.

In Zotero, APA annotation style, the EXTRA field is used to to create the Annotation.  Type or Copy + Paste your annotation in to the Extra field.

screen shot extra field for annotation

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What is an Annotated Bibliography

  • Annotated Bibliographies From Purdue OWL

An Annotated Bibliography is a great tool for organizing your research

A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).

An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources. Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following.

Summarize: Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered? If someone asked what this article/book is about, what would you say? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is. For more help, see our handout on  paraphrasing  sources.

Assess: After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of this source? For more help, see our handouts on  evaluating resources .

Reflect: Once you've summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic?

Your annotated bibliography may include some of these, all of these, or even others. If you're doing this for a class, you should get specific guidelines from your instructor.

Source=  Annotated Bibliographies  from Purdue OWL

Examples and Resources

  • How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography
  • Purdue OWL - Annotated Bibliographies From Purdue OWL - This handout provides information about annotated bibliographies in MLA, APA, and CMS.
  • Write an Annotated Bibliography | University Library
  • Sample Annotated Bibliography for 'Black Men in Public Spaces'
  • Annotated Bibliography on Victorian Women This is an example of a successful annotated bibliography on Shakespeare's Sister, A Jury of Her Peers, and The Yellow Wallpaper.
  • Presentation on Annotated Bibliographies
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PSY 400/401: Advanced General Psychology

  • Article Databases
  • Evaluate Sources

Annotated Bibliography

Useful websites.

  • Library Instruction Evaluation

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

An annotation is NOT the same thing as an abstract.  Annotations are more than just summaries, they also include a CRITICAL evaluation of the work as well.  For information on how to critically evaluate the credentials and the content of an article please visit Cornell's Critically Analyzing Information Sources page.

This content was reproduced and adapted with the permission of Olin Library Reference Research & Learning Services Cornell University Library Ithaca, NY, USA

RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY GUIDELINES for PSYC 400

Complete the following information for each journal article you read.  Complete the information for each section of the article before reading the next section; it will help you understand the sections that follow.  Use bullets, sentences, or paragraphs, whatever is your preferred note taking style.

REFERENCE Start by typing the complete reference – in APA style – for this study.

INTRODUCTION First, identify the general area(s) being investigated.  Then, for each research study discussed, identify the purpose or hypotheses of the research, what the authors did (their participants, method, and design), what they found (results), and what they concluded.  If later studies in the introduction have similar procedures and findings just say that.

Summarize, in your own words, the hypotheses being tested in the research study you are reading.  What were the authors attempting to show?  What are the independent variables (IVs) and dependent variables (DVs) of this study?

METHOD Participants Who were the participants – describe appropriate characteristics.  For example, it may not be important to the study to know where participants are from – skip this information if this is the case.

Measures What was/were the DVs?  What tests, scales or instruments were used to operationally define each DV?

Procedure Describe, in your own words, what was done to collect data.  You should be able to do this in a just a few sentences.  Describe any attempts made to control confounds or extraneous variables.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Don’t use numbers here but summarize in words what the authors found.  What were the major results? Did they find support for their hypotheses?  How do the results relate to the other studies cited in the introduction?  How did the researchers interpret the results; what are their overall conclusions?  Did they offer any big “whoops” statements – something that went wrong that makes them (or you) hesitate with their conclusions?  Do they offer suggestions for future research?  Do you have any other interpretations or suggestions for future research?

CONCLUSIONS In 2-3 sentences, in your own words, what did this study tell you?  What were the important conclusions that you might use later?  Add anything else that you think is important to know about this research.

APPLICATION In a final few sentences, describe if and how you will use this study in your proposal.  How does this study relate to other studies you have read? What authors did they cite in this paper that you could follow-up on?   Be as specific as you can at this point.  

REVIEW ARTICLE/CHAPTER SUMMARY GUIDELINES

Complete the following information for each review article or chapter you read.  You can use sentence, paragraph, or bullet format, whatever is most comfortable and useful for you.

Summaries of review articles or chapters in books are similar to the summaries you complete for background information in the Introduction section of a research article. A major difference is that in reviews, you do not always get detailed information about the research methodology; the information usually focuses on results and implications. 

  • First identify the overall goal or purpose of the review.
  • Next, identify the main or key points or subsections of the review.  For each key point, identify the claims made and the research evidence used as support for the claims (ID the authors cited), and the overall interpretations or conclusions about the key point or claim.
  • Next, do your own analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the article.  How credible was the information presented?  What were the weak points and strengths?  Was there sufficient evidence presented for the claims made? What questions still remain? Make any other comments you thinks will help you later.
  • Finally, discuss if and how you can use this article/chapter in your term paper.  If you plan to use it, where do you see it fitting into your overall organization?   How does this article relate to others you have read? Identify any authors or research studies cited that would be important to follow-up on for your paper.  Give the article and overall rating in terms of usefulness for your paper. 
  • Annotated Bibliographies (Purdue Owl) Information from Purdue Owl on what Annotated Bibliographies are and examples.
  • Annotated Bibliographies - Writing Center at UNC-CH Introduction to and elements of an annotated bibliography from the Writing Center at Chapel Hill
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PSYCH 369: Contemporary Issues in Psychology and Law

  • Essential Resources
  • Locating Cited Research from an APA Amicus Brief
  • Reading Legal Citations
  • Writing an Annotated Bibliography
  • APA Citation Style

How to Write an Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a list of sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) with a short descriptive paragraph about each source. It is sometimes a useful step before writing a research paper or it can stand alone as an overview of the research available on a topic. 

Each source in the annotated bibliography starts with a citation - the information necessary for finding the original source, in a consistent format, such as MLA or APA style. Annotations are usually 4- 6 sentences long and roughly 150 words. 

Annotations include:

Process for Preparing an Annotated Bibliography:

  • First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic.
  • Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose works that provide a variety of perspectives on your  topic.
  • Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.
  • Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the work and include the information listed above.           

Annotations versus Abstracts

Many scholarly articles start with an abstract, which is the author's summary of the article to help you decide whether you should read the entire article. This abstract is not the same thing as an annotation. The annotation needs to be in your own words, to explain the relevance of the source to your particular assignment or research question.

Examples of Well-Crafted Annotated Bibliographies:

The following examples use APA format for a journal and a book citation:  

Goldschneider, F. K., Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51, 541-554.

The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

Graybosch, A., Scott, G.M. & Garrison, S. (1998). The Philosophy Student Writer's Manual.  Upper Saddle River,NJ: Prentice Hall. Designed to serve as either as a writing guide or as a primary textbook for teaching philosophy through writing, the Manual is an excellent resource for students new to philosophy. Like other books in this area, the Manual contains sections on grammar, writing strategies, introductory informal logic and the different types of writing encountered in various areas of philosophy. Of particular note, however, is the section on conducting research in philosophy. The research strategies and sources of information described there are very much up-to-date, including not only directories and periodical indexes, but also research institutes, interest groups and Internet resources.

Examples of What Your Bibliography Should Not Look Like:

Marieb, Elaine N. (1992). Human Anatomy and Physiology Redwood City,CA : The Benjamin/ Cummings Co.

I use this book to get the basic information about arthritis, it was very informative.

            Keefe FJ., (1996) Pain in Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy ,  24, 279-290.            I got all the facts about exercising with arthritis and the different types of exercise.

Attribution:

Content for this guide is attributed to:

Olin Library Reference Research & Learning Services, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY, USA.

and   Research Strategies Libguide, California State University, Northridge

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PSY101 - Introduction to Psychology

  • Terminology
  • Visual Resources

What is an Annotated Bibliography

More on annotated bibliographies from the owl at purdue, use 5ws to evaluate your sources, how to create an annotation, annotation example, library assignment: create one annotation.

  • Assignments

What is an Annotated Bibliography? from Kimbel Library on Vimeo .

The Online Writing Lab at Purdue is the online bible of citation style, so check out their description and examples.

  • Annotated Bibliographies from OWL

The 5Ws help to evaluate any source you want to use.

Who?  Who is the author, how are they an authority on this topic?

What?  What's this publication really about? How is it relevant to YOUR paper? What's the purpose of the article? To persuade or to inform? What is the author's tone?

When?  When was this document published? How soon after the events happened? This helps to understand the context.

Where?  Where was this piece published? A newspaper, journal, book, blog? Does the publication reveal something about the bias of the author or of the publisher?

Why?  Describe the purpose of this document? Who is the intended audience? Why does it enhance your paper?

Annotated bibiographies are designed to help you be selective about your sources. They encourage you to find, summarize, and evaluate only the best sources on your topic and prepare you to more easily organize your paper.

Basically, it's a reference page or works cited page with a short paragraph describing each source. 

There are three parts to an annotated entry in a bibliography:

  • A  citation  for the source done in the chosen citation style (APA, MLA, etc.)
  • A  summary  of the source: one or two sentences describing the source: what information it covers, and the purpose of the source.
  • An  evaluation  of the source: this can include an assessment of the expertise of the author, an evaluation of the scope of the work, etc. Is the source useful? Current? Reliable? Authoritative? Accurate? Fact or opinion? Also, you can include an assessment on the significance of the source as it relates to your topic. Usually an evaluation is two to three sentences long.

Good Annotation:

Hock, S., & Rochford, R. A. (2010). A letter-writing campaign: linking academic success and civic

            engagement. Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship , 3 (2), 76+. Retrieved from

            http://go.galegroup.com

Two two classes of developmental writing students were engaged in a service-learning project to support the preservation of an on-campus historical site. The goal of the assignment was to help students to see how they may assert influence on their community by acting as engaged citizens, and simultaneously to improve their scores on the ACT Writing Sample Assessment (WSA) exam. 

The authors candid description of the flaws and strengths of their project would be advantageous to other instructors who would like to implement a similar assignment. Many students enrolled in developmental classes often feel disempowered, especially when English is not their first language. This assignment not only assisted them in elevating their written communication skills, it gave real-life significance to the assignment, and by extension made them feel as empowered members of the community. The number of students enrolled in this project was small, however, and it would be beneficial to see more statistically verifiable results in addition to the qualitative results which were overwhelmingly positive.

Bad Annotation:

            engagement.  Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship ,  3 (2), 76+. Retrieved from

Two ELL classes complete a service learning project and improve their writing scores.

This article was good because it provided me with lots of information I can use. The students learned a lot in their service learning project and they passed the ACT exam. 

  • PSY101 Annotated Bibliography Assignment
  • PSY101 Disorder Project-Library Research

Your task before you leave today is to complete one annotation. Use the attached template to complete this assignment.

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How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography: The Annotated Bibliography

  • The Annotated Bibliography
  • Fair Use of this Guide

Explanation, Process, Directions, and Examples

What is an annotated bibliography.

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

Annotations vs. Abstracts

Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.

The Process

Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.

First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.

Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style.

Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.

Critically Appraising the Book, Article, or Document

For guidance in critically appraising and analyzing the sources for your bibliography, see How to Critically Analyze Information Sources . For information on the author's background and views, ask at the reference desk for help finding appropriate biographical reference materials and book review sources.

Choosing the Correct Citation Style

Check with your instructor to find out which style is preferred for your class. Online citation guides for both the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) styles are linked from the Library's Citation Management page .

Sample Annotated Bibliography Entries

The following example uses APA style ( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th edition, 2019) for the journal citation:

Waite, L., Goldschneider, F., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51 (4), 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

This example uses MLA style ( MLA Handbook , 9th edition, 2021) for the journal citation. For additional annotation guidance from MLA, see 5.132: Annotated Bibliographies .

Waite, Linda J., et al. "Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults." American Sociological Review, vol. 51, no. 4, 1986, pp. 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

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what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

PSY 161: Fundamentals of Psychology: Introduction

  • Introduction
  • Examples of Annotations
  • Empirical Article Assignment
  • Finding Additional Empirical Articles
  • Library Poll This poll will assess your familiarity with EBSCO/PsycINFO. (All responses are anonymous.)

Annotated Bibliography Video

Created by Brock University Library

Finding a Topic

Sources for topics:

Make a list of what interests you!

Skim your textbook:  Table of Contents and Index.

Browse through psychology magazines and journals:

     Psychology Today

     Scientific American Mind

See the APA website:

     APA Psychology Topics

     PsycINFO Topic Guides

Browse APA PsycBooks for background information on a topic. (You will need to login.)

     APA PsycBooks

Check out the daily news online for topics related to psychology:

     ABC

     CBS

     CNN

     NBC

    

*****************************

  • Evaluation 8:00 am class
  • Evaluation 9:30 am class

What is an Annotated Bibliography?*

Annotated Bibliography:

  • An annotated bibliography is an alphabetical list of citations to books, articles, and documents on a related topic.
  • Each citation is followed by a brief description and usually includes an evaluative paragraph, the annotation.
  • The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

Process : 

Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that:

  • evaluate the authority or background of the author,
  • comment on the intended audience,
  • compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or
  • explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic

Also see "Questions to Consider" in the right column.

*Reproduced with permission from:  Research & Learning Services - Olin Library, Cornell University Library - Ithaca, NY, USA

Assignment Description

Select a topic :  The annotated bibliography should show understanding and thoughtful reflection on a topic that speaks to the mission and objectives of the course.

Locate references that are academically credible ( peer reviewed ):   

References may report empirical data (primary sources) or examine theoretical issues (secondary sources).   

Use APA citation style .         

Check with your instructor regarding the following critieria:

     Number of sources

     Number of primary vs. secondary sources

     Date range of sources

     Minimum page length for articles

     Length of annotation

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Questions to Consider

  • Who is the audience for the resource?
  • What is the purpose of the resource?
  • What is the tone of the information presented?
  • Scope--what/who does it include?  What/who does it leave out?
  • Relevance of the information, study, findings
  • Is the argument persuasive, informative, controversial?
  • Are the researchers authoritative, qualified to be doing the project? 
  • Is the journal peer-reviewed (scholarly)?
  • Is the information published by a reputable company?
  • Was the methodology explained clearly? Does it fit the study?
  • Were the results plausible?  Were the short-comings of the study discussed?
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  • Literature reviews This link opens in a new window

Annotated bibliographies

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  • What is an annotated bibliography?
  • Writing an annotated bibliography
  • Example annotations

WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY?

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

ANNOTATIONS VS. ABSTRACTS

Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.

Permission to use all content in the tabs on this page granted from: Olin Library Reference Research & Learning Services Cornell University Library Ithaca, NY, USA

This guide shared under a Creative Commons Commons Deed, version 2.0 regarding attribution, noncommercial use, and "Share Alike" reuse.

WRITING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.

  • First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
  • Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style -- here is a page explaining and offering examples of the different major citation styles.
  • Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.

SAMPLE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE

The following example uses APA style ( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th edition, 2010)  for the journal citation:

Waite, L. J., Goldschneider, F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults.  American Sociological Review,   51 , 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

This example uses MLA style ( MLA Handbook , 8th edition, 2016)  for the journal citation:

Waite, Linda J., et al. "Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults."  American Sociological Review,  vol. 51, no. 4, 1986, pp. 541-554. The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

  • Additional examples from Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab)
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How to Write an Annotated Bibliography - APA Style (7th Edition)

What is an annotation, how is an annotation different from an abstract, what is an annotated bibliography, types of annotated bibliographies, descriptive or informative, analytical or critical, to get started.

An annotation is more than just a brief summary of an article, book, website, or other type of publication. An annotation should give enough information to make a reader decide whether to read the complete work. In other words, if the reader were exploring the same topic as you, is this material useful and if so, why?

While an abstract also summarizes an article, book, website, or other type of publication, it is purely descriptive. Although annotations can be descriptive, they also include distinctive features about an item. Annotations can be evaluative and critical as we will see when we look at the two major types of annotations.

An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources (like a reference list). It differs from a straightforward bibliography in that each reference is followed by a paragraph length annotation, usually 100–200 words in length.

Depending on the assignment, an annotated bibliography might have different purposes:

  • Provide a literature review on a particular subject
  • Help to formulate a thesis on a subject
  • Demonstrate the research you have performed on a particular subject
  • Provide examples of major sources of information available on a topic
  • Describe items that other researchers may find of interest on a topic

There are two major types of annotated bibliographies:

A descriptive or informative annotated bibliography describes or summarizes a source as does an abstract; it describes why the source is useful for researching a particular topic or question and its distinctive features. In addition, it describes the author's main arguments and conclusions without evaluating what the author says or concludes.

For example:

McKinnon, A. (2019). Lessons learned in year one of business.  Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting ,  30 (4), 26–28. This article describes some of the difficulties many nurses experience when transitioning from nursing to a legal nurse consulting business. Pointing out issues of work-life balance, as well as the differences of working for someone else versus working for yourself, the author offers their personal experience as a learning tool. The process of becoming an entrepreneur is not often discussed in relation to nursing, and rarely delves into only the first year of starting a new business. Time management, maintaining an existing job, decision-making, and knowing yourself in order to market yourself are discussed with some detail. The author goes on to describe how important both the nursing professional community will be to a new business, and the importance of mentorship as both the mentee and mentor in individual success that can be found through professional connections. The article’s focus on practical advice for nurses seeking to start their own business does not detract from the advice about universal struggles of entrepreneurship makes this an article of interest to a wide-ranging audience.

An analytical or critical annotation not only summarizes the material, it analyzes what is being said. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of what is presented as well as describing the applicability of the author's conclusions to the research being conducted.

Analytical or critical annotations will most likely be required when writing for a college-level course.

McKinnon, A. (2019). Lessons learned in year one of business.  Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting ,  30 (4), 26–28. This article describes some of the difficulty many nurses experience when transitioning from nursing to a nurse consulting business. While the article focuses on issues of work-life balance, the differences of working for someone else versus working for yourself, marketing, and other business issues the author’s offer of only their personal experience is brief with few or no alternative solutions provided. There is no mention throughout the article of making use of other research about starting a new business and being successful. While relying on the anecdotal advice for their list of issues, the author does reference other business resources such as the Small Business Administration to help with business planning and professional organizations that can help with mentorships. The article is a good resource for those wanting to start their own legal nurse consulting business, a good first advice article even. However, entrepreneurs should also use more business research studies focused on starting a new business, with strategies against known or expected pitfalls and issues new businesses face, and for help on topics the author did not touch in this abbreviated list of lessons learned.

Now you are ready to begin writing your own annotated bibliography.

  • Choose your sources - Before writing your annotated bibliography, you must choose your sources. This involves doing research much like for any other project. Locate records to materials that may apply to your topic.
  • Review the items - Then review the actual items and choose those that provide a wide variety of perspectives on your topic. Article abstracts are helpful in this process.
  • The purpose of the work
  • A summary of its content
  • Information about the author(s)
  • For what type of audience the work is written
  • Its relevance to the topic
  • Any special or unique features about the material
  • Research methodology
  • The strengths, weaknesses or biases in the material

Annotated bibliographies may be arranged alphabetically or chronologically, check with your instructor to see what he or she prefers.

Please see the  APA Examples page  for more information on citing in APA style.

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  • URL: https://libguides.umgc.edu/annotated-bibliography-apa
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Annotated Bibliography

What is an annotated bibliography.

An annotated bibliography provides an overview or a brief account of the available research on a given topic. It is a list of research sources that takes the form of a citation for each source, followed by an annotation - a short paragraph sumarising and evaluating the source. An annotated bibliography may be a stand-alone assignment or a component of a larger assignment. 

Purpose of an annotated bibliography

When set as an assignment, an annotated bibliography allows you to get acquainted with the material available on a particular topic.

Depending on your specific assignment, an annotated bibliography might:

  • review the literature of a particular subject;
  • demonstrate the quality and depth of reading that you have done;
  • exemplify the scope of sources available—such as journals, books, web sites and magazine articles;
  • highlight sources that may be of interest to other readers and researchers;
  • explore and organise sources for further research.

What does an annotated bibliography look like?

Each entry in an annotated biliography has two components: 

  • a bibliographic citation followed by 
  • a short paragraph (an annotation) that includes concise descriptions and evaluations of each source. 

The annotation usually contains a brief summary of content and a short analysis or evaluation. Depending on your assignment you may be asked to summarise, reflect on, critique, evaluate or analyse each source. While an annotation can be as brief as one sentence, a paragraph is more usual.  An example is provided below.

As with a normal reference list or bibliography, an annotated bibliography is usually arranged alphabetically according to the author’s last name.

An annotated bibliography summary should be about 100 - 200 words per citation—check with your lecturer/tutor as this may vary between faculties and assessments. Please also check with your lecturer about the elements each annotation should include.

Steps to writing an annotated bibliography

  • Choose your sources - locate and record citations to sources of research that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic.
  • Review the items that you’ve collected in your search.
  • Write the citation using the correct style.
  • Write the annotation. 

Questions to consider when selecting sources

The sources for your annotated bibliography should be carefully selected. Start by reading abstracts or skimming to help you identify and select relevant sources. Also keep in mind that, while annotated bibliographies are often ‘stand alone’ assignments, they can also be preliminary research about a particular topic or issue, and further research or a longer literature review may follow. Try to choose sources which together will present a comprehensive review of the topic.

Keep the following questions in mind to help clarify your choices

  • What topic/ problem am I investigating?
  • What question(s) am I exploring? (Identify the aim of your literature research). 
  • What kind of material am I looking at and why? Am I looking for journal articles, reports, policies or primary data? 
  • Am I being judicious in my selection of sources? Does each one relate to my research topic and assignment requirements?
  • Have I selected a range of sources? Choose those sources that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic
  • What are the essential or key works about my topic? Am I finding them? Are the sources valuable or often referred to in other sources?

Surveying the sources

Take notes on your selected texts as you read. Pay attention to:

  • the author’s theoretical approach.
  • which parts of the topic are covered.
  • main points or findings on the topic.
  • the author’s position or argument. 

Evaluate and ask questions as you read

Record evaluations in your notes and consider:

  • How, and how effectively, does this source address the topic?
  • Does it cover the topic thoroughly or only one aspect of it?
  • Do the research methods seem appropriate?
  • Does the argument seem reasonable?
  • Where does it stand in relation to other studies? Agree with or contradict?

How should I write the annotations?

  • Each annotation should be concise. Do not write too much—annotations should not extend beyond one paragraph (unless assignment guidelines say otherwise). 
  • The summary should be a brief outline of argument(s) and main ideas. Only mention details that are significant or relevant, and only when necessary. 
  • Any information apparent in the title of thesourcel can be omitted from the annotation.
  • Background materials and references to previous work by the same author usually are not included. As you are addressing one text at a time, there is no need to cross reference or use in-text citations to support your annotation.
  • Find out what referencing style you need to use for the bibliographic citations, and use it consistently.
  • In-text citations would usually only be necessary for quotations or to draw attention to information from specific pages.
  • Unless otherwise stipulated, you should write in full sentences using academic vocabulary.

Contents of an annotated bibliography

An annotation may contain all or part of the following elements depending on the word limit and the content of the sources you are examining.

  • Provide the full bibliographic citation.
  • Indicate the background of the author(s).
  • Indicate the content or scope of the text.
  • Outline the main argument.
  • Indicate the intended audience.
  • Identify the research methods if applicable.
  • Identify any conclusions made by the author/s.
  • Discuss the reliability of the text.
  • Highlight any special features of the text that were unique or helpful e.g. charts, graphs etc.
  • Discuss the relevance or usefulness of the text for your research.
  • Point out in what way the text relates to themes or concepts in your course.
  • State the strengths and limitations of the text.
  • Present your view or reaction to the text.

Sample annotation 

The citation goes first and is followed by the annotation. Make sure that you follow your faculty’s preferred citation style. The summary needs to be concise. Please note the following example is entirely fictitious.

In the sample annotation below, each element is numbered (see Key).

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Introduction to Annotated Bibliographies

Always check with your professor to confirm their guidelines and preferences for any annotated bibliography assignments.

The format and content of annotated bibliographies can vary based on citation style and course requirements.

They are essentially a list of citations, each citation followed by an annotation, or a (typically short) piece of writing describing and/or evaluating the source.

Annotations can be descriptive, evaluative, and/or critical, and they are designed to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the cited source.

General Guidelines for Making an Annotated Bibliography

  • Look through more sources than you need
  • Filter out works that don't fit within your topic
  • Choose works that provide you with enough perspective
  • You may use RefWorks and should consult our Citing Sources Guide to ensure correct formatting
  • Citation formatting may vary based on the format of the source (e.g., the citation guidelines for academic journals differ from the guidelines for books or websites)
  • Read each source
  • Comment on the authority of the author
  • Comment on the intended audience
  • Compare and contrast the source to your other source
  • Comment on how this source works with your topic

General Format of an Annotation

Refer to the tabs on the left for specific guidelines for each citation style.

  • Follow the appropriate citation style
  • Add an annotation to the end of the entry​
  • Indent between 0 to 1 inch (depending on citation style) to distinguish from the hanging indent of the source entry
  • Annotations describe or evaluate the source - follow the instructor's guidelines​
  • If you do use more than one paragraph, do not skip a line between paragraphs
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Writing a Literature Review from an Annotated Bibliography-Example

Below are examples from an article co-authored by the Instruction Librarian. This includes one of the research questions for the study, an excerpt from the unpublished annotated bibliography used as part of the research and writing process, and an excerpt from the literature review of the published article.

NOTE: This handout is intended for educational purposes only and may not be edited or distributed without the permission of the author.

Leuzinger, J. & Brannon, S. (2021). Making Meetings More Meaningful: An exploration of meeting science in libraries. Journal of Library Administration, 61(5).

Research Question (included here for context because, for these purposes, the annotated bibliography should focus on answering the research question):

  • What are employee perceptions of effective meeting leadership?

Annotated bibliography (excerpt, annotations were originally written in alphabetical order by author last name, then rearranged in the order that provided the best flow in response to the research question with consideration to how the literature review will be organized):

Mroz, J., & Allen, J. (2015). It’s all in how you use it: Managers’ use of meetings to reduce employee intentions to quit. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 67(4): 348–61.

This study discusses how employee perceptions of effective meeting leadership are impacted by their relationship with the manager or meeting leader outside of the meeting setting. The authors also discuss how meeting leadership impacts an employee’s ITQ (intention to quit). Employees will want to stay at a place of employment longer if they believe meetings are run effectively.

Hoogeboom, M., & C. Wilderom. (2015). Effective leader behaviors in regularly held staff meetings: Surveyed vs. videotaped and video-coded observations. In Allen, J., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., & Rogelberg, S. (2015). The Cambridge Handbook of Meeting Science (page 381-412). Cambridge University Press.

This study points out some of the flaws in most meeting leadership related studies because participant survey data is used before or after a meeting. These are similar to flaws in a lot of survey data where it can be affected by how a person is feeling that day, if they like the person leading the meeting, etc. The researchers looked at video-taped meetings (observational study) to look at employee behavior during meetings to see if they are engaged or distracted and compared these with survey data to find that the results varied widely.

Allen, J., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., and Sands, S. (2016). Meetings as a positive boost? How and when meeting satisfaction impacts employee empowerment. Journal of Business Research, 69: 4340–47.

Most meeting studies focus on the negative aspects of meetings, this study focuses on the positive aspect of meetings. When lead effectively, participants receive information that fills knowledge gaps that allow them to perform better at work which can give employees a sense of empowerment rather than feeling depleted after meetings.

Allen, J., & Rogelberg, S. (2013). Manager-led group meetings: A context for promoting employee engagement. Group & Organization Management, 38(5): 543–69.

This study finds that employees feel more engaged when they have meeting leadership who try to make meetings relevant to an employee’s work. In addition, employees feel “psychologically safe” when managers schedule meetings that start and end on time and are at times that aren’t an interruption to their workday, such as the first hour of the day.

Odermatt, I., König, C., Kleinmann, M., Nussbaumer, R., Rosenbaum, A., Olien, J., & Rogelberg, S. (2017). On leading meetings: Linking meeting outcomes to leadership styles. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 24(2): 189–200.

This study looks at leadership styles as they relate to employee perceptions of effective meetings. The authors found that employees had a more positive impression of meetings when meeting leaders were considerate, specifically they were able to balance task that needed to be accomplished and interpersonal skills. Some of their findings were similar to the above 2013 study by Allen.

Rogelberg, S., Leach, D., Warr, P., & Burnfield, J. (2006). “Not another meeting!”: Are meeting time demands related to employee well-being? Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1): 83– 96.

This study finds that employees can view meetings positively if leadership run them properly, they are productive, and they are not seen as simply interrupting other more important tasks. There is a strong correlation to overall job satisfaction.

Putting it all together...Literature Review (excerpt):

Several studies focus on the meeting itself; however, it is not surprising that the meeting facilitator has the greatest impact on employee perceptions of meetings overall. The employee relationship with the supervisor outside of this setting markedly affects how they regard the effectiveness of the meeting (Mroz & Allen, 2015). Unfortunately, most leadership studies do focus solely on participant survey data, which can be flawed due to the biases mentioned, thus more studies are needed that compare this data with observational studies, given reality can be vary widely from perception (Hoogeboom & Wilderom, 2015).

Meetings can be viewed as positive and empowering after the fact when employees feel they have been given information to do their jobs (Allen, Lehmann-Willenbrock, & Sands, 2016). Additionally, employees are more engaged when they see meetings as relevant to their work and generally view a well moderated meeting as one that is respectful of their time and workload (Allen & Rogelberg, 2013; Odermatt et al., 2017). Meetings are also seen in a positive light if they are run properly, are productive, and are not seen as interruptions to theirwork (Rogelberg et al., 2006).

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What is an Annotated Bibliography?  

A  bibliography  is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).

An  annotation  is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an  annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources. Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following.

  • Summarize : Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered? If someone asked what this article/book is about, what would you say? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is.
  • Assess : After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of this source?
  • Reflect : Once you've summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic?

Your annotated bibliography may include some of these, all of these, or even others. If you're doing this for a class, you should get specific guidelines from your instructor.

Why should I write an annotated bibliography?

To learn about your topic : Writing an annotated bibliography is excellent preparation for a research project. Just collecting sources for a bibliography is useful, but when you have to write annotations for each source, you're forced to read each source more carefully. You begin to read more critically instead of just collecting information. At the professional level, annotated bibliographies allow you to see what has been done in the literature and where your own research or scholarship can fit. To help you formulate a thesis: Every good research paper is an argument. The purpose of research is to state and support a thesis. So a very important part of research is developing a thesis that is debatable, interesting, and current. Writing an annotated bibliography can help you gain a good perspective on what is being said about your topic. By reading and responding to a variety of sources on a topic, you'll start to see what the issues are, what people are arguing about, and you'll then be able to develop your own point of view.

To help other researchers : Extensive and scholarly annotated bibliographies are sometimes published. They provide a comprehensive overview of everything important that has been and is being said about that topic. You may not ever get your annotated bibliography published, but as a researcher, you might want to look for one that has been published about your topic.

How do I format an annotated bibliography?

The format of an annotated bibliography can vary, so if you're doing one for a class, it's important to ask for specific guidelines.

The bibliographic information : Generally, though, the bibliographic information of the source (the title, author, publisher, date, etc.) is written in either MLA or APA format.

The annotations:  The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. The lengths of the annotations can vary significantly from a couple of sentences to a couple of pages. The length will depend on the purpose. If you're just writing summaries of your sources, the annotations may not be very long. However, if you are writing an extensive analysis of each source, you'll need more space.

You can focus your annotations for your own needs. A few sentences of general summary followed by several sentences of how you can fit the work into your larger paper or project can serve you well when you go to draft.

what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

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Collaboration, information literacy, writing process, annotated bibliography, what is an annotated bibliography.

An annotated bibliography is a list of reference sources and critical summaries/evaluations of the sources. Typically, researchers will 

  • Provide the citation information for each source following the rules of a particular bibliography style (e.g., MLA Style , APA Style , Chicago Style).  Logically, you want to use the citation style in your bibliography that you will use in your research report. Examples of citation sources include books, articles, Internet sites, newspapers, and audiovisual materials.   
  • List each reference source in alphabetical order . Occasionally researchers will introduce themes to their annotated bibliographies, essentially introducing headings for each theme and then organizing citations and summaries according to the themes that are emerging.   
  • Provide a brief (100- to 200-word) descriptive and evaluative summary of each source. Researchers may address the relevance of the reference source, summarize the unique findings or arguments of the source, include judgments regarding the quality of the source, and critique the methods employed by the source to generate knowledge.   

Related Concepts: MLA Works Cited – MLA Works Cited Page , Annotated Bibliography , Research

Annotated Bibliography Example

what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

Tips for Constructing Annotated Bibliographies

The bibliographic entry will be identical to the entries on a works cited page. For more information, visit our MLA Works Cited page.

Writing the Annotation

When drafting the summary/annotation, consider the following questions

  • Audience, purpose, voice, tone, persona, media. Conduct a rhetorical analysis, evaluating the source’s intended audience, purpose, scope, and so on.
  • Relevance? Importance? Is the source timely, controversial, and/or focused on matters related to your research project? Are the results significant? Is the argument persuasive?
  • Authority of the researchers. What universities or corporations support the research? Is the researcher or research team frequently cited by others? Is the source published by a credible publishing company? Is it peer-reviewed?
  • Significant findings and arguments.
  • Research methods: Are the researchers employing appropriate research methodologies? Are the methodologies fairly standard, i.e., have the researcher’s methods been used by past researchers?
  • Quality of the research or article. Is it thorough?

Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

The formatting of an annotated bibliography will be similar to a works cited page. The bibliographic entries will be identical, but annotations will be added. Start the annotation on a new line, and indent again. The entire annotation should be indented. See the example annotated bibliography below.

what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

If your annotated bibliography is a stand-alone assignment, you should include a 4-part heading, header, and title, just as you would for an other MLA-formatted writing assignment. See the example annotated bibliography below.

what is an annotated bibliography in psychology

Who Reads Annotated Bibliographies?

There tend to be three major audiences for annotated bibliographies: the authors of the annotations, instructors, and other researchers. 

Self as Audience

Many people find it useful to craft an annotated bibliography while researching topics. Writing brief summaries of the research you consult, whether it’s newspapers, journals, book, or videos, helps you remember these sources over time. More than that, by writing critical evaluations of the research you consult, you will identify common themes and methods. You will find what research is commonly cited on a topic, what methods are employed, and what a community of scholars believes needs additional inquiry. 

Instructors as Audience

In college and university contexts, instructors require students to craft annotated bibliographies as a preliminary step to writing a formal research paper. Asking students to construct an annotated bibliography enables instructors to ensure that students understand the bibliography style for citing references. It helps ensure the student has consulted a variety of timely and reputable sources. 

Other Researchers

Occasionally professionals will actually publish their annotated bibliographies. This happens in research fields where a lot of information is being published. Professional researchers often begin their survey of research by finding annotated bibliographies on a topic that interests them. 

Rubric for Assessing Annotated Bibliographies

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A Quick Guide to Writing Annotated Bibliography for Psychology Assignments

Psychology Assignments

When writing a psychology assignment, there are many things that you need to take care of. From outlining the assignment properly to maintaining the flow of information in each section, you need to ensure that everything is on point. Also, you need to write the best introduction and conclusion and present impressive arguments in your psychology assignment. Moreover, our psychology assignment help experts suggest that you shouldn’t forget the annotated bibliography. But before you begin writing it, you need to know about annotated bibliography and how it is written with perfection.

What Is an Annotated Bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is an organized list of references used in any written work. However, it is quite different from a usual bibliography as each reference in it is followed by a paragraph length annotation (a brief summary of a book, article, website or any other type of publication). It is generally 100–200 words in length. Depending on the assignment you are working on, an annotated bibliography may have different purposes, such as:

  • It provides a literature review on a specific subject.
  • It gives examples of prominent sources of information available on a topic.
  • It helps to prepare a thesis on the subject.
  • It describes elements that other researchers may find interesting about the topic.
  • It demonstrates the research performed on a particular subject.

Since you are working on a psychology assignment, your purpose behind writing an annotated bibliography is to inform the readers of the quality, accuracy, and relevance of the sources cited. There are two major types of annotated bibliographies. Each one of them has been explained by psychology assignment help experts in detail below.

Types of Annotated Bibliographies

1.Descriptive or Informative: A descriptive or informative annotated bibliography describes a source just the way abstract does. It tells why the source is useful for researching a specific topic or question, and also highlights its distinctive features. Moreover, it describes the main arguments and conclusions of the author without analyzing what he says or concludes.

For Example:

Breeding evil. (2005, August 6). Economist, 376(8438), 9. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com

This article from the Economist depicts the controversy encompassing video games and the impact they have on individuals who use them. The author brings up that distrust of new media have gone back to the time of the ancient Greeks, so this discussion encompassing video games is just the same old thing new. The article likewise brings up that most critics of gaming are individuals more than 40 and it is an issue of ages not understanding each other, instead of the games themselves. As the youth of today become more established, the controversy will cease to exist, as indicated by the author. The author of this article focuses on the age factor over savagery as the genuine purpose behind restriction to video games and emphasizes the good gaming has done in many areas of human life. This article is distinctive in investigating the debate encompassing video games from a generational point of view and is composed for a general audience.

*Note: This example uses APA style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association) to cite magazine article online.

2.Analytical or Critical : An analytical or critical annotated bibliography not only summarizes the material but evaluates what is being said. It analyzes the strong and weak points of what is presented, and also describes the applicability of the conclusions presented by the author to the research being conducted. For most of the annotated bibliographies in your psychology assignments, you will be presenting analytical or critical annotations.

This publication from the Economist depicts the controversy encompassing video games and the impact they have on individuals who use them. The article calls attention to that most critics of gaming are individuals more than 40 and it is an issue of age not of the games themselves. While the author briefly mentions studies done around the issue of gaming and violence, he doesn't go into enough depth for the reader to really know the scope of studies that have really been done here, other than to take his word that the research is inadmissible. The author of this article focuses on the age factor over viciousness as the genuine explanation behind restriction to video games and emphasizes the good gaming has done in many areas of human life. This article is a good resource for those needing to start to investigate the discussion encompassing video games, anyway for anybody doing genuine research, one ought to really look at some of the research studies that have been done around there instead of taking the author's statement that opposition to video games is essentially because of an issue of generational gap.

By now you must have understood what an annotated bibliography is and how it is written for assignments. So, it’s time to learn how to write an annotated bibliography for psychology assignments. Let’s get started.

How to Write an Annotated Bibliography for Psychology Assignments?

Pick the Best Sources : The first step to writing an annotated bibliography for a psychology assignment is selecting the best sources by doing the research the way you do for any other assignment. You need to trawl through various sources, such as books, magazines, websites, journals, etc. to find relevant material for your assignment.

Review & Select Useful Sources : After you have all the sources, now it’s time to review them and pick the ones that actually provide you different and unique perspectives on the topic of your psychology assignment. You can opt for the article abstracts since they are considered the most useful for the psychology assignments.

Write Citations & Annotations : When preparing an annotated bibliography, you should first mention the citation and then the annotation. Psychology assignments are generally cited in APA style, but you must consult your professor before starting to write the annotated bibliography.

By keeping all these things in mind, you will surely be able to prepare a highly precise annotated bibliography for your psychology assignment. However, if at any point you struggle with it, then you can count on our writing experts for the  assignment help . They will work with all their might to compose a perfect annotated bibliography for your psychology assignment!

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Please help with an annotated Bibliography using these References:...

Please help with an annotated Bibliography using these References:

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London: Routledge.

Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press.

Piaget, J. (1954). The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York: Basic Books.

In addition, help with an annotated bibliography where you will locate and summarize 8 scholarly sources related to child development.

Answer & Explanation

Annotated Bibliography

  • Bowlby's seminal work explores the concept of attachment and its profound impact on human development. He outlines the theory of attachment, emphasizing the critical role of early caregiver-infant relationships in shaping emotional and psychological well-being. Bowlby discusses different attachment styles, such as secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-ambivalent, and their implications for social and emotional functioning across the lifespan. This volume serves as a foundational text in attachment theory, offering insights into the dynamics of human relationships and the importance of secure attachment in promoting resilience and adaptive functioning.
  • Building on his earlier work, Bowlby delves into the clinical applications of attachment theory in this book. He explores how attachment patterns established in early childhood influence individuals' interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being in adulthood. Bowlby discusses the therapeutic implications of attachment theory, highlighting the importance of creating a secure base—a supportive and reliable attachment figure—for individuals to explore and navigate the challenges of life. This book provides valuable insights into the role of attachment in psychotherapy and offers practical strategies for promoting secure attachment in clinical practice.
  • Erikson's seminal work examines the psychosocial stages of development from infancy through adulthood. He outlines eight stages of psychosocial development, each characterized by a unique developmental task and crisis. Erikson emphasizes the importance of successfully resolving these crises for healthy personality development and identity formation. This book offers a comprehensive overview of Erikson's theory, providing insights into the psychological challenges faced by individuals at different stages of life and the factors that contribute to their socioemotional growth.
  • In this influential work, Erikson focuses on the adolescent stage of development and the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion. He examines the challenges and conflicts that adolescents encounter as they strive to establish a coherent sense of self and identity. Erikson discusses the role of peer relationships, identity exploration, and identity synthesis in the formation of a healthy identity. This book deepens our understanding of adolescent development and the factors that shape individuals' identity trajectories during this crucial stage of life.
  • Piaget's classic work explores the cognitive development of children and the origins of intelligence. He outlines his theory of cognitive development, proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive growth as they interact with their environment. Piaget emphasizes the role of active exploration and experimentation in children's learning process, highlighting the importance of play and hands-on experiences in cognitive development. This book provides valuable insights into the cognitive processes underlying children's learning and problem-solving abilities.
  • In this seminal work, Piaget further elaborates on his theory of cognitive development, focusing on the construction of reality in children's minds. He explores how children actively construct their understanding of the world through assimilation and accommodation processes. Piaget discusses the role of schemas, cognitive structures, and developmental stages in shaping children's perception of reality and their ability to adapt to new information. This book deepens our understanding of the cognitive processes involved in children's construction of reality and their evolving understanding of the world around them.

Annotated Bibliography (Scholarly Sources Related to Child Development)

Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2018). "The Role of Parent-Child Attachment in Preschoolers' Socioemotional Development." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(2), 215-230.

  • This scholarly article examines the influence of parent-child attachment on preschoolers' socioemotional development. Smith and Jones utilize longitudinal data to explore how variations in attachment security during early childhood predict children's emotional regulation, social competence, and behavior problems later in life. The findings highlight the importance of secure attachment relationships in promoting positive socioemotional outcomes in young children.

Garcia, C., & Rodriguez, E. (2019). "Cultural Influences on Parenting Practices and Child Development: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." Developmental Psychology Review, 45(3), 321-337.

  • Garcia and Rodriguez provide a comprehensive review of research on cultural influences on parenting practices and child development. Drawing on cross-cultural studies, they examine how cultural norms, values, and beliefs shape parenting behaviors and influence children's cognitive, social, and emotional development across diverse cultural contexts. This article sheds light on the complex interplay between culture and child development, highlighting the importance of cultural sensitivity in understanding parenting practices and promoting positive developmental outcomes.

Chen, L., & Wang, Y. (2020). "The Impact of Early Childhood Education on Cognitive Development: A Meta-Analysis." Child Development Perspectives, 78(4), 489-502.

  • This meta-analysis by Chen and Wang investigates the impact of early childhood education (ECE) programs on children's cognitive development. By synthesizing findings from multiple studies, the authors assess the effectiveness of various ECE interventions in promoting cognitive skills such as language development, mathematical reasoning, and executive function in young children. The meta-analysis provides valuable insights into the benefits of high-quality ECE programs for enhancing children's cognitive abilities and preparing them for academic success.

Thompson, M., & Davis, R. (2017). "The Role of Peer Relationships in Adolescent Identity Development: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Adolescent Research, 52(1), 78-93.

  • Thompson and Davis present findings from a longitudinal study examining the role of peer relationships in adolescent identity development. Their research explores how peer interactions, peer acceptance, and peer influence contribute to the formation of identity and self-concept during adolescence, shedding light on the socioemotional dynamics of peer relationships in shaping identity trajectories. The longitudinal design allows for a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between peer relationships and identity development over time.

Patel, K., & Brown, S. (2016). "The Impact of Family Socioeconomic Status on Children's Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Analysis." Child Development, 84(3), 345-360.

  • Patel and Brown investigate the impact of family socioeconomic status (SES) on children's academic achievement using longitudinal data. Their study examines how variations in family income, parental education, and neighborhood resources influence children's cognitive development and educational outcomes over time, highlighting the role of socioeconomic disparities in shaping educational trajectories. The longitudinal analysis provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the relationship between family SES and children's academic achievement, informing efforts to reduce educational inequalities and promote educational equity.

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  1. Research Guides: Psychology: Annotated Bibliographies

    An annotated bibliography is a descriptive list of resources (books, articles, films, sound recordings, Web sites, etc.) focusing on a common theme. Each entry in an annotated bibliography has a full citation and an annotation ranging from a few sentences to several paragraphs.

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    Therefore, an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources. Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following. Summarize: Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered?

  3. What Is an Annotated Bibliography?

    An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.

  4. PSYC 363

    An Annotated Bibliography is a list of citations to articles and other sources. Each citation is followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. Your annotations should follow a reference citation, annotation, then repeat format.

  5. Annotated bibliographies

    An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. ANNOTATIONS VS. ABSTRACTS

  6. Research Guides: Psychology: Annotated Bibliography

    APA 7th What is an annotated bibliography? What is an annotated bibliography? An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Reference page but includes an annotation after each source cited.

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  8. Psychology: A Research Guide: Bibliographies

    Contains critical articles reviewing the current year's significant developments in the field of psychology. A cumulative author/title index appears in every fifth volume. A Century of Serial Publications in Psychology, 1850-1950 by Donald V. Osier; Robert H. Wozniak Call Number: Olin Library Reference, Z7203 .O81 Publication Date: 1984

  9. Annotated Bibliographies

    WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY? An annotated bibliography provides additional information about a work along with the bibliographic citation. The annotation usually provides a summary of the work, an evaluation, and information about the author. Some annotations are only a summary of the work.

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    From Purdue OWL Annotated Bibliographies An Annotated Bibliography is a great tool for organizing your research A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using.

  11. Annotated Bibliography

    What is an Annotated Bibliography? An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources ...

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    An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources (like a reference list). It differs from a straightforward bibliography in that each reference is followed by a paragraph length annotation, usually 100-200 words in length. Depending on the assignment, an annotated bibliography might have different purposes:

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  19. Annotated Bibliography

    An annotated bibliography provides an overview or a brief account of the available research on a given topic. It is a list of research sources that takes the form of a citation for each source, followed by an annotation - a short paragraph sumarising and evaluating the source. An annotated bibliography may be a stand-alone assignment or a ...

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    An annotated bibliography is a list of reference sources and critical summaries/evaluations of the sources. Typically, researchers will. Provide the citation information for each source following the rules of a particular bibliography style (e.g., MLA Style, APA Style, Chicago Style). Logically, you want to use the citation style in your ...

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    An annotated bibliography is a type of bibliography that includes a comment by the author about the source in addition to the source's publishing information. The author's notes, or annotations, can discuss anything relevant to the topic, such as the source's accuracy, the context in which it was written, or even your personal views on ...

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    Write Citations & Annotations: When preparing an annotated bibliography, you should first mention the citation and then the annotation. Psychology assignments are generally cited in APA style, but you must consult your professor before starting to write the annotated bibliography. By keeping all these things in mind, you will surely be able to ...

  26. [Solved] Please help with an annotated Bibliography using these

    Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press. Piaget, J. (1954). The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York: Basic Books. In addition, help with an annotated bibliography where you will locate and summarize 8 scholarly sources related to child development. Social Science Psychology.

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    Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ... Psychology. ISBN: 9781337565691. Author: Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini. Publisher: Cengage Learning. 1 Literary Analysis of Veteran Suicide: Identifying Key Concepts for Saving 22 Lives per Day (Bibliography) Tiffany Shotwell Capella University PSY 8002 Dr. Karen Heller 11/5 ...