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A Quick Look at the Fascinating History of Philippine Literature

Philippine literature has evolved from fables and prehistoric tales, to profound work on socio-political issues. The transition has been a part of the development of Hispanic writing systems and the integration of various languages in the pursuit of excellence.

History of Philippine Literature

Philippine literature had evolved much before colonization. It is full of legends and tales of colonial legacy. Mexican and Spanish dominance over the land and the people, over varying periods of time, witnessed the incorporation of English, Spanish, Filipino and native languages, to express ideology and opinion. Literature in the Philippines developed much later than in most other countries. Evidence reveals the use of a script called “Baybayin” that flourished in 1521. “Baybayin” was used to write about legends, in Luzon, during Spaniard domination.

Philippine Literature in Filipino

The literature of the Philippines before the advent of the Spaniards was predominantly a reflection of the indigenous culture and traditions of the land. The people of Manila and native groups within the Philippines used to write on bamboo and the arecaceae palm. They used knives for inscribing the ancient Tagalog script. The literature thus preserved was limited to the seventeen basic symbols of the language. With just three vowels and consonantal symbols that had predetermined, inherent sound, the literature handed down was in a ‘raw’ state and needed to be developed.

The Tagalog language script that was used initially to preserve and hand down literature, was limited to a diacritical mark or “kudlit” that further modified pronunciation and writing. The dot, line or arrow head was either placed above or below the symbol. The literature thus preserved has played a very important role in the public schooling arena and the rise of the educated class.

The colonization by Spain breathed a different kind of life into vernacular and Filipino literature. Spain brought about liberal ideas and a sense of internationalism to the people of Philippines, which was reflected in the popularity of chivalric heroic poems called “awit” and religious poems called ‘”corridos”‘. Religious literature, biography of saints and folktales became the mainstay of vernacular literature during the early period of colonization.

Philippine Literature in Spanish

Philippine literature in Spanish can be broadly categorized into three stages or phases. The first phase was the time period when religious works as instructed by the colonial masters were spread throughout the land. In the early 17th century Tomas Pinpin published a book that attempted to translate Spanish to local Tagalog language. Thus paving the way for Filipinos to learn and understand the ways of the colonialists. This small event marked the beginning of increased learning and use of Spanish by local writers and authors. By the early 1800s many writers began to recognize the Philippines a separate entity from Spain and subsequently expressed their views and ideas through their works. Some prominent works of the time were, “El Paranaso Filipino”, “Mare Magnum”.

Literature in the Philippines was developed and preserved by native Filipino intellectuals. Isidro Marfori, Enrique Fernandez Lumba, Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesús Balmori, Flavio Zaragoza Cano and Francisco Zaragoza played a major role in the preservation of the stories handed down in time. Writers such as Castrillo, Fernandez, Rivera, Licsi and Estrada also spent a major part of their lives in the documentation of ‘by-word-of-mouth’ hand-downs. Columns and articles in newspapers such as “El Renacimiento”, “La Vanguardia”, “El Pueblo de Iloilo”, “La Democracia” and “El Tiempo” kept the legacies alive in Spanish. In the later half of the 19th century, strong nationalistic and patriotic ideas began to flow around all of Philippines and an idea of a free Philippines, distinct from Spain was expressed by many writers and publications of that time. It was ironic that nationalism was propagated more through Spanish language instead of the local vernacular tongue. This era (1870 to 1903) saw the rise of national heroes like Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Pedro Paterno who contributed to important Spanish literary work in the Philippines by the way of various historical documents, revolutionary propaganda and nationalist articles. Philippine literature in Spanish was preserved well through private publications like ‘”Plaridel”‘ and the first Spanish newspaper ‘”El Boletín de Cebú”‘ and ‘”Flora Sentino”‘, by Orlando Agnes.

At the start of the 20th century the American control introduced English to the islands that brought about a significant change in the use of Spanish in Philippine literature. Further more, Japanese occupation during World War II and Commonwealth membership brought about a slow demise of Spanish and an emergence of English in the country’s literature.

Philippine Literature in English

The emergence of Philippine literature in English can be traced back to the early 1900s after the Philippine-American War as English became the medium of teaching in educational institutions across the Philippines. The advent of missionaries and English educators led to the establishing of English newspapers and magazines which were short-lived. But the real impetus to English literature was provided by the founding of the magazines “Philippines Herald” and “Manila Tribune”. These publications helped introduce authors like “Loreto Paras”, “Jose Garcia Villa”, “Casiano Calalang” to the reading public. The first quarter of the twentieth century proved to be the most favorable period for English literature in the Philippines and some of the famous publications of those times were: “A Child’s Sorrow”, “Many Voices”, “The Wound and the Scar”, “Literature and Society”.

The advent of the Second World War and the subsequent Japanese occupation led most writers and authors to either go underground or write in Tagalog. Writing in English regained its earlier fervor and enthusiasm once the war was over and produced some famous writers like “Carlos Bulosan”, “Alejandro Roces”, “Francisco Arcellana”, “Nick Joaquin”. Later on in the 1960s the Philippine government also recognized writers in the form of awards and felicitations which still continue today.

Literary work now available includes articles on Spanish conquest, native cultural heritage, pre-colonial literature and traditional narratives. Another very interesting segment of Philippine literature includes inspiring speeches and songs. This segment has effectively maintained the mystifying characteristic of Philippine epics and folk tales. The narratives and descriptions of various magical characters, mythical objects and supernatural are surreal, distinctly adhering to the ideologies and customs of the natives.

Ethno-epics such as “Biag ni Lam-ang” or the Life of Lam-ang, “Agyu” or “Olahing”, “Sandayo of Subanon”, “Aliguyon, the Hudhud” and “Labaw Donggon” are great examples of assimilated styles and language variations. Today, Philippine literature reflects national issues through political prose, essay writing and novels. Novels by Jose Rizal, El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere patronize the revival of the rich folk traditions. Philippine literature is a uniting element among its people that encompasses a way of life and values cherished by the locals and will continue to evolve as enriched by modern changes.

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An Overview of Philippine Literary History

It is a given, especially in a significant number of accounts of our literary history, that what we designate as the body of work called “Philippine literature” evolved in relation to our historical experience. It is now commonplace, for instance, to explain the emergence of Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere as a reaction to our experience of colonial oppression during the Spanish occupation. This notion of literature’s embeddedness in history as a set of events undermines the claim that literature is the product of the writer’s creativity, and that authorial intention is the most reliable guide for the interpretation of the literary work. Moreover, a consideration of literature’s abiding relationship to history can enlarge our understanding of how the literary, in its “symbolic representation of human experience,” can also effect changes in how we live out or experience and interpret our realities, if not reality itself.

The Noli’s realism is Benedict Anderson’s paradigmatic example in his landmark work, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism , of how the novel’s mode of narration enables its readers to imagine themselves as members of a united community, never mind that they will never meet all of its other members. In this study of the roots of nationalism as an ideology, Anderson proposes that the nation emerged as an imagined political community. This symbolic or ideological membership, for Anderson, is precisely what the form of the novel enacts. As a type of narrative made available by the advent of print capitalism, the novel, as exemplified by the Noll, presents a cast of characters who share a common past, present, and future. Moreover, since Rizal directly addressed his Filipino readers who were still under Spanish rule, the sense of a common time marking the unfolding of events in the story was experienced simultaneously as “real time” by its readers. This synchronicity enabled the readers to identify with a historical sentiment about Spanish colonial presence. A sense of moving together through common time led to the readers’ imagining themselves as a community of “Filipinos” with a common sentiment 

This two-way determination between the literary and the historical should allow us to be more critical in our understanding of genres as well. In its most common usage, genres are synonymous with literary forms; thus, one refers to the short story as a genre and lyric poetry as another. Beyond, however, this sense as a label or classificatory slot, genre is a kind of writing that shapes meaning through a particular organization of language. For instance, the phrase “not guilt( is part of ordinary speech in that it figures in conversation, but if written NOT GUILTY, the enlarged font invites a consideration of the phrase as a news headline. The capitalization of all the letters in the phrase derives its meaning and function from what we understand as the formal, linguistic conventions of print journalism, which relies on the socially-held assumption that news is important, thus the all-caps spelling of newspaper headlines. The same situation or context is at work when we consider literary formations of language like the short story. “Once there was a family” cues us to expect a fairy tale to unfold since the phrase is recognizably a formula of the genre. In the same way, ang mamatay nang dahil sa yo strikes us as meaningful because we are part of the speaking situation of the song from which it is taken: we, as members of a culture, recognize it as the last line of lyrics in our national anthem, and we are addressed by it as listeners as a reminder of our common national past. Other linguistic conventions enable us to identify the genre and therefore the meaningful context of language. When something rhymes, we associate with it the qualities of poetry. Thus a genre is a group of conventional and organized structuring effects that enable the production of meaning.

This notion of genre as a linguistic contract between a particular aesthetic and its readers or public thus emphasizes its historical specificity and explains how literary forms emerge, develop, mutate, or die. That each historical period is marked by its own unique coexistence of genres is a manifestation of that moment’s ideology.

The Spanish colonial and American colonial periods brought about the emergence of several new genres as a consequence not only of our appropriation of foreign literary forms but more importantly of our response to both colonial presences. Among the borrowed forms is the pasyon , a Christian narrative poem; the sinakulo , a stage play on the passion and death of Christ; and the komedya , a genre of drama which, like the aunt and the corrido, derived its theme and structure from medieval Spanish ballads that extolled allegiance to both the Catholic faith and the monarchy. Literature, in the last half-century of the Spanish colonial period, became a fertile ground for the expression of a growing nationalist consciousness. The novel, first attempted by Pedro Paterno in Ninay, and the essay, as popularized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, eventually became the two dominant forms. And although Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filiburterismo were not the only literary works that envisioned the idea of a Philippine nation, these two novels would remain a starting point for any subsequent consideration of Philippine nationalism.

Although we can trace the emergence of fantasy as a sub-genre in the short fiction of as early a proponent as Nick Joaquin or Gilda Cordero-Fernando, realism has maintained its status as the dominant mode of representation in Philippine fiction since Rizal’s Noli . Realism is held to be the most conducive structure for representing social realities. In the last fifteen or so years though have evolved a more substantial crop of works whose narrative strategies are developed by the alternative modes of fantasy, science fiction, tabulation, and magic realism. 

Fantasy is often compared to the fairy tale in that it contains the same elements of magic and the supernatural which impel the main action. In Damiana Eugenio’s multivolume archive of Philippine folk literature, tales of magic or fairy tales are a type of folktale. As our pre-colonial literature, epics, myths, legends, folktales, proverbs, and riddles are not technically “literature” in the sense that these are not written texts intended for a reading public. They are varieties of oral lore whose creation owes not to the work of an author but to the collective imaginary and common experiences of a specific community. Legends are similar to myths since they likewise explain events and realities, but the former are more secular narratives that developed out of closer ties to the local. In fact, legends are held to embody the native knowledge of the folk whose response to an extraordinary experience or event motivates the telling. Legends typically revolve around a cultural fact or given that merits contemplation by the members. Folktales are the most fictive, least serious of the three in that they embody neither dogma nor history. Under this classification are fairy tales, fables, trickster tales, and religious tales.

Unlike oral lore though, fantasy is a modern work written by an author although it may borrow a number of motifs from epics, myths, and legends. Whereas the fairy tale is set in mythic time, detached from history, fantasy begins and ends in the here and now of the reader.

Fantastic plots typirally begin in the real world with a protagonist, usually a child who encounters a supernatural object, event, or being which transports him or her to a different, alternate, or parallel setting or world. This complication transforms the protagonist in some way when she or he returns to reality. Apart from the difference in plot, the main characters in fantasy tend to be more complex and ambiguous than the characters in fairy tales who are either good or evil. Lastly, the listener or reader of fairy tales knows that the story is “true” or “real” on an allegorical or symbolic level, which offers a generalization or a moral. For instance, while Snow White can be read on the one hand as a story about female jealousy, it can also be read as an observation on the vulnerability but eventual triumph of innocence when confronted by the unseen ambitions of those who would misuse the advantage of experience.

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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD

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The combination of writing in English while dwelling on Filipino customs and traditions earmarked the literary output of major fictionist in English.

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Al Jerome Orocio

A simple and basic look at the progression/development of literature in the Philippines.

the literature in the philippines started to flourish in

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AMBETH R . OCAMPO

Brief summary and critique of a selection of Philippine literature: the two novels of Jose Rizal, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, two short stories, one in Tagalog and the other in Hiligaynon, and selected poems including Balagtas' Florante at Laura. (I delivered this paper to the West London Gastronomico and Philosophical Society, UK on 10 November 2020.)

Mary Annjelou Montefalcon

The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter. Some loosely interpret literature as any printed matter written within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet. Others define literature as a faithful reproduction of man's manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression. Because literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story of man. Man's loves, grief's, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful language is literature. In order to know the history of a nation's spirit, one must read its literature. MAPPING THE FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD ✓ Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. ✓ Our ancestors also had their alphabet-similar of the Malayo-Polynesian. ✓ Whatever records our ancestors were either burned by Spanish friars or written on materials that easily perished ✓ It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its consequences. ✓ The verses were addressed to the ears rather than the eyes ✓ Verse composed and sung were regarded as group property

John Karlo Sapuyot

Jerwin Reyes

JM S Sarabia

This paper is compilation of my Lit. 1 in The University of Mindanao all the stories and topic found in the syllabus are all here

SAYSON, MA. BETHLEMHEL SERA

Rizal was the seventh child out of a total of eleven. His parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda, were farmers who were honest and worked hard. Both of his parents had good educations and, luckily, were wealthy and well-liked. This meant that their children would have a good life. Compared to other families in their neighborhood, their status is pretty high. They were surrounded by Filipinos from the working class and, of course, Spanish people, since the Philippines was a Spanish colony at the time. The riches of Rizal's family did not belong to them because they depended on the friars, who were above the law and gave them money. With this in mind, we can say that the Spanish overlords can take all their wealth away with the snap of a finger if they ever try to do something that would hurt their plans. Rizal's mother was her first teacher. She was a well-educated woman who wanted to show her children how important education was from a very young age. He was taught basic things that every man should know, but Rizal has learned at a faster rate than most, which surprised his mother, Teodora. To give you an idea of how quickly he was learning, by the time he was three, he already knew the alphabet, and by the time he was five, he could read and write. Rizal also showed that he was interested in art by making drawings and clay figures and writing a few poems. Rizal wrote his first poem, "To My Fellow Children," when he was eight years old. It was called "Sa aking mga Kababata," and it showed that he wanted to be a writer and that he loved his country. This poem was also the source for one of his famous quotes, "Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, masahol pa sa hayop at malansang isda."

Darren Joe G Follero

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How are Filipino writers inspired in contributing to Philippine literature?

the literature in the philippines started to flourish in

Table of Contents

  • 1 How are Filipino writers inspired in contributing to Philippine literature?
  • 2 Why is it important to study Florante at Laura?
  • 3 What are the 10 famous Filipino literary works?
  • 4 Who do you consider the greatest writer of Philippine literature?
  • 5 When did literature start to flourish in the Philippines?
  • 6 Who was the first woman poet in the Philippines?

Filipino writers are inspired to write based on the societal, cultural and political setting they are in. They tend to write about the issues and opinions they wanted to voice out based on how we culturally perceive a phenomenon like love for country, modern-day heroes or social media misinformation.

Why is it important to study Florante at Laura?

Kasilag of Project Art. Florante at Laura is a Philippine literary classic, deemed an integral part of the Filipino experience. It is a staple in the high school curriculum, with class discussions often leading to more creative pursuits such as dramatizations or the creation of story books.

What period Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news?

Miguel Malvar in 1903. The peace movements started as early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing again and the nationalism of the people remained undaunted. Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, and novels.

Why is it important to know the significant period in our history in studying Philippine literature?

Studying Philippine literature is so important because it portrays as a living language. Philippine literature introduces real life situations within the experiential background of the youth to the featured literary pieces. This is bringing us into such issues as environmental awareness, peace education and others.

What are the 10 famous Filipino literary works?

  • Noli Me Tángere by Dr. José Rizal.
  • Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas.
  • Mga Ibong Mandaragit by Amado V. Hernandez.
  • The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin.
  • Po-on A Novel by F.
  • Banaag at Sikat by Lope K.
  • Ilustrado by Miguel Syjuco.
  • Dekada ’70 by Lualhati Bautista.

Who do you consider the greatest writer of Philippine literature?

Winning the National Artist award for Literature, Nick Joaquín is probably the most esteemed writer the Philippines has produced. Joaquin came from a well-educated family and was published at the early age of 17.

What is the main point of Florante at Laura?

What is the main point of Florante at Laura? Florante at Laura is filled with passages on living the upright life and respecting elders and the values of love for country, industry and patriotism. One of its central themes is that religious differences should not be used to discriminate against another.

How many eras did Filipino writers pass through?

To answer these questions, this paper looks into five major literary traditions of Philippine literature — Native, Islamic, Spanish, American, and Nationalist – which in turn belong to any of the three historical periods of Philippine history: Pre-Colonial, Colonial, and Post-Colonial.

When did literature start to flourish in the Philippines?

Who was the first woman poet in the philippines.

What kind of poetry did Filipino writers write?

Who are some famous writers of the Tagalog period?

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  1. Evolution Of Philippine Literature Timeline

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  2. TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY // PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

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  3. The Best Books in Philippine Literature

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  5. 2. the Literature of the Philippines Across Times

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  6. Philippine Literature Under The Republic

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COMMENTS

  1. Philippine literature

    The styles and themes used in Philippine literature were born from a combination of the country's history, mythology, culture, and foreign influences, evolving throughout different periods while also adopting common writing philosophies and movements of the time. [1] [2] Philippine literature emcompasses literary media written in various ...

  2. A Quick Look at the Fascinating History of Philippine Literature

    Evidence reveals the use of a script called "Baybayin" that flourished in 1521. "Baybayin" was used to write about legends, in Luzon, during Spaniard domination. Philippine Literature in Filipino The literature of the Philippines before the advent of the Spaniards was predominantly a reflection of the indigenous culture and traditions of the land.

  3. Chapter 3

    Historical Background It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872.

  4. Flourish of literature

    The combination of the foreign language and the culture of a Filipino enabled fictionists to produce great literary works, such as "His Native Soil" by Juan C. Laya, "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife" by Manuel Arguilla. Reading in philippine history Novels online - Ranobes.NET - Ranobes 2 Reading in philippine history

  5. Philippine Literature during the American Period

    DR. LILIA QUINDOZA-SANTIAGO. Philippine literary production during the American Period in the Philippines was spurred by two significant developments in education and culture. One is the introduction of free public instruction for all children of school age and two, the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in ...

  6. Philippine Literature during the Spanish Period Flashcards

    Literature started to flourish during his time., The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Spanish colonization in the Philippines started in, the first Spanish governor- general in the Philippines.

  7. Research on Philippine Literature: Foundation of Literature in the

    The early literature of the Philippines was primarily oral, passed . down from generation to generation through storytelling, song, and performance (Lumbera, 1997). With the arrival of the Spanish ...

  8. Philippine literature

    Philippine literature is literature associated with the Philippines from prehistory, through its colonial legacies, and on to the present. Introduction Philippine literature; Characteristics; History Precolonial period Spanish period American period Late 20th century 21st century; National Artists for Literature;

  9. Philippine literature in English

    Philippine literature in English has its roots in the efforts of the United States, then engaged in a war with Filipino nationalist forces at the end of the 19th century. By 1901, public education was institutionalized in the Philippines, with English serving as the medium of instruction.That year, around 600 educators in the S.S. Thomas (the "Thomasites") were tasked to replace the soldiers ...

  10. Philippine Literature During Spanish Colonization

    irgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn where in to deliver the baby Jesus. Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Literature started to flourish during his time. The spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872.

  11. An Overview of Philippine Literary History

    Literature, in the last half-century of the Spanish colonial period, became a fertile ground for the expression of a growing nationalist consciousness. The novel, first attempted by Pedro Paterno in Ninay, and the essay, as popularized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, eventually became the two dominant forms. And although Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and ...

  12. Philippine folk literature

    Philippine folk literature refers to the traditional oral literature of the Filipino people.Thus, the scope of the field covers the ancient folk literature of the Philippines' various ethnic groups, as well as various pieces of folklore that have evolved since the Philippines became a single ethno-political unit.. While the difference between Philippine folk literature and Philippine mythology ...

  13. Phil Lit 3rd Week Handout

    A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong influence on our literature. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.

  14. What Happened to Philippine Literature During the Contemporary Period?

    The contemporary period began in the 1960s but truly began to flourish following the end of the martial-law dictatorship in 1986. The Philippines were first invaded by the Spanish in 1521, followed by the United States in 1898 and the Japanese in 1941. Filipino literature transformed to take on the occupiers' language during these times.

  15. The Historical Background of Philippine Literature During the Spanish

    Historical Background It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872.

  16. History of Literature

    It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872.

  17. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD

    For this purpose, we can divide this period into three time frames, namely: 1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910 2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925 3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941 Other Forms of Literature. The following are those recognized in the field of Ilocano Literature: 1.

  18. Philippine Literature Colonial Period Flashcards

    It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of _____, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three ...

  19. Part I: Historical Background of the Philippine Literature

    HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE. The literature of the Philippines is predominantly a reflection of the influence of the Spaniards on the indigenous culture and traditions. The people of Manila and native groups within the Philippines used to write on bamboo and the arecaceae palm. They used knives for inscribing the ancient Tagalog script.

  20. Philippine Literature

    It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872.

  21. The Philippine Literature

    Chapter 1:Introduction to the Study of Literature Chapter 2: The Pre-Spanish Period Chapter 3: The Spanish Period (1565-1898) Chapter 4: The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) Chapter 5: The American Regime (1898-1941) Chapter 6: The Japanese Period (1941-1945) Chapter 7: The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) Chapter 8: Period of Activism (1970-19...

  22. Philippine Literature During Spanish Colonization

    6. 1874-1949 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, The first Spanish Governor-General in the Philippines. - Executive Branch - Legislative Branch - Judiciary - Church Literature started to flourish during his time.

  23. How are Filipino writers inspired in contributing to Philippine literature?

    5 When did literature start to flourish in the Philippines? 6 Who was the first woman poet in the Philippines? How are Filipino writers inspired in contributing to Philippine literature? Filipino writers are inspired to write based on the societal, cultural and political setting they are in.