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Citation Guide

  • APA Style - 7th Edition

Introduction to MLA Style

Creating mla citations: examples, paper formatting guidelines & sample papers, in-text citations & the list of works cited, examples of works cited & in-text citations, software tools for mla style, works cited for this page.

  • Chicago/Turabian Style
  • Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
  • Tools for Managing Citations

What is MLA Style?

MLA stands for Modern Language Association. MLA Style is an established style for formatting your paper and giving credit to your sources. 

This page provides resources for all the elements of a preparing a paper in MLA Style, including formatting, in-text citations, and the works cited list.

Disciplines at Caldwell that use MLA Style include English, history, theology, philosophy, and others.

MLA Quick Links

Cover Art

  • Quoting and Paraphrasing in MLA Format This video course is all about quoting and paraphrasing sources in your paper! Learn rules of quoting and paraphrasing responsibly, and see examples of in-text citations in MLA format.
  • Purdue OWL Guide to MLA Style Purdue OWL has resources about many citation styles. Here is their section on MLA

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

An Article from a Journal Found in a Library Database (a source in two containers)

from MLA Handbook chapter 5.100-103, The Three Most Common Types of Entries

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

A Chapter or Section of a Book Accessed through an Online Repository (a source with two containers)

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

An Episode of a TV Show Watched on an Online Platform (a source in two containers)

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

A Chapter or Section of a Print Book (a source in one container)

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

A Print Book (a source that is self-contained)

  • Sample MLA Papers These sample student papers show MLA formatting for all details of a research paper. Look a the structure of the page, how quotes are incorporated, and how works are cited.
  • Formatting Your Research Project (MLA Handbook, Ch. 1) Instructions for formatting your paper in MLA style, including margins, title, headers and footers, headings and subheadings, etc.
  • The Writing Process Purdue OWL's Guide to academic writing in MLA Style, including grammar, mechanics, and punctuation.
  • Mechanics of Prose (MLA Handbook, Ch. 2) Guidance on all the details of writing, such as spelling, grammar, punctuation, how format titles and names in your paper.

In-Text Citations

  • In-Text Citations: The Basics Basic instructions from Purdue OWL about how to format in-text citations in MLA Style. This is how you credit your sources when you mention them in the text of your paper.
  • Citing Sources in the Text (MLA Handbook, Ch. 6) This chapter starts with the basics of citing your sources in the text of your paper. It covers many situations you might encounter.

Works Cited Page

  • MLA Style 101 This video course goes through each "element" of the MLA works cited page entry (like author, title, publisher) and shows how to identify what belongs in each element. This will help you create works cited page entries and know how to edit citations that a database generates!
  • Interactive Practice Template Learn how to create citations for your Works Cited page!
  • How to Cite Books This page from Purdue OWL covers the basics of citing books as well as what to do in a variety of situations. This page has guidance on multiple authors, an organization as author, translations, anthologies, and more.
  • How to Cite Electronic Resources (aka things you found online) This page from Purdue OWL covers works cited page entries for most kinds of online sources, including scholarly journal articles in a library database, ebooks, government agency websites, online news, a YouTube video, personal email correspondence, and more.
  • Citation Examples from the MLA Handbook This is a regularly updated list of citations for a wide variety of sources. It's organized by source, so scroll down or use ctrl-F to search the page for the kind of source you want to see, like "translated book" or "YouTube Video".

Journal Article Found in a Library Database

Works cited page entry.

Lorensen, Jutta. “Between Image and Word, Color, and Time: Jacob Lawrence’s The Migration Series.”  African American Review , vol. 40, no. 3, 2006, pp. 571-86. Academic Search Premier, each.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? Drect=true&db=f5h&AN=24093790&site=eho st-live. 

In-text citation

(Lorensen 577)

Newspaper Article Found in a Library Database 

Fessenden, Ford, et al. "The Battle for New York's Key Voting Blocs in the Primaries."  New York Times , 19 Apr. 2016, p. A 14.  ProQuest Central , ezproxy.caldwell.edu:2048/login?url=http:// search.proquest.com/ docview/1781721245?accountid=26523.

(Fessenden et al. A14)

Article from an Online News Source

Chang, Kenneth. “NASA Will Send More Helicopters to Mars.” The New York Times , 27 July 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/science/mars-sample-mission-nasa.html.

Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich.  The Crown of Columbus . HarperCollins Publishers, 1999. 

(Dorris and Erdrich 110-12)

Article or Specific Chapter from a Book 

Copeland, Edward. “Money.”  The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , edited by Copeland and Juliet McMaster, Cambridge UP, 1997, pp. 131-48. 

(Copeland 135)

Webpage on a Website 

“Infographic: Benefits of Language Learning.” Modern Language Association , 2022, www.mla.org/Resources/Advocacy/Infographics/Infographic-Benefits-of-Language-Learning.

("Inforgraphic: Benefits of Language Learning")

Film on an App 

Mamma Mia . Directed by Phyllida Lloyd, Universal Pictures, 2008. Netflix app. 

( Mamma Mia ) or ( Mamma Mia  59:03-61:23) - cite a specific scene with timestamps in the page number spot

There are many tools that can help you create, manage, and organize your citations and your references page. Here are some that the library provides or recommends for students and faculty. 

  • NoodleTools This link opens in a new window NoodleTools is an online tool that helps you with note taking, and correctly formatting citations. MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles are included. Use throughout your research project to track sources, take notes, create outlines, collaborate with classmates, and format bibliographies. Use this link to create an account.
  • ZoteroBib ZoteroBib is a free service that helps you build a bibliography from any computer or device, without creating an account or installing any software. It's from the team behind the open source citation management app Zotero. ZBib can create a draft citation from a link or ISBN and has helpful templates for you to use to manually create citations. You can use it for MLA, APA, or Chicago Style.

The information on this page comes from the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition. This book can be cited in MLA style like this:

MLA Handbook.  9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021. 

The elements used here are: [2. Title of source]  MLA Handbook.  [5. Version]  9th ed., [7. Publisher]  Modern Language Association of America, [8. Publication date]  2021. Because the publisher is an organization who is also the author, this organization - the Modern Language Association - is only listed once, as the publisher. 

An in-text citation for this handbook could be ( MLA Handbook  45) to refer specifically to something on page 45. 

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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th edition) CGS

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Quick Rules for an MLA Works Cited List

Sample mla paper, end-of-paper checklist.

  • Citation Help

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a Works Cited list. See an example in the "Sample Paper & Works Cited List" box on this page.

Here are eight quick rules for this list:

  • Start a new page for your Works Cited list (e.g., if your paper is 4 pages long, start your Works Cited list on page 5).
  • Center the title, Works Cited, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it.
  • Double-space the list.
  • Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; indent each subsequent line five spaces (also known as a "hanging indent").
  • Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
  • For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first name followed by a period.
  • Italicize the titles of full works: books, audiovisual material, websites.
  • Do not italicize titles of parts of works, such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks.
  • Formatting Your Research Project - MLA Style Center This free book chapter offers explanations and examples of MLA formatting such as margins, title, page numbers and works cited lists. Click on the name of the book chapters (to the left of the free button) to learn more about each topic.

The MLA Sample Paper Template may be used to set up your assignment. The template includes:

  • A sample assignment page;
  • and a Works CIted list in MLA format.
  • MLA 9 Sample Paper

Finished your assignment? Use this checklist to be sure you haven't missed any information needed for MLA style.

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MLA Citation Style, 9th Edition

  • MLA Style, 9th Edition
  • In-text citations
  • Books - Multiple Authors
  • Books - with editors, translators, etc.
  • Book - Essay, Short Story, Poem, etc
  • Books - later editions
  • Articles - Multiple Authors
  • Articles - from scholarly journals
  • Articles - from newspapers
  • Articles - from magazines
  • YouTube Video
  • Television Shows
  • Images from the Web
  • Works Cited: Websites
  • Works Cited: Social Media / Informal Communication
  • Don't See an Example for Your Source?!
  • Report an Error / Question

MLA Handbook

For a complete list of style rules, consult the MLA Handbook at the Reference Desk:

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

Major Changes in the 9th Edition?

Thankfully, not to Works Cited Entries & In-Text Citations!

There is more guidance and examples on the existing rules and more emphasis on writing. There is also a new chapter on inclusive language.

MLA 9th Edition: Guiding Principles

The MLA Handbook provides a "universal set of guidelines" for citing sources across all format types. Luckily, the 9th edition mainly expands upon the rules listed in the 8th edition. There are no significant changes in Works Cited/In-Text Citations (whew!).

These guidelines state that, if given, these major elements should be included in the citation:

1. Author. 2. Title of Source. 3. Title of Container, 4. Other Contributors, 5. Version, 6. Number, 7. Publisher, 8. Publication date, 9. Location.

Sometimes, elements 3-9 will repeat again, if say, your journal was inside a database.

Putting it all together:

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante."  The Georgia Review , vol.64, no. 1, 2010, pp.69- 

           88.  JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/41403188 .

Works Cited Page & Example

A Works Cited page is a n alphabetical  list of the sources you paraphrased or quoted within the text of your paper. Your parenthetical citations within the text of your paper should point to a corresponding entry on this page.

The Works Cited page should:

  • Be at the end of your paper and be numbered consecutively with the rest of your paper
  • Include the words Works Cited centered at the top of the page
  • Include all sources paraphrased or quoted within you paper
  • Be alphabetized by the source - usually this is by an author's last name but could be by title in entries where there are no authors.
  • Have hanging indents, which means the lines after the first line of an entry are indented.

See the example below.

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

  • Works Cited Page
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MLA Citation Guide (9th edition) : Works Cited and Sample Papers

  • Getting Started
  • How do I Cite?
  • In-Text Citations
  • Works Cited and Sample Papers
  • Additional Resources

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Quick Rules for an MLA Works Cited List

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in your paper. Here are some quick rules for this Works Cited list:

  • Begin the works cited list on a new page after the text.
  • Name it "Works Cited," and center the section label in bold at the top of the page.
  • Order the reference list alphabetically by author's last name.
  • Double-space the entire list (both within and between entries).
  • Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 in. to each entry. This means that the first line of the reference is flush left and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in. from the left margin.

Sample Paper with Works Cited List

The Modern Language Association (MLA) has compiled  several sample papers  that include explanations of the elements and formatting in MLA 9th edition. 

MLA Title Pages

MLA Title Page: Format and Template   This resource discusses the correct format for title pages in MLA style and includes examples.

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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): MLA 9 Intro

  • Understanding Core Elements
  • Formatting Appendices and Works Cited List
  • Writing an Annotated Bibliography
  • Academic Honesty and Citation
  • In-Text Citation
  • Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
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  • In Digital Assignments
  • When Information Is Missing
  • Generative AI
  • Citation Software

Writers, including students, must reference sources that are paraphrased, quoted or otherwise used in research papers and other assignments. MLA style is a set of guidelines for documenting sources which is an important and required part of the research and writing process. There are two key things to know:

  • Make in-text citations in the body of your paper.   An in-text citation points your readers to the corresponding full citation in the work-cited list. The in-text citation is a concise note directly after the idea or quote you are citing. See the In Text Citation tab for details and examples.
  • Create a works-cited list that includes complete bibliographic information about each referenced source.  The works-cited list, located at the end of your paper, includes all of the sources you reference in your paper. Templates and examples of common citations are included below and through the How Do I Cite tab.

Please contact us  with any questions.

Contact a librarian for a specialized help session about MLA citation. We are here to help!

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MLA Handbook

MLA Handbook cove image

The MLA Handbook ninth edition was published in April 2021. The main differences between the eighth and ninth editions include:

  • New chapters about inclusive language, formatting a research paper, and using notes
  • An expanded description of the core elements, more descriptive explanations of in-text citations and guidelines for avoiding plagiarism
  • New suggestions about citing works contained in apps and databases
  • Hundred of examples about how to cite and list sources

Hard copies of the  MLA Handbook  are available at the Research Help Desk on the 2nd floor of the Knowledge Center.

Additional Resources

Do you want more citation help? Choose one of the links below or contact a librarian for a  specialized help session  about MLA citation.

  • Quick-How-Tos of MLA Citation  - Short and accessible explanation and examples of basic citation.
  • MLA Tricky Citations  - The University's Writing Center shows examples of citing less common sources.
  • Purdue's MLA Guide (Online Writing Lab - OWL)   - A thorough collection of MLA 8 citation and style examples.
  • MLA Style Guide FAQs  - The official website of the Modern Language Association.

Common Citations

Below are a handful of the most common citations. You will see the source type (for example, article, book, website) followed by the formatting guideline and examples for both the full citation for the works-cited list and the short in-text citation that appears in the body of the paper.

Works Cited List:  Author Last Name, First Name.  Title . Publisher, Year.

In-text: (Author Last Name Page Number)

Works Cited List:  Olsen, Dale A. Music of El Dorado: the Ethnomusicology of Ancient South American Cultures . UP of Florida, 2002.

In-text: (Olsen 25)

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Title.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Name of Library Database,  Permalink URL.

McClean, Shilo T.  Digital Storytelling: The Narrative Power of Visual Effects in Film . MIT Press, 2007.  eBook Comprehensive Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) ,  unr.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e025xna&AN=446856&site=ehost-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_Cover .

Journal Article from Database

Works Cited List: Author Last Name, First Name. "Title."  Journal/Magazine/Newspaper Title , Publication Information [volume, issue/number, year, pages]. Name of Database , DOI, Permalink or shortened URL for article in the database. 

Works Cited List : Latartara, John. "The Timbre of Thai Classical Singing." Asian Music , vol. 43, no. 2, 2012, pp. 88-114. Project MUSE , https://doi.org/10.1353/amu.2012.0013

In-text: (Latartara 97-8)

Works Cited List : Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page or Article."  Title of Site , Sponsor or Publisher [include only if different from website title or author], Date of Publication or Update Date, URL. Accessed Date [optional; include date you accessed source if it is likely to help readers].

In-text : (Author Last Name or page title)

Works Cited List : Andaya, Barbara. "Introduction to Southeast Asia."  Center for Global Education,  Asia Society, 2017, asiasociety.org/education/introduction-southeast-asia . Accessed 17 Dec. 2021.

In-text citation: (Andaya)

Note: If an author is not listed, begin the citation with the title of the page. For example if the author was not evident on the citation above, the works cited entry would be:

"Vietnam: a Historical Introduction." Center for Global Education,  Asia Society, 2017, asiasociety.org/education/vietnam. Accessed 17 Dec. 2021.

Works Cited in another Source

Sometimes an author will mention work by another author by using a quotation or paraphrased idea. For example, the Kirkey article you are reading includes a quotation by Smith. The basic rule is that in both the works-cited list and in-text citation, cite Kirkey. Use the words “qtd. in” for the in-text citation.  

Works Cited List:  Kirkey, Susan. "Euthanasia."  The Montreal Gazette , 9 Feb. 2013, p. A.10.  Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies.

In-text citation:  According to a study by Smith (qtd. in Kirkey), 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia.

Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) states that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (A.10).

Additional Examples

  • Choose sources from the How Do I Cite tab  drop down menu for more formatting guidelines and examples.
  • You can also visit our Quick How To for MLA Citation .

Seneca College Libraries

This guide is used/adapted with the permission of Seneca College Libraries. For information please contact [email protected] .

  Note: When copying this guide, please retain this box.

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TAFT COLLEGE

MLA Style Guide, 9th Edition: Formatting Your Works Cited List

  • Works Cited entries: What to Include
  • Title of source
  • Title of container
  • Other contributors
  • Publication date
  • Optional Elements
  • Book with Personal Author(s)
  • Book with Editor(s)
  • Book with Organization as Author
  • Parts of Books
  • Government Publication
  • Journal Article
  • Magazine Article
  • Multivolume Works
  • Newspaper Article
  • Other Formats
  • Websites, Social Media, and Email
  • Works Cited Practice
  • About In-text Citations
  • In-text Examples
  • How to Paraphrase and Quote
  • Formatting Your MLA Paper
  • Formatting Your Works Cited List
  • MLA Annotated Bibliography

Formatting hanging indent using Google.dox

Formatting hanging indent using ms word on pc, formatting hanging indent using ms word on a mac, formatting the works cited page, the works cited page is the list of sources used in the research paper. it should be its own page at the end of the paper..

Center the title, "Works Cited" (without quotation marks), at the top of the page. If only one source was consulted, title the page "Work Cited".

Double space the entire list of sources.

Use hanging indention for each entry. Begin each entry flush with the left margin; indent all subsequent lines one-half inch.

Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the first term in each entry (the first author's last name or the title of the work when there is no author).

Continue with the numbering convention used throughout the paper by including your last name and the page number in the upper right-hand corner of the Works Cited page.

Please see the video tutorials to the left for help formatting your Works Cited page using Google.docx, MS Word on a PC, and MS Word on a MAC.

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

Using a template to format citations

Use the MLA 9th PDF Template below as a guide. Fill in all the necessary elements for your source, then transfer that information to your Works Cited page in the same order, starting with item 1. 

Note: This template can be saved to your computer so you can type your information in the boxes.

  • MLA 8th PDF Template

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

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Generate accurate MLA citations for free

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  • A complete guide to MLA in-text citations

MLA In-text Citations | A Complete Guide (9th Edition)

Published on July 9, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on May 19, 2022.

An MLA in-text citation provides the author’s last name and a page number in parentheses.

If a source has two authors, name both. If a source has more than two authors, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. ”

If the part you’re citing spans multiple pages, include the full page range. If you want to cite multiple non-consecutive pages at the same time, separate the page numbers with commas.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text.

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Table of contents

Where to include an mla in-text citation, citing sources with no author, citing sources with no page numbers, citing different sources with the same author name, citing sources indirectly, frequently asked questions about mla in-text citations.

Place the parenthetical citation directly after the relevant quote or paraphrase , and before the period or other punctuation mark (except with  block quotes , where the citation comes after the period).

If you have already named the author in the sentence, add only the page number in parentheses. When mentioning a source with three or more authors outside of parentheses, use “and others” or “and colleagues” in place of “et al.”

  • MLA is the second most popular citation style (Smith and Morrison 17–19) .
  • According to Smith and Morrison , MLA is the second most popular citation style (17–19) .
  • APA is by far “the most used citation style in the US” (Moore et al. 74) , but it is less dominant in the UK (Smith 16) .
  • Moore and colleagues state that APA is more popular in the US than elsewhere (74) .

Combining citations

If a sentence is supported by more than one source, you can combine the citations in a single set of parentheses. Separate the two sources with a semicolon .

Livestock farming is one of the biggest global contributors to climate change (Garcia 64; Davies 14) .

Consecutive citations of the same source

If you cite the same source repeatedly within a paragraph, you can include the full citation the first time you cite it, then just the page number for subsequent citations.

MLA is the second most popular citation style (Smith and Morrison 17–19) . It is more popular than Chicago style, but less popular than APA (21) .

You can do this as long as it remains clear what source you’re citing. If you cite something else in between or start a new paragraph, reintroduce the full citation again to avoid ambiguity.

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For sources with no named author , the in-text citation must match the first element of the Works Cited entry. This may be the name of an organization, or the title of the source.

If the source title or organization name is longer than four words, shorten it to the first word or phrase in the in-text citation, excluding any articles ( a, an, and the ). The shortened title or organization name should begin with the word the source is alphabetized by in the Works Cited.

Follow the general MLA rules for formatting titles : If the source is a self-contained work (e.g. a whole website or an entire book ), put the title in italics; if the source is contained within a larger whole (e.g. a page on a website or a chapter of a book), put the title in quotation marks.

If a source does not have page numbers but is divided into numbered parts (e.g. chapters, sections, scenes, Bible books and verses, Articles of the Constitution , or timestamps), use these numbers to locate the relevant passage.

If the source does not use any numbering system, include only the author’s name in the in-text citation. Don’t include paragraph numbers unless they are explicitly numbered in the source.

Note that if there are no numbered divisions and you have already named the author in your sentence, then no parenthetical citation is necessary.

If your Works Cited page includes more than one entry under the same last name, you need to distinguish between these sources in your in-text citations.

Multiple sources by the same author

If you cite more than one work by the same author, add a shortened title to signal which source you are referring to.

In this example, the first source is a whole book, so the title appears in italics; the second is an article published in a journal, so the title appears in quotation marks.

Different authors with the same last name

To distinguish between different authors with the same last name, use the authors’ initials (or, if the initials are the same, full first names) in your in-text citations:

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Sometimes you might want to cite something that you found quoted in a secondary source . If possible, always seek out the original source and cite it directly.

If you can’t access the original source, make sure to name both the original author and the author of the source that you accessed . Use the abbreviation “qtd. in” (short for “quoted in”) to indicate where you found the quotation.

In these cases, only the source you accessed directly is included in the Works Cited list.

You must include an MLA in-text citation every time you quote or paraphrase from a source (e.g. a book , movie , website , or article ).

Some source types, such as books and journal articles , may contain footnotes (or endnotes) with additional information. The following rules apply when citing information from a note in an MLA in-text citation :

  • To cite information from a single numbered note, write “n” after the page number, and then write the note number, e.g. (Smith 105n2)
  • To cite information from multiple numbered notes, write “nn” and include a range, e.g. (Smith 77nn1–2)
  • To cite information from an unnumbered note, write “un” after the page number, with a space in between, e.g. (Jones 250 un)

If a source has two authors, name both authors in your MLA in-text citation and Works Cited entry. If there are three or more authors, name only the first author, followed by et al.

If a source has no author, start the MLA Works Cited entry with the source title . Use a shortened version of the title in your MLA in-text citation .

If a source has no page numbers, you can use an alternative locator (e.g. a chapter number, or a timestamp for a video or audio source) to identify the relevant passage in your in-text citation. If the source has no numbered divisions, cite only the author’s name (or the title).

If you already named the author or title in your sentence, and there is no locator available, you don’t need a parenthetical citation:

  • Rajaram  argues that representations of migration are shaped by “cultural, political, and ideological interests.”
  • The homepage of The Correspondent describes it as “a movement for radically different news.”

Yes. MLA style uses title case, which means that all principal words (nouns, pronouns , verbs, adjectives , adverbs , and some conjunctions ) are capitalized.

This applies to titles of sources as well as the title of, and subheadings in, your paper. Use MLA capitalization style even when the original source title uses different capitalization .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2022, May 19). MLA In-text Citations | A Complete Guide (9th Edition). Scribbr. Retrieved February 17, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/mla/in-text-citations/

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MLA 9: Works Cited Page

  • Introduction to MLA Format (9th ed.)
  • Tutorial & Workshop
  • Formatting a Paper
  • In-Text Citations
  • Works Cited Page
  • Getting Research Help

Guidance from MLA & Purdue OWL

  • Chapter 5 The List of Works Cited Access a physical copy of the MLA Handbook (9th ed.) from the Merced College Library. Chapter 5 is all about creating citations for your Works Cited page.
  • Works Cited: A Quick Guide From MLA Style Center.
  • Citations by Format From MLA Style Center.
  • MLA Formatting & Style Guide From Purdue OWL.

Basic Works Cited Guidelines

  • Works Cited refers to the page at the end of your paper listing all the sources you used.
  • Works Cited should be centered at the top of the page
  • Order citations alphabetically, typically by author last name
  •  Reddy, Anisha.
  • Reddy, Anisha, and Nate Conner. 
  • Jones, Steve, et al.
  • For citations that are longer than one line, include a hanging indent after the first line
  • Place quotation marks around sources in containers, such as a poem, short story, book chapter, journal article, etc.
  • Italicize sources for standalone items, such as a novel, play, journal, book, etc.
  • don't capitalize words like a, an, the, is, etc., unless it's the first word in the title or subtitle
  • https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155
  • You can usually omit the http:// or https:// from URLs (keep for DOI, though)
  • Access date is not needed for content from library databases.
  • Accessed Day Mon. Year.
  • Create citations for your Works Cited page using this template with its elements.
  • Your citation may not have all the elements. If an element is missing, skip it and move to the next element.
  • a full book is considered a self-contained / standalone source
  • The book is the container
  • The journal is a container, and the database is another container
  • The access date is a supplemental element and recommended for online sources (not databases).

Merced College Library MLA 9 Handout

  • MLA 9th ed. Handout From the Merced College Library. The first page is for print and interview sources. The second page is for database and online sources.

MLA 9 Handout

How to Format a Hanging Indent in Microsoft Office 365 Word

How to Add Hanging Indents in Google Docs

This video shares "[h]ow to add hanging indents in Google Docs..." ( Jen Jonson , 0:35).

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  • Last Updated: Feb 8, 2024 7:57 PM
  • URL: https://libguides.mccd.edu/mla9

MLA 9th Edition - English Version

  • Introduction to MLA 9
  • Working With In-Text Citations
  • Creating a Works Cited Page
  • How to Format a Research Paper
  • Practice Tools
  • Using Inclusive Language

MLA Handbook 9th Edition

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

MLA Handbook . 9th ed., The Modern Language Association of America

ISBN: 9781603293518 (Paperback)

ISBN: 9781603295628 (Spiral)

ISBN: 9781603295611 (Hardcover)

LibGuide Created By

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

This LibGuide was created by Kelly Scott, Kari Kain, Cathy Summers, Grace Gillespie, and Jamie Pappas. Some parts are a direct translation of the Spanish version of the MLA 9th edition libguide , created by Alleya Rodríguez Vázquez and Isamar Abreu Gómez.

Works Cited

  • What is a Works Cited page?
  • Core Elements of an MLA Citation
  • Capitalization of Titles in English and in Spanish
  • Citing One or More Authors
  • Containers and How to Use Them
  • Common Citations and Sample Works Cited Page

What is a list of Works Cited?

Cited sources are listed at the end of the paper. MLA calls this list Works Cited (5.1). 

Each entry, or citation, is organized alphabetically and double spaced. There is a margin of one half (.5) inch for the second line of the work cited. This is known as a hanging indent. This spacing format is the same for all types of resources.

Want more information on Works Cited? Watch the video below!

Watch this quick tutorial on how to add hanging indentations.

Entries on the works cited page are built using elements that are common to most sources. This allows writers to create a citation for any type of source. See below for a description of each of the core elements.

Note: A source can be self-contained (be its own container) or have one or more containers. See section 5.100 - 5.103 of the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition  for more information.

When writing a citation that uses a title, the grammatical rules of the language in which the source is found are observed. The tables below will help you to understand the differences when capitalizing titles in English and in Spanish. For more details, see sections 2.65 and 2.69 of the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition .

Sources often have more than one author. The table below will help you to understand how to cite works with authors of a compilation and sources with one, two, and three or more authors. See sections 5.5-5.8 of the MLA Handbook for more information.

This instructional video explains the use of containers when creating a citation. See section 5.100- 5.101 of the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition for more information regarding containers.

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

Each entry of a citation is composed of facts common to most sources.Containers are very important to the MLA style. Some sources are part of a larger element or are contained in a larger whole. For example, a short story might be contained in an anthology. The anthology is the container for that source. The image below explains the order and punctuation used for the containers.

The practice template on the MLA website will help you determine how to create and organize the works you have cited in their proper containers.

As you can see below,there are examples of the most common types of sources cited. Refer to the  MLA Style Center  and  MLA Quick Guide  for more examples. You can also use Appendix 2 (pp. 303-346) in the  MLA Handbook, 9th Edition.

Davis, Angela Y.  Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holliday . Pantheon, 1998.

Scholarly Journal

Boggs, Colleen Glenney. “Public Reading and the Civil War Draft Lottery.”  American Periodicals , vol. 26, no. 2, 2016, pp. 1-24.

Opinion or Editorial

Gergen, David. “Question of Values.”  U.S. News and World Report , 11 Feb. 2002, p. 72. Op-ed.

Bauch, Nicholas.  Enchanting the Desert: A Pattern Language for the Production of Space . Stanford 

          UP, 2016,  www.enchantingthedesert.com/home/ .

Hayes, Terrence. “The Wicked Candor of Wanda Coleman.”  The Paris Review , 12 June 2020, 

          www.theparisreview.org/blog/2020/06/12/the-wicked-candor-of-wanda-coleman/ . The Daily.

Social Media

Chaucer Doth Tweet [@LeVostreGC]. “ A date without anachronism ys lyke Emily Dickinson without her lightsaber.” 

          Twitter , 7 Apr. 2018,  https://twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/982829987286827009 .

MacLeod, Michael. Coved of  Space Cat and the Kittens , by Runthven Todd.  Pinterest , 2020, 

          www.pinterest.com/pin/565412928193207246/ .

Thomas, Angie. Photo of  The Hate U Give  cover.  Instagram , 4 Dec. 2018,  www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/

Sheldon, Natasha. Photograph of  The Muleteer.  “Human Remains in Pompeii: The Body Casts,” by Sheldon,

          23 Mar. 2014.  Decoded Past ,  https://decodedpast.com/human-remains-in-pompeii-the-body-casts/ .

Li, Yiyun. "On the Street Where You Live.” Narrated by Li.  The Writer’s Voice: Fiction from the Magazine , hosted by

          Deborah Treisman, 3 Jan. 2017. The New Yorker,   thttps://www.newyorker.com/podcast/the-authors-voice/yiyun-

          li-reads-on-the-street-where-you-live .

Live Presentations (Lectures, Talks, Conference Presentations, and Speeches)

Atwood, Margaret. “Silencing The Scream.”Boundaries of the Imagination Forum. MLA Annual Convention, 29 Dec. 1993,

          Royal York Hotel, Toronto.

Video Recording of Live Presentation

Allende, Isabel. “Tales of Passion.”  TED , Mar. 2007,  https://www.ted.com/talks/isabel_allende_tales_of_passion .

  • Works Cited Example
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  • About Citation
  • APA 7th Ed.

In-text Citations

Works cited, formatting your mla paper.

  • Chicago 17th Ed.

This guide is a quick introduction to the Modern Language Association 9th edition citation style. Be sure to consult the MLA Handbook or the online MLA Style Center  for detailed standards and procedures. 

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

  • The MLA Style Center Answers to common questions and practice resources.
  • Purdue OWL MLA Formatting & Style Guide Purdue University's Online Writing Lab guide to MLA citation and style.

For more guidelines and examples, check out the MLA Style Center In-Text Citations Overview .

Basic Format:

(Last Name Page #)

Or, introduce direct quotes with the author and title within the sentence or paragraph, then include the page number(s) at the end of the quote in parentheses.

I'm citing...

1 Author or No Author

You only need the author's last name and the page number.

Connect both authors' last names with and, and include the page number.

(Best and Marcus 9)

3 or More Authors

Use the first author's last name and et al., and include the page number.

(Franck et al. 327)

Use a shortened title of the work.

("Impact of Global Warming")

Basic Format: Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Title of Longer Work or "Title of Shorter Work." Publisher, Year. URL or DOI.

I'm citing a...

Journal Article

  • Author(s). Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
  • "Title of the Article." Note: Include the title of a shorter work like an article in a journal in quotation marks and use headline-style capitalization .
  • Title of the Journal , Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a journal and use headline-style capitalization .
  • no. #, Note: If there is no additional number after the volume, only include the volume number.
  • Publication date,
  • pp. xxx-xxx.
  • Database , Note: Use italics for names of databases.
  • URL or permalink.
Gosine, Kevin, and Emmanuel Tabi. "Disrupting Neoliberalism and Bridging the Multiple Worlds of Marginalized Youth via Hip-Hop Pedagogy: Contemplating Possibilities." Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies , vol. 38, no. 5, 2016, pp. 445-467. Research Gate , doi: 10.1080/10714413.2016.1221712 .

Online News/Magazine Article

  • "Title of the Article." Note: Include the title of a shorter work in quotation marks and use headline-style capitalization .
  • Title of the Newspaper or Publisher , Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a newspaper or online publication and use headline-style capitalization .
  • Publication date, Note: Use the formate Date Abbreviated Month Year.
Robinson, Angela. "History Shows Why It's Time for a Black Woman to Sit on the Supreme Court ." The Washington Post , 1 Feb. 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/02/01/history-shows-why-its-time-black-woman-sit-supreme-court/ .

Print Book or eBook

  • Title of the Book . Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a book and use headline-style capitalization .
  • Edition Note: If there are multiple editions, use the format 1st/2nd/3rd ed.,
  • Publication date.
Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird . 1st ed., J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1960.
  • Title of the Book, Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a book and use headline-style capitalization .
  • Editors Note: If there is one editor, use the format edited by Last Name, First Name. If there are multiple editors, use and before the last author's name.
Hughes, Langston. Letters from Langston: From the Harlem Renaissance to the Red Scare and Beyond , edited by Evelyn Louise Crawford and Mary Louise Patterson. University of California Press, 2016. EBSCOhost Academic eBook Collection , http://libproxy.csudh.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=1105577&site=ehost-live&scope=site&ebv=EB& .

Book Chapter

  • Author(s) of the Chapter. Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial (if any). If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
  • "Title of the Chapter." Note: Include the title of a shorter work like a chapter in quotation marks and use headline-style capitalization .
  • Editors Note: If there is one editor, use the format edited by First Name Middle Name or Initial (if any) Last Name. If there are multiple editors, use and before the last author's name.
Green, David. "Supporting the Academic Success of Hispanic Students." College Libraries and Student Culture: What We Now Know , edited by Andrew D. Asher and Lynda M. Duke, ALA Editions, 2011. EBSCOhost Academic eBook Collection , http://libproxy.csudh.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=390319 .
  • Author. Note: If there is no individual author, begin the citation with "Title of the Page."
  • "Title of Page, Section, or Document."
  • Publisher ,
"Citation Guide." CSUDH University Library , https://www.libguides.csudh.edu/citation .

Check out more examples of citing online sources from the MLA Style Cetner. 

Citing a letter, photograph, text document, graphic material, or ephemera? Consult the  Gerth Archives MLA Citation Guide for Archival Materials .

  • MLA Style Formatting Paper Guidelines Guidelines from the MLA Style Center on how to format your paper, including the title page, text formatting, tables and illustrations, and more.

What does the general format of an MLA paper look like? 

How do i make a hanging indent in word.

1. Highlight the citaiton with your cursor. 

2. Right click. 

3. Select Paragraph .

4. Under Indentation, select Special and Hanging .

How can I save time formatting my paper? 

Microsoft Word and Google Docs have a Format Painter tool that will copy and apply basic formatting to any text! 

1. Highlight the formatting you want to apply. 

2. Select  Format Painter . 

3. Highlight the text you want to change. 

Note: If using the Format Painter on the Reference List, you'll need to go back and add italics. 

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  • Last Updated: Feb 6, 2024 12:36 PM
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MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Works Cited List & Sample Paper

  • What Kind of Source Is This?
  • Advertisements
  • Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
  • Book Reviews
  • Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings
  • Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
  • Government Documents
  • Images, Artwork, Charts, Graphs & Tables
  • Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
  • Journal Articles
  • Magazine Articles
  • Newspaper Articles
  • Primary Sources
  • Religious Texts
  • Social Media
  • Videos & DVDs
  • In-Text Citation
  • Works Quoted in Another Source
  • No Author, No Date etc.
  • Works Cited List & Sample Paper
  • Annotated Bibliography
  • Powerpoint Presentations

Sample Paper & Works Cited List

  • MLA Sample Paper Template

This sample paper includes a sample assignment page with an example of how to include your student information and a Works Cited list in MLA format.

It can be used as a template to set up your assignment.

  • End-of-Paper Checklist

Finished your assignment? Use this checklist to be sure you haven't missed any information needed for MLA style.

Using the Template to Accurately Follow the Citation Style

Quick Rules for an MLA Works Cited List

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a Works Cited list.

See an example in the "Sample Paper & Works Cited List" box on this page.

Here are eight quick rules for this list:

  • Start a new page for your Works Cited list (e.g., if your paper is 4 pages long, start your Works Cited list on page 5).
  • Centre the title, Works Cited, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Look for the alignment option in Word.
  • Double-space the list.
  • Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; each subsequent line should be indented (also known as a "hanging indent").
  • Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
  • For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first name followed by a period.
  • Italicize the titles of full works: books, audiovisual material,websites.
  • Do not italicize titles of parts of works, such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks.
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MLA Style (9th ed.): Citation Guide

  • Getting Started with MLA
  • Formatting a Paper in MLA

MLA Style Citations

In-text citations, works cited, mla core elements.

  • MLA Citation Examples
  • Other MLA Resources
  • Citation Guides Homepage

Ask A Librarian

Get research help:.

OL-Library@Lo neStar.edu

Chat with a Librarian

Citing Sources in MLA 

There are two parts to MLA citations:

  • in-text citations or parenthetical citations
  • Works Cited entry

In order to be correctly cited, you have to make sure to include both parts in your project.

Every citation in the Works Cited needs to be used at least once in your paper.

Every source cited within your paper needs to have an entry in your Works Cited. (You might refer to one work several times throughout your paper, but it only needs one entry in your Works Cited.)

In-text Citations

  • brief citations to get your reader to the Works Cited page where they can find out more
  • appear within the body of your work directly following the information
  • tell the reader what part of an article or book or website that you used (page numbers, video time stamps, etc)

Basic In-text Citation

(Author pages)

(Smith 45).

Other variations:

  • full citations for every work referenced in your paper
  • cites the entire book, article, video, etc
  • includes information about the source itself and the containers (journal, database, website) where it can be found

For examples of all of the different types of Works Cited entries, see MLA Citation Examples

Elements of an MLA Citation

Sources and containers.

A source is the piece of information that you are citing.

Sources might be inside of larger pieces of information, which MLA calls  containers .

To fully cite a source, you need to describe each of its containers as well.

MLA uses a set of core elements to cite pieces of information.

When citing a source, fill in the elements needed for your source and leave unnecessary fields blank.

Repeat information from Title of Container through Location for each container.

Primary creator of the work that you are citing.

Title of Source

The title of the work that you are citing.

If it is a complete standalone work, italicize the title. (example- a book)

If it is a part of a larger work, put the title in quotation marks. (example- an article, a short story)

Title of Container

Title of the larger work where your piece of information lives.

Italicized .

Examples of containers:

Contributor

Any key contributors to the work that you are citing.

Possible contributors and how to label them:

If a work says that it is a version or edition, include it in your citation.

Possible options:

If the source you are citing is part of a sequence, like a volume, issue, episode, or season.

Use numerals instead of righting them out.

Entity responsible for making the work available to the public.

Examples of publishers:

  • publisher of a book
  • studio or network that produced a film or tv show
  • organization who created a website
  • theater company that put on a play
  • government department or agency who produced a government publication

When writing the name of the publisher:

  • don't include terms like incorporated (inc.), limited (ltd.), company (Co.), corporation (Corp.)
  • abbreviate the words University and Press (ex- Oxford UP, State U of New York)
  • write out "and" instead of ampersand

Publication Date

Tells your reader when the version of the work that you are citing was published. 

Use as much of the date as is available.

Abbreviate months.

Style dates as day month year (ex- 31 Jan. 2024)

Where the work you cited is located. This varies by format.

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MLA Style (9th Edition) Citation Guide: Books & Ebooks

  • Introduction to MLA Style
  • Journal Articles
  • Magazine/Newspaper Articles
  • Books & Ebooks
  • Government & Legal Documents
  • Biblical Sources
  • Secondary Sources
  • Videos/DVDs/TV Shows
  • How to Cite: Other
  • 9th Edition Updates
  • Additional Help

Table of Contents

Book in print, book with editor(s) but no author, translated book, chapters, short stories, essays, or articles from a book (anthology or collection), an introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword, article in a reference book (e.g. encyclopedias, dictionaries).

Note: For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Authors/Editors

An author can be a person but can also be an organization, or company. These are called group or corporate authors.

If you are citing a chapter from a book that has an editor, the author of the chapter is listed first, and is the name listed in the in-text citation.

Capitalize the first letter of every important word in the title. You do not need to capitalize words such as: in, of, or an.

If there is a colon (:) in the title, include what comes after the colon (also known as the subtitle).

You have the option to use the shortened name of the publisher by abbreviating "University" and "Press" (e.g. Oxford UP, not Oxford University Press).

You also have the option to remove articles (A, An, The), business abbreviations (e.g. Co., Inc.) and descriptive words (e.g. Books, House, Press, Publishers).

The format of all dates is: Date Month (shortened) Year. e.g. 5 Sept. 2012.

Whether to give the year alone or include a month and day depends on your source: write the full date as you find it there.

If no date is listed, omit it unless you can find that information available in a reliable source. In that case the date is cited in square brackets. e.g. [2008]

Page Numbers

Page number on your Works Cited page (but not for in-text citations) are now proceeded by p. for a single page number and pp. for a range of page numbers. E.g. p. 156 or pp. 79-92.

Access Date

Date of access is optional in MLA 8th/9th edition; it is recommended for pages that may change frequently or that do not have a copyright/publication date.

Last Name, First Name.  Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

Note :  The city of publication should only be used if the book was published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in more than one country, or if the publisher is unknown in North America.

Works Cited List Example:

Kurlansky, Mark. Salt: A World History . Walker, 2002.

In-Text Citation Example:

(Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Kurlansky 10)

Two Authors

Last Name, First Name of First Author, and First Name Last Name of Second Author.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

Note: Only the first author listed appears in "Last Name, First Name" format. Authors' names are separated by a comma. Before the last author to be listed, add the word "and."

 Jacobson, Diane L., and Robert Kysar.  A Beginner's Guide to the Books of the Bible,  Augsburg, 1991.

 (Author's Last Name and Author's Last Name Page Number)

 Example: (Jacobson and Kysar 25)

Three or More Authors

Last Name, First Name of First Author, et al.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

Note:  If you have three or more authors list only the first author's name followed by et al. instead of listing all authors names. For example Smith, John, et al. The first author is the first name listed on the work you are citing, not the first name alphabetically.

Nickels, William, et al.  Understanding Business.  9th ed., McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2016. 

(First Author's Last Name et al. Page Number)

Example: (Nickels et al. 5)

eBook from a Library Database

Last Name, First Name of First Author, et al.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Name of eBook Database,  doi:DOI number/URL/Permalink.

Calhoun, Craig. Sociology in America: A History . U of Chicago P, 2008.  ProQuest Ebook Central , ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/up/detail.action?docID=408466&pq-origsite=primo.  

 (Author's Last Name Page Number)

 Example: (Calhoun 53)

eBook for Kindle or other eBook Reader

Note:  The MLA uses the term "eBook" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an eBook reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application, which will not have URLs or DOIs. Citations will be very similar to physical book citations; just add the word "eBook" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing , eBook, American Psychological Association, 2007.

 Example: (Silva 30)

Note : When no page numbers are listed on an eBook, cite the chapter number instead in your in-text citation. Example: (Smith ch. 2).  

Last Name of editor, First Name, editor(s).  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of Publication.

 Wolfteich, Claire E., editor. Invitation to Practical Theology: Catholic Voices and Visions . Paulist, 2014. 

 (Last name page number)

 Example: (Wolfteich 103)

Electronic Materials

(More than one editor)

Kidwell, Jeremy, and Sean Doherty, editors. Theology and Economics: A Christian Vision of the Common Good.  eBook, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 

(Last name page number)

Example: (Kidwell and Doherty 103)

If you want to emphasize the work rather than the translator, cite as you would any other book. Add “translated by” and follow with the name(s) of the translator(s).

Boitani, Piero. The Bible and Its Rewritings . Translated by Anita Weston, Oxford UP, 1999.

Example: (Boitani 89)

Augustine. The Confessions of St. Augustine . Translated by Edward Bouverie Pusey, eBook, Floating Press, 1921.

Example: (Augustine 65) 

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Short Story, Essay, or Article."  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  edited by Editor's First Name and Last Name, Edition if given and is not first, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, Page numbers of the essay, article, or short story. 

Boys, Mary C. “Learning in the Presence of the Other: Feminisms and the Interreligious Encounter.” Faith and Feminism: Ecumenical Essays , edited by Diane B. Lipsett, Westminster John Knox Press, 2014, pp. 103-114.

Note:  The first author's name listed is the author of the chapter/essay/short story.

Note: If there is no editor given you may leave out that part of the citation.

Example: (Boys 110)

When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the name of the author of the introduction/preface/foreword/afterword. Finish the citation with the details of publication and page range.

Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction.  Norms of Rhetorical Culture , by Farrell, Yale UP, 1993, pp. 1-13.

(Farrell 5)

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the full name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would write the entry as follows:

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction.  Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose,  by Kenneth Burke, 1935, 3rd ed., U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii-xliv.

(Duncan xiv)

For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the entry name as you would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the article or item.

"Ideology."  The American Heritage Dictionary , 3rd ed., Dell, 1997, p. 369.

("Ideology" 369)

Online Reference book

Isaacson, Joel. "Monet, Claude." Grove Art Online , Oxford Art Online , www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T059077.

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ENGL 111 (Frazier): MLA Style

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How do I Cite? MLA 9th Edition

Core Elements

  • Books and eBooks
  • Journal Articles
  • Government Documents
  • Newspapers and Magazines
  • ChatGPT & Generative AI (GAI)
  • Social Media
  • Videos and DVDs
  • In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations
  • Indirect Source Citations

Each entry in the list of works cited is composed of facts common to most works—the MLA core elements. They are assembled in a specific order. The 9th Edition provides 9 core elements to complete any works cited entry. Try to fill in as many of those elements as possible, but if an element is missing or not applicable, you can skip that element. 

The 9 Core Elements

(1) Author. (2) “Title of source.” (3)  Title of Container , (4) Other contributors, (5) Version,  (6) Number,  (7) Publisher, (8) Publication date, (9) Location.

For example:  An Article from a Journal in a database. 

Guillen, Jorge. "Does Financial Openness Matter in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Distribution in Latin America?"  Emerging Markets Finance & Trade , vol. 52, no. 5, 2016, pp. 1145-1155.  Business Source Complete,  https://do.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1046337.

(1) Guillen, Jorge. (2) "Does Financial Openness Matter in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Distribution in Latin America?" (3)  Emerging Markets Finance & Trade , (4) (5) (6) vol. 52, no.5, (7) (8) 2016, (9) pp. 1145-1155.  Business Source Complete,  https://do.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1046337.

Book in Print - One Author

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

Kirsh, Steven J.  Children, Adolescents, and Media Violence: A Critical Look at the Research.  2nd ed., Sage, 2006.   

Book in Print - Two Authors*

Last Name, First Name of First Author, and First Name Last Name of Second Author.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

Wykes, Maggie, and Barrie Gunter.  The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill.  Sage, 2005.

*Follow the same rules when there are two authors (or editors) for any book or eBook citation.  

Book in Print - Three or More Authors*

Last Name, First Name of First Author, et al.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

Nickels, William, et al.  Understanding Canadian Business.  9th ed., McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2016.

*Follow the same rules when there are three or more authors (or editors) for any book or eBook citation.  

eBook from a Library Database

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Name of Library Database .

Waldau, Paul.  Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs To Know.  Oxford University Press, 2010.  ProQuest Ebook Central.  

eBook from a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Website Name,  URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited if there is no publication date. File type.

Drèze, Jean, and Amartya Sen.  Hunger and Public Action . Oxford UP,  1991.  Oxford Scholarship Online,  https://doi.org/10.1093/0198283652.001.0001. PDF Download.  

eBook from an eReader

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, e-book ed., Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. File type.

Smith, Zadie.  On Beauty: A Novel.  e-book ed., Hamish, 2005. Kindle.  

Chapter, Short Story, or Essay from a Book (Edited Anthology or Collection)

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter, Short Story, or Essay."  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  edited by Editor's First Name and Last Name, Edition if given and is not first, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, Page numbers of the chapter, short story, or essay. 

Ross, Colin. "The Story of Grey Owl."  Fiction/Non-Fiction: A Reader and Rhetoric,  edited by Garry Engkent and Lucia Engkent, 2nd ed., Thomson Nelson, 2006, pp. 327-333.   

Short Story or Essay from a Book (Anthology or Collection of Author's Own Work)

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Short Story or Essay."  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  Edition if given and is not first, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, Page numbers of the short story or essay. 

Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride."  Burning Your Boats: The Collected  Stories , Penguin, 1995, pp. 154-69.  

Book with Editor(s) but No Author

Last Name of editor, First Name, editor(s).  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of Publication.

Matuz, Roger, editor.  Contemporary Canadian Artists.  Gale Canada, 1997.

Journal Article from a Library Database with a DOI - One Author

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database,  https://doi.org/DOI number.

Guillen, Jorge. "Does Financial Openness Matter in the Relationship Between Financial Development and Income Distribution in Latin America?"  Emerging Markets Finance & Trade , vol. 52, no. 5, 2016, pp. 1145-1155.  Business Source Complete,  https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1046337.  

Journal Article from a Library Database with a DOI - Two Authors*

Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database,  https://doi.org/DOI number.

Salafia, Elizabeth Blodgett, and Jessica Lemer. "Associations Between Multiple Types of Stress and Disordered Eating Among Girls and Boys in Middle School."  Journal of Child and Family Studies , vol. 21, no. 1, 2012, pp.148-57.  Academic Search Complete,  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9458-z.

*Follow the same rules when there are two authors for any journal article.  

Journal Article from a Library Database with a DOI - Three or More Authors*

Author's Last Name, First Name of First Author, et al. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database,  https://doi.org/DOI number.

Bastart, Jennifer, et al. “Sexism and Racism Perceptions: It Depends on Who Does It and Why.”  European Journal of Social Psychology , vol. 51, no. 1, 2021, pp. 54–67, Wiley Online Library,  https://doi-org.nuncio.cofc.edu/10.1002/ejsp.2713.

*Follow the same rules when there are three or more authors for any journal article.

Journal Article from a Library Database without a DOI

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database,  permalink.

Leichty, Toni. "Yes I Worry About My Weight... But for the Most Part I'm Content with My Body: Older Women's Body Dissatisfaction Alongside Contentment."  Journal of Women & Aging , vol. 24, no. 1, 2012, pp. 70-88.  MEDLINE Complete,  https://search-ebscohost-com.nuncio.cofc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=22256879&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Journal Article from a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number if Given, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited.

Leggett, Jason M., et al. "Emancipatory Learning, Open Educational Resources, Open Education, and Digital Critical Participatory Action Research."  Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Innovative Pedagogy , vol. 1, 2018, pp. 17-35, https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/sotl_ip/vol1/iss1/4/. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Journal Article in Print

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.

Kushkova, Anna. "At the Center of the Table."  Russian Studies in History , vol. 50, no.1, 2011, pp. 44-96.

Government Document from a Website - Known Author

Name of National Government, Agency, Subdivision.  Title of Document: Subtitle if Given . Edition if given and is not first edition, Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Publication Date, URL. Accessed Access Date.

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.  Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act.  Government Publishing Office, 17 Apr. 2012, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg50208/html/CHRG-111hhrg50208.htm. 112th Congress, 2nd Session, House Report 112-445. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Government Document from a Website - Unknown Author

Title of Document: Subtitle if Given . Edition if given and is not first edition, Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Publication Date, URL. Accessed Access Date.

 Healthy People 2020.  Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2011, www.healthypeople.gov/. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Government Document in Print

Title of Document :  Subtitle if Given . Edition if given and is not first edition, Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Publication Date.

Dictionary of Occupational Titles . Dept. of Labor. Employment and Training Administration, 1977.

Court Decision

Government Entity as Author.  Name of the Case . Date of the Decision. Title of Container, Publisher, URL (if online).

United States, Supreme Court.  Brown v. Board of Education . 17 May 1954.  Legal Information Institute , Cornell U Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483.

Government Entity as Author. Name of the Public Law.  Title of Container , Date, Pages.  Publisher , URL (if online).

United States, Congress. Public Law 104-191, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.  govinfo.gov,  1996.  U.S. Government Printing Office , https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-104publ191.

Unenacted Bill or Resolution

Government Entity as Author. Name of the Bill or Resolution.  Title of Container , URL. Congressional session, Bill/Resolution number, last status.

United States, Congress, Senate. Anti-Phishing Act of 2005. Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/472. 109th Congress, Senate Bill 472, Introduced 28 Feb. 2005.

Magazine Article from a Library Database - One Author

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Title of Magazine,  vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. Page Numbers.  Name of Database,  permalink.

Weinstein, Becca. "Trying Before Buying."  Psychology Today,  vol. 45, no. 3, May-June 2012, pp. 46-47.  CINAHL Complete,  https://search-ebscohost-com.nuncio.cofc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bah&AN=74661320&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Magazine Article from a Library Database - Two Authors* 

Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Title of Magazine,  vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. Page Numbers.  Name of Database,  permalink.

Jefferson, David J., and Temma Ehrenfeld. "The Divorce Generation Grows Up."  Newsweek , vol. 151, no. 16, 21 Apr. 2008, p. 46.  MasterFile Premier,  https://search-ebscohost-com.nuncio.cofc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=31660786&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

*Follow the same rules when there are two authors for any type of Magazine or newspaper article.  

Magazine Article from a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Title of Magazine,  Date of publication, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited.

Thompson, Derek. "The Great Resignation is Accelerating."  The Atlantic,  Oct. 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/10/great-resignation-accelerating/620382/. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Newspaper Article from a Library Database

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Newspaper  [city of newspaper if local paper with city name not in name], Date of Publication, p. Page Number if given.  Name of Database,  permalink.

Whitfield, Chandra T. "Seed Money: Black Entrepreneurs Hope Pandemic Gardening Boom will Grow Healthier Eating."  Post and Courier  [Charleston, SC], 7 Jun. 2021, p. 2B.  Access World News,  https://infoweb-newsbank-com.nuncio.cofc.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/182F4C52B6E50A20&f=basic.

Newspaper Article from a Library Database - Unknown Author*

"Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Newspaper [city of newspaper if local paper with city name not in name], Date of Publication, pp. Page Numbers if given.  Name of Database , permalink.

"Partnership With Native Americans Launches Supply Drive to Collect Most Needed Items for Native American Communities."  PR Newswire,  29 Jul. 2015. Academic OneFile,  https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A423495277/AONE?u=cofc_main&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=e977e3c3.

*Follow the same rules when there is an unknown author for any Magazine or Newspaper article.

Newspaper Article From a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Title of Website , Date of Publication, URL. Access date.

Hassan, Adel. "Emmett Till's Enduring Legacy."  New York Times , 5 Sept. 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/article/who-was-emmett-till.html. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Newspaper Article in Print

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article: Subtitle if Any."  Name of Newspaper,  Date of Publication, p. Page Number. 

Smith, Bill. "Talks on Bosnia Bog Down Over Borders."  Toronto Star,  18 Aug. 2012, p. B6.

Website - Known Author

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Website,  Name of Organization Affiliated with the Website, date of copyright or date last modified/updated if available, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited.

Kenworthy, Lane.  The Good Society,  lanekenworthy.net. Accessed 10 Sept. 2021.

Page or Document on a Website - Created by an Organization

Name of Corporation//Group/Organization. "Title of Section."  Title of Website,  Publisher or Sponsoring Organization, Date of publication or last modified date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Coping with Stress."  Mental Health , CDC, 22 Jul. 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/stress-coping/cope-with-stress/index.html. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Page or Document on a Website - Known Author

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page or Document."  Title of Website,  Name of Organization Affiliated with the Website, Date of copyright or date last modified/updated, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited.

Morin, Amy. "How to Prevent the Media From Damaging Your Teen's Body Image."  Verywell Family,  About Inc., 20 Jun. 2020, www.verywellfamily.com/media-and-teens-body-image-2611245. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Page or Document on a Website - Unknown Author

"Title of Page or Document."  Title of Website,  Name of Organization Affiliated with the Website, Date of copyright or date last modified/updated, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited.

“Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview.”  WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

  • Citing Generative AI in MLA MLA offers guidance on using the core elements to cite generative AI usage in your work.

Author's Last Name, First Name or Username if real name not provided. "Title of Blog Post."  Name of Blog,  Blog Network/Publisher if given, Day Month Year of blog post, URL of blog post. Accessed Day Month Year blog was visited.

Naish, Darren. "If Bigfoot Were Real."  Tetrapod Zoology , Scientific American Blogs, 27 June 2016, blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/if-bigfoot-were-real/. Accessed 28 June 2016.

Podcast Episode

Host's Last Name, First Name, host(s). "Title of Podcast Episode."  Title of Overall Podcast , Season Number if given, Episode Number if given, Web Site Hosting if Different From Podcast Title, Day Month Year of Episode, URL of Episode. Accessed Day Month Year podcast was downloaded/played.

Orton, Tyler, and Patrick Blennerhassett, hosts. "Lessons From the Brexit."  BIV Podcast , episode 18, Business Vancouver, 28 June 2016, www.biv.com/article/2016/6/biv-podcast-episode-18-lessons-brexit/. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021

Streaming Video from a Website (YouTube, Vimeo)

Last Name, First Name of video creator or Username of Creator. "Title of Video."  Title of the Hosting Website , uploaded by Username, Day Month Year of Publication, URL of video. Accessed Day Month Year video was viewed.

Sethi, Ramit. "How to Write a Winning Resume, With Ramit Sethi."  YouTube , uploaded by I Will Teach You to Be Rich, 23 June 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0fjkKCsM1w. Accessed 15 Oct. 2021.

Screen Name [@handle]. "The entire tweet word-for-word."  Twitter , Day Month Year of Tweet, Time of Tweet, URL.

Sohaib Athar [@ReallyVirtual]. "Helicopter hovering above Abbottad at 1AM is a rare event."  Twitter,   4 Jan. 2013, 3:58 p.m., twitter.com/reallyvirtual/status/64780730286358528?lang=en.

Images Posted to Social Media (Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, etc.)

Screen Name [@handle]. Description of image.  Name of Social Media Site , Day Month Year of Tweet, Time of post, URL.

Kasper Nymann [@polarpx]. Photograph of Silkie chicken in grass.  Twitter,   5 May 2020, 11:10 a.m., https://twitter.com/polarpx/status/1257734510730412034?s=21.

Author Last Name, First Name or Account Name. Description of Post.  Facebook ,   Day Month Year of Post, Time of Post, URL. Accessed Day Month Year post was viewed.

Rick Mercer Report. Spread the Net Challenge Winners 2016.  Facebook , 23 Mar. 2016, 9:00 a.m., www.facebook.com/rickmercerreport. Accessed 26 June 2016. 

Streaming Video from a Library Database (Kanopy, Films on Demand, Alexander Street, etc.)

Title of Video . Contributor(s), Publisher/Production Company, Date.  Title of Library Database,  permalink.

Can we Save the Reef? Australian Broadcast Association, Off the Fence, 2018.  Films on Demand,  fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=101271&xtid=186717. 

Streaming Video from a Video Service (Netflix, Hulu, HBO Max, etc.)

Title of Movie.  Contributor(s). Publisher/Production Company, Year of Release.  Name of Streaming Service .

Coraline . Directed by Henry Selick, screenplay by Henry Selick and Neil Gaiman, Laika, 2009.  Netflix .

Streaming Television Series Episode from a Video Service (Netflix, Hulu, HBO Max, etc.)

"Title of Episode."  Title of TV Series,  Contributors Name(s), season, episode,  Production Company, Year of Release. Name of Streaming Website, URL. 

"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."  Friends,  created by Marta Kauffman, performance by Matthew Perry, season 6, episode 14, Warner Brothers, 2004.  HBO Max , www.hbomax.com.

Note: It isn’t always necessary to include the director and performer’s name(s). Include the names of any individuals who the research focuses on or names of individuals to help the reader locate the exact source themselves. It is acceptable to include producers, writers, creators, narrators, and other positions.

In-text citations are included in the text of your research paper to document the source of your information. In MLA, the general rule is to include the last name of the author(s) and the page number the source material was found. In addition to using parenthetical references after a direct quotation, you must give credit to your source each time your sentence expresses an idea that is not your own.

Quoting Directly: 

When you quote directly from a source, enclose the quoted section in quotation marks. Add an in-text citation at the end of the quote with the author name and page number. Remember that the period goes outside the parentheses at the end of your in-text citation.

EXAMPLE : Mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that "children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development" (Hunt 358).

Paraphrasing:

In addition to using parenthetical references after a direct quotation, you must give credit to your source each time your sentence expresses an idea that is not your own, i.e. paraphrasing. Remember that the period goes outside the parentheses, at the end of your in-text citation. If the paraphrased information is summarized from several pages, include all of the pages. 

EXAMPLE : Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt 65).

EXAMPLE : Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt 50, 55, 65-71).

Book or Article with One Author:

The number of unwanted pregnancies has quadrupled in the last decade (Simon 133).  OR  : Simon indicates that many studies have shown the number of teenage pregnancies has quadrupled in the last decade (133).

Book or Article with Two Authors:

Working primarily with a collaborator, McClintcock discovered that many were wrong about chromosomes and genes (Vare and Hoffman 236).

Book with Three or More Authors:

The three most important factors are personality, attitude, and progress (Jameson et al. 33). NOTE: You will put only the last name of the first author listed on the title page of a book or article.

Two Sources Written by the SAME Author:

The three most important factors are personality, attitude, and progress (Jameson, Teaching 22). Also contributing to teaching excellence is expertise in the subject area (Jameson, “Classroom” 67). NOTE: In the above examples, the first key/significant word in the title is listed.

Two or More Sources by Authors with the SAME Last Name:

Teaching for non-native speakers can be achieved best through avoiding subjects on which there is considerable disagreement from culture to culture (J. Garcia 45). The most controversial subjects are religion and politics, but even such seemingly harmless issues like the roles of men and women have been found to cause unnecessary conflict in the classroom (M. Garcia 86).

No Known Author:

When a source has no known author, use the first one, two, or three words from the title instead of the author's last name. Don't count initial articles like "A", "An" or "The". Provide enough words to make it clear which work you're referring to from your Works Cited list.

If the title in the Works Cited list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation. EXAMPLE : ( Cell Biology  12)

If the title in the Works Cited list is in quotation marks, put quotation marks around the words from the title in the in-text citation. EXAMPLE : ("Nursing" 12)

Sometimes an author of a book, article or website will mention another person’s work by using a quotation or paraphrased idea from that source. While you should always try to find the original source mentioned, you are able to cite the original source indirectly. 

For example, the Kirkey article you are reading includes a quotation by Smith that you would like to include in your essay. The basic rule is that in both your Works Cited list and in-text citation you will still cite Kirkey. Smith does not appear  in your Works Cited list.  For the in-text citation you cite Kirkey and add the words  “qtd. in” at the beginning of your in-text citation.  

Examples of in-text citations:

According to a study by Smith 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia (qtd. in Kirkey 10).

Smith states that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (qtd. in Kirkey 10).

Example of Works Cited citation:

Kirkey, Susan. "Euthanasia."  The Montreal Gazette , 9 Feb. 2013, p. 10.  Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies.

MLA 9th Edition Resources

  • MLA Handbook Plus This link opens in a new window Includes full ONLINE text access to the MLA Handbook , the MLA Guide to Digital Literacy , and the MLA Guide to Undergraduate Research in Literature as well a video course demonstrating the fundamentals of MLA documentation.

Cover Art

  • Works Cited: A Quick Guide from the MLA Style Center
  • Interactive Practice Template from the MLA Style Center
  • MLA Style 9th Edition - CofC Writing Lab
  • MLA Citation Guide, Columbia College
  • MLA Formatting and Style Guide, Purdue OWL

Examples and information have been pulled directly from the 9th edition MLA Style Guide as well as Columbia College's Citation Guide  and Purdue's Online Writing Lab.

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Getting started

how to do a works cited page mla 9th edition

Our interactive online tutorials can help you understand the basics of citing and referencing, and why citing and referencing is important.

For more detailed information, please refer to the Library's print copies of the  MLA Handbook  (9th ed.)  chapter 6 or consult the  MLA Style Center .

Elements of citing and referencing in MLA 9th style

There are two places you need to write references in your assignments: In the body of your writing called  in-text citations and at the end of your writing called Works Cited . 

1. In-text citations

Use in-text citations to avoid plagiarism and show how your work is influenced by others. You write these citations in the body of your paper.  The type of citation changes depending on if you wish to emphasize the author or the information. The format changes depending on the number of authors. 

2. Works Cited

At the end of your assignment you need to provide a record of all the sources you have cited in your assignment. It is placed on a new page at the end of your essay and has a specific format you will need to follow.  

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MLA Works Cited Page: Books

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MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

When you are gathering book sources, be sure to make note of the following bibliographic items: the author name(s), other contributors such as translators or editors, the book’s title, editions of the book, the publication date, the publisher, and the pagination.

The 8 th  edition of the MLA handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

Please note these changes in the new edition:

  • Commas are used instead of periods between Publisher, Publication Date, and Pagination.
  • Medium is no longer necessary.
  • Containers are now a part of the MLA process. Commas should be used after container titles.
  • DOIs should be used instead of URLS when available.
  • Use the term “Accessed” instead of listing the date or the abbreviation, “n.d."

Below is the general format for any citation:

Author. Title. Title of container (do not list container for standalone books, e.g. novels), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2 nd  container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Basic Book Format

The author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic form for a book citation is:

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

* Note: the City of Publication should only be used if the book was published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in more than one country, or if the publisher is unknown in North America.

Book with One Author

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science . Penguin, 1987.

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House . MacMurray, 1999.

Book with More Than One Author

When a book has two authors, order the authors in the same way they are presented in the book. Start by listing the first name that appears on the book in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in normal order (first name last name format).

Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

If there are three or more authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names. (Note that there is a period after “al” in “et al.” Also note that there is never a period after the “et” in “et al.”).

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition . Utah State UP, 2004.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the author’s name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three hyphens and a period.

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism . St. Martin's, 1997.

---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History . Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

Book by a Corporate Author or Organization

A corporate author may include a commission, a committee, a government agency, or a group that does not identify individual members on the title page.

List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry.

American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children . Random House, 1998.

When the author and publisher are the same, skip the author, and list the title first. Then, list the corporate author only as the publisher.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.

Book with No Author

List by title of the book. Incorporate these entries alphabetically just as you would with works that include an author name. For example, the following entry might appear between entries of works written by Dean, Shaun and Forsythe, Jonathan.

Encyclopedia of Indiana . Somerset, 1993.

Remember that for an in-text (parenthetical) citation of a book with no author, you should provide the name of the work in the signal phrase and the page number in parentheses. You may also use a shortened version of the title of the book accompanied by the page number. For more information see the In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author section of In-text Citations: The Basics .

A Translated Book

If you want to emphasize the work rather than the translator, cite as you would any other book. Add “translated by” and follow with the name(s) of the translator(s).

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason . Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

If you want to focus on the translation, list the translator as the author. In place of the author’s name, the translator’s name appears. His or her name is followed by the label, “translator.” If the author of the book does not appear in the title of the book, include the name, with a “By” after the title of the book and before the publisher. Note that this type of citation is less common and should only be used for papers or writing in which translation plays a central role.

Howard, Richard, translator. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason . By Michel Foucault, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Republished Book

Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition. New editions are typically revisions of the original work. For books that originally appeared at an earlier date and that have been republished at a later one, insert the original publication date before the publication information.

For books that are new editions (i.e. different from the first or other editions of the book), see An Edition of a Book below.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble . 1990. Routledge, 1999.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine . 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.

An Edition of a Book

There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically an editor).

A Subsequent Edition

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students . 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

A Work Prepared by an Editor

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title with the label "edited by."

Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre,  edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 1998.

Note that the format for citing sources with important contributors with editor-like roles follows the same basic template:

...adapted by John Doe...

Finally, in the event that the source features a contributor that cannot be described with a past-tense verb and the word "by" (e.g., "edited by"), you may instead use a noun followed by a comma, like so:

...guest editor, Jane Smith...

Anthology or Collection (e.g. Collection of Essays)

To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "editor" or, for multiple editors, "editors." This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection below.

Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

Peterson, Nancy J., editor. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches . Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.

A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection

Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:

Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection , edited by Editor's Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry.

Some examples:

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One , edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer , edited by Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13-24.

Note on Cross-referencing Several Items from One Anthology: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, MLA indicates you may cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should consider this option if you have several references from a single text. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name as below:

Rose, Shirley K, and Irwin Weiser, editors. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher . Heinemann, 1999.

Then, for each individual essay from the collection, list the author's name in last name, first name format, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page range:

L'Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work on WPAs." Rose and Weiser, pp. 131-40.

Peeples, Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser, pp. 153-67.

Please note: When cross-referencing items in the works cited list, alphabetical order should be maintained for the entire list.

Poem or Short Story Examples :

Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems, edited by Philip Smith, Dover, 1995, p. 26.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories , edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

If the specific literary work is part of the author's own collection (all of the works have the same author), then there will be no editor to reference:

Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems, Dover, 1991, pp. 12-19.

Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected Stories, Penguin, 1995, pp. 154-69.

Article in a Reference Book (e.g. Encyclopedias, Dictionaries)

For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the entry name as you would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the article or item.

"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary.  3rd ed. 1997. 

A Multivolume Work

When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title, or after the work's editor or translator.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria . Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. Also, be sure in your in-text citation to provide both the volume number and page number(s) ( see "Citing Multivolume Works" on our in-text citations resource .)

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria . Translated by H. E. Butler, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. 4 vols.

If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes as if it were an independent publication.

Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution . Dodd, 1957.

An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the name of the author of the introduction/preface/foreword/afterword. Finish the citation with the details of publication and page range.

Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture , by Farrell, Yale UP, 1993, pp. 1-13.

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work , then write the full name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would write the entry as follows:

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, by Kenneth Burke, 1935, 3rd ed., U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii-xliv.

Book Published Before 1900

Original copies of books published before 1900 are usually defined by their place of publication rather than the publisher. Unless you are using a newer edition, cite the city of publication where you would normally cite the publisher.

Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions . Boston, 1863.

Italicize “The Bible” and follow it with the version you are using. Remember that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the chapter and verse(s). (See Citing the Bible at In-Text Citations: The Basics .)

The Bible. Authorized King James Version , Oxford UP, 1998.

The Bible. The New Oxford Annotated Version , 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2001.

The New Jerusalem Bible. Edited by Susan Jones, Doubleday, 1985.

A Government Publication

Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the number of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed as well as the report number. US government documents are typically published by the Government Printing Office.

United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the Geopolitics of Oil . Government Printing Office, 2007. 110th Congress, 1st session, Senate Report 111-8.

United States, Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs . Government Printing Office, 2006.

Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an author. Pamphlets and promotional materials commonly feature corporate authors (commissions, committees, or other groups that does not provide individual group member names). If the pamphlet you are citing has no author, cite as directed below. If your pamphlet has an author or a corporate author, put the name of the author (last name, first name format) or corporate author in the place where the author name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. (See also Books by a Corporate Author or Organization above.)

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs . California Department of Social Services, 2007.

Dissertations and Master's Theses

Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Unlike previous editions, MLA 8 specifies no difference in style for published/unpublished works.

The main elements of a dissertation citation are the same as those for a book: author name(s), title (italicized) , and publication date. Conclude with an indication of the document type (e.g., "PhD dissertation"). The degree-granting institution may be included before the document type (though this is not required). If the dissertation was accessed through an online repository, include it as the second container after all the other elements.

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign . 2002. Purdue University, PhD dissertation.

Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical Partnership . 2005. Ohio University, PhD dissertation.

Mitchell, Mark. The Impact of Product Quality Reducing Events on the Value of Brand-Name Capital: Evidence from Airline Crashes and the 1982 Tylenol Poisonings.  1987. PhD dissertation.  ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry if the author and publisher are not the same.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.

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Citation Resources-

  • MLA Formatting and Style Guide (OWL at Purdue University) [opens in new window] The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material. This page will take you to the complete MLA guide as offered by Purdue.
  • APA Formatting and Style Guide (OWL at Purdue University) [opens in new window] The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material. This page will take you to the complete ALA style guide as offered by Purdue.
  • UNC Writing Center Handouts (opens in new window) The UNC Writing Center provides a collection of handouts on topics including citation resources.
  • MLA Works Cited Page - 8th Edition (Word document) This worksheet details how to create a works cited page using the 8th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) style.

Referencing Sources in APA Style Video

The following video explains how to cite sources using APA style, 7th edition.

APA Format 7th Edition: Reference Page Tutorial (Websites, Journals, Magazines, Newspaper Articles)

If the above video doesn't work, copy and paste the following link into your browser: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWVOU9VZqyI&t=266s

Additional materials here- -https://www.mysmartstudent.com/optin-apa-referencing

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The following video explains how to cite sources using the MLA 9th edition handbook.

Works Cited Page MLA 9th Edition: Creating References in MLA video tutorial 

If this link won't open-- copy and paste  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvZ043ByHso   into your browser

Additional resources from Smart Student (https://www.youtube.com/@smartstudent_official)--

https://www.mysmartstudent.com/harvard-resource-library-1  

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COMMENTS

  1. MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format

    According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text. Cite your source automatically in MLA Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by Basic rules

  2. MLA Formatting and Style Guide

    Creating a Works Cited list using the ninth edition MLA is a style of documentation that may be applied to many different types of writing. Since texts have become increasingly digital, and the same document may often be found in several different sources, following a set of rigid rules no longer suffices.

  3. MLA Works Cited

    Home Knowledge Base MLA Style How to format your MLA Works Cited page MLA Works Cited | 2021 Guidelines & Free Template Published on June 7, 2021 by Shona McCombes . Revised on January 17, 2024. In MLA style, the list of Works Cited (also known as a reference list or bibliography) appears at the end of your paper.

  4. PDF Works Cited and In-text Citations for Mla 9th Edition

    WORKS CITED AND IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR MLA 9TH EDITION There are nine MLA core elements, and they are basic pieces of information that should be common to all sources. The overwhelming majority of changes to MLA 9 will not impact the way you draft the Works Cited pages or in-text citations.

  5. Research Guides: Citation Guide: MLA Style

    This page provides resources for all the elements of a preparing a paper in MLA Style, including formatting, in-text citations, and the works cited list. Disciplines at Caldwell that use MLA Style include English, history, theology, philosophy, and others. MLA Quick Links MLA Handbook by The Modern Language Association of America

  6. Works Cited and Sample Paper

    Center the title, Works Cited, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Double-space the list. Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; indent each subsequent line five spaces (also known as a "hanging indent"). Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation.

  7. MLA Citation Style, 9th Edition

    A Works Cited page is an alphabetical list of the sources you paraphrased or quoted within the text of your paper. Your parenthetical citations within the text of your paper should point to a corresponding entry on this page. The Works Cited page should: Be at the end of your paper and be numbered consecutively with the rest of your paper

  8. Works Cited and Sample Papers

    Additional Resources Header Image Librarian Amy Mallory-Kani Email Me Quick Rules for an MLA Works Cited List Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in your paper. Here are some quick rules for this Works Cited list: Begin the works cited list on a new page after the text.

  9. Library Guides: MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): MLA 9 Intro

    The works-cited list, located at the end of your paper, includes all of the sources you reference in your paper. Templates and examples of common citations are included below and through the How Do I Cite tab. Please contact us with any questions. New chapters about inclusive language, formatting a research paper, and using notes

  10. MLA Style Guide, 9th Edition: Formatting Your Works Cited List

    The Works Cited page is the list of sources used in the research paper. It should be its own page at the end of the paper. Center the title, "Works Cited" (without quotation marks), at the top of the page. If only one source was consulted, title the page "Work Cited". Double space the entire list of sources. Use hanging indention for each entry.

  11. MLA In-text Citations

    Combining citations If a sentence is supported by more than one source, you can combine the citations in a single set of parentheses. Separate the two sources with a semicolon. Livestock farming is one of the biggest global contributors to climate change (Garcia 64; Davies 14). Consecutive citations of the same source

  12. Works Cited Page

    Citations by Format From MLA Style Center. MLA Formatting & Style Guide From Purdue OWL. Basic Works Cited Guidelines Works Cited refers to the page at the end of your paper listing all the sources you used. Works Cited should be centered at the top of the page Order citations alphabetically, typically by author last name

  13. Creating a Works Cited Page

    As you can see below,there are examples of the most common types of sources cited. Refer to the MLA Style Center and MLA Quick Guide for more examples. You can also use Appendix 2 (pp. 303-346) in the MLA Handbook, 9th Edition. Book. Davis, Angela Y. Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holliday ...

  14. MLA 9th Ed.

    LibGuides University Library Research Guides Citation MLA 9th Ed. About MLA This guide is a quick introduction to the Modern Language Association 9th edition citation style. Be sure to consult the MLA Handbook or the online MLA Style Center for detailed standards and procedures. MLA Handbook (9th Ed.) by The Modern Language Association of America

  15. Works Cited List & Sample Paper

    See an example in the "Sample Paper & Works Cited List" box on this page. Here are eight quick rules for this list: Start a new page for your Works Cited list (e.g., if your paper is 4 pages long, start your Works Cited list on page 5). Centre the title, Works Cited, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it.

  16. Citing Sources in MLA

    Citing Sources in MLA . There are two parts to MLA citations: in-text citations or parenthetical citations; Works Cited entry; In order to be correctly cited, you have to make sure to include both parts in your project. Every citation in the Works Cited needs to be used at least once in your paper.

  17. MLA Style (9th Edition) Citation Guide: Books & Ebooks

    Page Numbers. Page number on your Works Cited page (but not for in-text citations) are now proceeded by p. for a single page number and pp. for a range of page numbers. E.g. p. 156 or pp. 79-92. Access Date. Date of access is optional in MLA 8th/9th edition; it is recommended for pages that may change frequently or that do not have a copyright ...

  18. MLA Style

    Each entry in the list of works cited is composed of facts common to most works—the MLA core elements. They are assembled in a specific order. The 9th Edition provides 9 core elements to complete any works cited entry. Try to fill in as many of those elements as possible, but if an element is missing or not applicable, you can skip that element.

  19. Works Cited Page MLA 9th Edition: Creating References in MLA

    đź“ť MLA WORKS CITED & REFERENCING TEMPLATE DOWNLOADhttps://www.mysmartstudent.com/optin-harvard-referencing-1-263ec749-34d6-463e-ad17-ac731eb3949bđź’» MLA 9TH F...

  20. Getting started

    For more detailed information, please refer to the Library's print copies of the MLA Handbook (9th ed.) chapter 6 or consult the MLA Style Center.. Elements of citing and referencing in MLA 9th style. There are two places you need to write references in your assignments: In the body of your writing called in-text citations and at the end of your writing called Works Cited.

  21. Creating a Works Cited in MLA 9th Edition

    Welcome to this guide on citing common sources in MLA 9th ed! Academic Coach Deanna covers books, eBooks, journal articles from databases (usually found in a...

  22. MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

    MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.

  23. PDF Citing and Formatting FAQ (Continued) SCCC Library MLA Citation and

    works cited page, located at the end of your or project. For tips on how to essay format your works cited page, please see page 15 in this guide. without quotation Basic Form Name of author or editor. Title of the Book. Edition, Publisher, Year published. Book (One Author) Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Levine-Scholastic ...

  24. Research Guides: Technology And Society

    This worksheet details how to create a works cited page using the 8th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. ... The following video explains how to cite sources using the MLA 9th edition handbook. Works Cited Page MLA 9th Edition: Creating References in MLA video tutorial . If this link won't open-- copy and paste https: ...

  25. Writing and Citation Help

    This worksheet details how to create a works cited page using the 8th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. UNC Writing Center Handouts (opens in new window) ... The following video explains how to cite sources using the MLA 9th edition handbook. Works Cited Page MLA 9th Edition: Creating References in MLA video tutorial . If ...

  26. Research Guides: American History I

    This worksheet details how to create a works cited page using the 8th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. ... The following video explains how to cite sources using the MLA 9th edition handbook. Works Cited Page MLA 9th Edition: Creating References in MLA video tutorial . If this link won't open-- copy and paste https: ...

  27. MLA Works Cited Page: Books

    MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

  28. Writing and Citation Help

    This worksheet details how to create a works cited page using the 8th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) style. ... The following video explains how to cite sources using the MLA 9th edition handbook. Works Cited Page MLA 9th Edition: Creating References in MLA video tutorial .